Colour confinement

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Topic: Colour confinement

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In the News (Wed 30 May 12)

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	hep-ph/0506053 Physics Comments
		Infrared vanishing of the gluon propagator is a sufficient condition for the colour confinement but not a necessary condition.
		The authors study colour confinement of infrared QCD by solving the Dyson-Schwinge equation (DSE) on a compact manifold and compare with the lattice results.
		The infrared power behaviour of these wave function renormalization factors and the magnitude of the QCD running coupling are tightly related.
	www.physcomments.org /node/320 (708 words)

	PHY331
		Local Gauge Transformations, Gluonic Fields, General Properties of Quantum Chromodynamics, Screening and Antiscreening, Colour, Asymptotic Freedom, Confinement
		Strong-Electromagnetic-Weak-Gravitational Force, Fundamental Particles of Matter, Interaction Carriers, Uncertainty Principle, Vacuum Polarization, Screening and Antiscreening, Colour, Asymptotic Freedom, Confinement
		Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory, Contemporary Concepts in Physics-Volume 1, Harwood Academic Publishers (1981).
	www.ucy.ac.cy /~phyweb/analyticalE/PHY331/phy331.html (708 words)

	hep-ph/0506053 Physics Comments
		As a criterion of the colour confinement, Kugo and Ojima conjectured suppression of the gluon propagator and enhancement of the singularity of the ghost propagator in the Landau gauge.
		The authors study colour confinement of infrared QCD by solving the Dyson-Schwinge equation (DSE) on a compact manifold and compare with the lattice results.
		The authors find that the singularity of the ghost propagator is weak both in the DSE and in the lattice and claim that the vanishing of the running coupling in the infrared observed on lattice is also due to the compactness of the manifold.
	www.physcomments.org /node/320 (745 words)

	1
		In several works of the members of the group a specific formulation for colour confinement has been presented in which the phenomenon can be attributed to an act of the massless quanta of the non-Abelian colour gauge fields.
		These topics include Quantum Field Theory, Noncommutative Geometry, Supersymmetry, Gauge and String Theories, BRS-Symmetry and Confinement, and Neutrino Physics.
		In particular, parts of the low energy effective action of N=2 SYM theory based on the conventional effective field theory method have been explicitly derived by the group in order to ascertain that the Seiberg-Witten duality is not broken by unforeseen effects.
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /fyl_www/common/vuosikertomus/vuosikertomus99/hep99.html (745 words)

	Darwin, The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Chapter 4
		Fox, the young are born of a very pale grey colour, and specimens of such fur were sent me by the former gentleman.
		Silver-greys and chinchillas, on the other hand, present a remarkable contrast with the Himalayans in their colour whilst quite young, for they are born perfectly black, but soon assume their characteristic grey or silver tints.
		The same thing occurs with grey horses, which, as long as they are foals, are generally of a nearly black colour, but soon become grey, and get whiter and whiter as they grow older.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin/texts/variation/variation04.html (8692 words)

	CERN Courier - Mapping quark confinement by - IOP Publishing - article
		Although it is therefore not fundamentally a string theory, numerical simulations of QCD ("lattice QCD"; July p23) have demonstrated that Nambu's conjecture was essentially correct: in chromodynamics, a string-like chromoelectric flux tube forms between distant static colour charges.
		Not only general considerations and flux tube models but also first-principle lattice QCD calculations require that these states are in this mass region, while also demonstrating that the levels and their orderings will provide experimental information on the mechanism that causes the colour flux tube to form.
		Meanwhile, we have learned that the strong interactions are instead described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the field theory in which quarks interact through a "colour" force carried by gluons.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/40/7/16 (1127 words)

	CERN Courier - Mapping quark confinement by - IOP Publishing - article
		Although it is therefore not fundamentally a string theory, numerical simulations of QCD ("lattice QCD"; July p23) have demonstrated that Nambu's conjecture was essentially correct: in chromodynamics, a string-like chromoelectric flux tube forms between distant static colour charges.
		Meanwhile, we have learned that the strong interactions are instead described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the field theory in which quarks interact through a "colour" force carried by gluons.
		In the early 1970s, evidence that the masses of strongly interacting particles increased with their internal angular momentum led the Japanese theorist Yoichiro Nambu to propose that the quarks inside these particles are "tied" together by strings.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/40/7/16 (1127 words)

	Dr Nikita Alexeevich Sveshnikov
		The latter is equivalent to the `no-escape' condition of colour in any angular direction and mathematically expresses the singletness of physical observables with respect to the subgroup of gauge transformations at infinity, which in turn ensures fulfillment of the Wilson confinement criterion.
		Sveshnikov N.A., Timoshenko E.G., The partition function versus boundary conditions and confinement in the Yang-Mills theory.
		An important contribution by N.A. Sveshnikov to the Quantum Gauge Field Theory was in recognition of the special role of surface terms and delocalised observables (variables at infinity) in Quantum Gluodynamics formulated in the physical Fock-Schwinger gauge.
	theory.npi.msu.su /~qfthep04/sveshnikov (2100 words)

	University of Rostock, Physik AG Roepke, Germany >> Home
		Squeezed gluon condensate and quark confinement in the global colour model of QCD
		Squeezed condensate and confinement in a scalar model
		A chemical model to dissociation and thermodynamics in dense fluid hydrogen
	www.mpg.uni-rostock.de /mp/pages/publications.html (1867 words)

	Lattice Gauge Theory & Quantum Chromodynamics: Physics on a 4D Scaffold
		All these are described by a theory called Quantum Chromodyamics (QCD) in which the quarks and gluons (partons) are endowed with colour charges --- a generalisation of the electric charge in electromagnetism.
		Confinement is a consequence of the coupling strength between partons growing at large distances.
		This means that the traditional techniques of perturbation theory, which is used to predict properties of electromagnetic interactions, cannot be generally used in QCD.
	www.ph.unimelb.edu.au /~ywong/poster/articles/latqcd2.html (1867 words)

	Gauge Field Theory
		Renormalization and quantum chromodynamics (4 lectures): Ultraviolet divergences; renormalizability; dimensions of fields and couplings; unrenormalizable interactions and effective theories; colour and properties of SU(3); SU(3) gauge symmetry; gauge-invariant meson and baryon states; confinement; running coupling and asymptotic freedom.
		Gauge theory of electroweak interactions (3 lectures): Gauge symmetry in QED; non-Abelian gauge symmetry; weak interactions; electroweak interactions; Higgs mechanism; parameters of the Standard Model; spontaneous symmetry breaking; properties of the Higgs boson.
		The course is an introduction to the gauge field theories of modern Particle Physics.
	www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk /theory/webber/GFT (1867 words)

	Snow Goose
		I am unable to inform you at what age the Snow Goose attains its pure white plumage, as I have found that a judgment formed from individuals kept in confinement is not to be depended upon.
		The young birds of this species begin to acquire their whiteness about the head and neck after the first year, but the upper parts remain of a dark bluish colour until the bird suddenly becomes white all over; at least, this is the case with such as are kept in captivity.
		The Snow Goose in the grey state of its plumage is very abundant in winter, about the mouths of the Mississippi, as well as on all the muddy and grassy shores of the bays and inlets of the Gulf of Mexico, as far as Texas, and probably still farther to the south-west.
	www.audubon.org /bird/BoA/F39_G2f.html (1867 words)

	EUROPA - Rapid - Press Releases
		The release of a GMO into the environment means an introduction of the GMO into the environment, without any precise confinement measure being taken to restrict the contact between this GMO and the population or the environment in general.
		The GMO placed on the market will be defined as a "product consisting of a GMO" (such as GM carnations of modified colour) or a "product containing a GMO" (such as a batch containing a mixture of seeds).
		The safety of GMOs in respect to health and the environment depends on the characteristics of the recipient organism (or parent organism), the inserted genetic material, the final organism that is produced, the recipient environment and the interaction between the GMO and the environment.
	europa.eu.int /rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/104&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en (6070 words)

	Domestic Annals of Scotland - Reign of James VI. 1591 - 1603 Part A
		The Earl of Huntly made an appearance of satisfying the demands of law for the slaughter of Moray, by entering himself in ward in Blackness Castle, as preliminary to his trial; but the king released him after eight days’ confinement, and he was not again troubled on that score.
		Huntly, who acted as lord-lieutenant of the north, and thus had a colour of law on his side, pursued the Mackintoshes and Grants, who befriended the Earl of Moray, as rebels, both against himself, who was their feudal superior, and against the king.
		The earl’s mother caused draw her son’s picture, as he was demained, and presented it to the king in a fine lame cloth, with lamentations, and earnest suit for justice.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/domestic/vol1ch8a.htm (6070 words)

	The Colour Purple
		Purple is a colour of power, combining and balancing the two extremes of the electro- magnetic spectrum, the vibrant energy of red and the calm of blue, hot and cold.
		A Byzantine emperor born while his father was reigning was given the name ‘Porphyrogenitus’ meaning ‘born in the purple’ a reference to the purple room used by the empress for her confinement.
		Purple has continued to be used to adorn the altars and lecterns to match the vestments of priests in the Greek and Russian Orthodox churches, Roman Catholic and Church of England.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /alienor/Purple.htm (6070 words)

	QCD and Collider Physics
		After a general description of the QCD Lagrangian, and the properties of asymptotic freedom and colour confinement which follow from it, the most important applications at high-energy colliders are described in detail.
		One of the triumphs of modern particle physics has been the extent to which Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) has successfully accounted for the strong interaction processes observed at high-energy particle colliders, for example the production of heavy quarks and jets of particles, and the short-distance parton structure of the proton.
		This book gives a detailed overview of collider physics with special emphasis on the study of QCD.
	www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk /theory/webber/QCDbook.html (224 words)

	SS > NF reviews > Wil McCarthy
		Matter could change its transparency, thermal and electrical conductivity, stiffness, colour, texture, whatever, effectively instantaneously.
		Moreover, using technology similar to that used to control computer circuits today, the properties of the electron confinement (and hence of the artificial atoms) can be altered, so these properties could be programmable.
		However, the ideas here, no matter how briefly described, are mind-boggling enough, and so very close on the horizon, that anyone with an interest in just how magical advanced technology can look should read it.
	www-users.cs.york.ac.uk /~susan/bib/nf/m/mccarthy.htm (406 words)

	The running coupling constant
		The properties of asymptotic freedom and colour confinement are described, quantitatively, by the running of the effective strong coupling constant
		the coupling constant is much smaller than 1 and perturbation theory becomes applicable.
		There are possibilities to extend QCD calculations to lower scales
	www.nikhef.nl /pub/experiments/zeus/theses/joost_vossebeld/latex2html/node5.html (131 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results
		Elementary particles are discussed, including quarks and leptons, baryons and mesons, colour charge, and quark confinement.
		There is also a description of fundamental particles, such as particles, antiparticles, leptons, hadrons, quarks, baryons, mesons, and a short list of particle experiments.
		Observational techniques such as X-ray crystallography are briefly described, alongside a discussion of the various forces and energies which bind the nuclear components together (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force).
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=baryons&limit=0&subject=All (756 words)

	QUARK MODEL AND HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS
		Fields of applicability of the additive quark model are discussed, as is colour screening in hadronic collisions at high and superhigh energies.
		This technique provides the possibility of handling hadrons as weakly bound systems of quarks and, at the same time, takes into account confinement.
		QCD-motivated, it gives a detailed description of hadron structure and soft interactions in the additive quark model, where hadrons are regarded as composite systems of dressed quarks.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/5427.html (325 words)

	The Landau Gauge fixing and the Confinement Problem
		In the study of colour confinement of QCD, Landau gauge fixing is an important technique for extracting relevant information.
		We compare the gauge fixing in use of the 4-dimensional Poisson equation solver in the Green function method(H.Nakajima and S. Furui, Nucl.
		Gribov copy problem, is partially circumvented by the smearing gauge fixing.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR01/HAW01/abs/S610001.html (325 words)

	Gauge Field Theory
		Renormalization and quantum chromodynamics (4 lectures): Ultraviolet divergences; renormalizability; dimensions of fields and couplings; unrenormalizable interactions and effective theories; colour and properties of SU(3); SU(3) gauge symmetry; gauge-invariant meson and baryon states; confinement; running coupling and asymptotic freedom.
		Relativistic quantum fields (6 lectures): Classical field theory; electromagnetic waves; Klein-Gordon field; Fourier analysis; second quantization; single-particle and two-particle states; number operator; quantizing the electromagnetic field; vacuum energy and normal ordering; the Casimir effect; complex fields; symmetries and conservation laws; Noether's theorem; phase (gauge) invariance; Dirac field; spin-statistics theorem.
		The course is an introduction to the gauge field theories of modern Particle Physics.
	www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk /theory/webber/GFT (325 words)

	2) Yang-Mills theories, topological field theories and colour confinement
		2) Yang-Mills theories, topological field theories and colour confinement
		The hope of this approach is that the topological theory contained in the YM theory could describe the long range features of its ``mother'', being sensitive to the global structure of the manifold on which it is defined and to the non-perturbative sectors of the theory like, e.g., the instantons.
		The BF theory is called topological, because it doesn't contain any local excitation (no particles), but describes global observables related to the topological invariants of the manifold on which it is defined and of its sub-manifolds.
	www.tphys.uni-heidelberg.de /~accardi/research/node2.html (393 words)

	3) Yang-Mills theories, topological field theories and colour confinement
		3) Yang-Mills theories, topological field theories and colour confinement
		The main problem in describing confinement in QCD is to find which are the correct degrees of freedom in the low energy regime.
		Contact with confinement is made by observing that the TYM theory is a twisted version of the N=2 supersymmetric YM theory (SYM), whose low-energy behaviour has been exactly computed by Seiberg and Witten.
	nt3.phys.columbia.edu /people/aaccardi/Research/node7.html (393 words)

	CERN Courier - Mapping quark confinement by - IOP Publishing - article
		Not only general considerations and flux tube models but also first-principle lattice QCD calculations require that these states are in this mass region, while also demonstrating that the levels and their orderings will provide experimental information on the mechanism that causes the colour flux tube to form.
		In the early 1970s, evidence that the masses of strongly interacting particles increased with their internal angular momentum led the Japanese theorist Yoichiro Nambu to propose that the quarks inside these particles are "tied" together by strings.
		Thus experimenters have not been able to search for exotic hybrids precisely where they are expected to be found.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/40/7/16 (393 words)

	John James Audubon
		At this period we had in confinement several weasels of two species existing in that part of the country (long-tailed and short-tailed), in order to ascertain in what manner their change of colour from brown in summer to white in winter and vice versa, was effected.
		Audubon was not unaware of this onslaught of America’s wilderness.
		By 1846 Audubon’s eyesight was deteriorating to the point that about half of the illustrations for the Quadrupeds was actually done by his son, John Woodhouse Audubon.
	www.bobpickett.org /john_james_audubon.htm (3557 words)

	John James Audubon
		At this period we had in confinement several weasels of two species existing in that part of the country (long-tailed and short-tailed), in order to ascertain in what manner their change of colour from brown in summer to white in winter and vice versa, was effected.
		Audubon was not unaware of this onslaught of America’s wilderness.
		By 1846 Audubon’s eyesight was deteriorating to the point that about half of the illustrations for the Quadrupeds was actually done by his son, John Woodhouse Audubon.
	www.bobpickett.org /john_james_audubon.htm (3557 words)

	LOÏC WACQUANT - FROM SLAVERY TO MASS INCARCERATION
		The leading analysts of the penal question, from David Rothman to Michel Foucault to Alfred Blumstein, were then unanimous in predicting the imminent marginalization of the prison as an institution of social control or, at worst, the stabilization of penal confinement at a historically moderate level.
		Indeed, when ‘to be a man of colour of a certain economic class and milieu is equivalent in the public eye to being a criminal’, being processed by the penal system is tantamount to being made black, and ‘doing time’ behind bars is at the same time ‘marking race’.
		[23] Indeed, penal labour, in the form of the convict-lease and its heir, the chain gang, played a major role in the economic advancement of the New South during the Progressive era, as it ‘reconciled modernization with the continuation of racial domination’.
	www.newleftreview.net /NLR24703.shtml (4037 words)

	BEAR - Online Information article about BEAR
		The average length is about 5 ft.; there is no under-fur, and the coat is smooth, black in colour, with the exception of a white horseshoe-mark on the chest.
		-blades are said to be put in requisition for cutting grass." In confinement the brown bear is readily tamed; and advantage has been taken of the facility with which it can sustain itself on the hind feet to teach it to dance to the sound of music.
		It is an object of superstitious reverence to the Indians, who never kill it without apologizing and deploring the necessity which impels them to do so.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BAR_BEC/BEAR.html (4037 words)

	PSIgate - FE Subject Pack - FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
		Elementary particles are discussed, including quarks and leptons, baryons and mesons, colour charge, and quark confinement.
		Created by PPARC, the site covers atomic and particle physics, including: the atomic nucleus, isotopes and radioactive decay, half life, families of fundamental particles (leptons, quarks), and antimatter, use of particle accelerators to study particle behaviour, and the standard model.
		The site is sponsored by the Particle Data Group of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, with funding from the US Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /education/fe/fundamental_particles.html (4037 words)

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In the News (Wed 30 May 12)