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	glacier. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Piedmont glaciers, which occur only in high latitudes, are formed by the spreading of valley glaciers where they emerge from their valleys or by the confluence of several valley glaciers.
		Glaciers are always in movement, but the extent of the apparent movement depends on the rate of advance and the rate of melting.
		Important elements in glacial movement are melting under pressure followed by refreezing, which may push the mass in the direction of least resistance; sliding or shearing of layers of ice one on top of the other; and rearrangement of the granules when pressure causes melting.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gl/glacier.html (746 words)

	Columbia Glacier Retreating, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Columbia Glacier, located about 40 kilometers (25 miles) west of Valdez near the epicenter of the great 1964 earthquake, is rapidly losing its battle for survival.
		During the late summer months, tidewater glaciers erode on the seaward edge by calving, but if the amount of ice lost is replenished during the winter and early spring months, the glacier remains stable.
		Columbia Glacier moves toward the sea at the rate of about one to three kilometers per year (about a mile) along its center line and roughly twice that fast along the edges where the ice is thinner.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF6/647.html (449 words)

	Alaska's Columbia Glacier continues on disintegration course
		The tidewater glacier -- which has its terminus, or end, in the waters of the Prince William Sound -- is expected to retreat an additional 9 miles in the next 15 years to 20 years before reaching an equilibrium point in shallow water near sea level, he said.
		The Columbia Glacier is now the single largest glacial contributor to sea level in North America, producing about 10 percent of the water volume entering the sea from all Alaskan glaciers each year, said Pfeffer.
		The retreat of the Columbia Glacier and Alaska's other tidewater glaciers are believed to be influenced by a slow warming trend that began in the Northern Hemisphere about 500 years ago, he said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/uoca-csa120605.php (734 words)

	ScienceDaily: Alaska's Speedy Columbia Glacier On Likely Disintegration Course
		While the Columbia Glacier retreat is not an immediate consequence of warming since neighboring glaciers do not show the same dramatic behavior, the coupled glacier/ocean system may be intimately tied to the rapid changes of the glacier and of the world's large ice sheets, he said.
		One reason scientists are watching the Columbia Glacier closely is that icebergs calved into Prince William Sound pose a potential hazard to ships, although the glacier terminus has carved an underwater shoal of rocks and sediment that act as a dam to block the flow of large icebergs into the sound.
		Glacier -- A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/12/001205071544.htm (1841 words)

	EASTON GLACIER CHANGES THROUGH TIME
		The largest is Columbia Glacier occupying a deep cirque above Blanca Lake and ranging in altitude from 4600 to 5700 feet.
		Lateral reduction in glacier width of 95 m in the lower section of the glacier and the reduction in glacier thickness are even more substantial as a percentage.
		The major issue is that the glacier is thinning as appreciably in the accumulation zone in the upper cirque basin as at the terminus.
	www.nichols.edu /departments/Glacier/columbiacirque.htm (592 words)

	Columbia Glacier Alaska - Cruise Reivews.com
		The Columbia Glacier is one of Alaska's tidewater glaciers.
		The Columbia Glacier was found to be the only sea-calving glacier in Alaska that terminated at a mature coastal forest of at least 4000 years of age.
		It had been discovered that the glacier was still grounded on the crest of its submarine moraine, located at the north end of Heather Island, and protected from rapid calving by ocean water.
	www.cruise-reviews.com /port_info/port_detail.asp?fPortID=208 (669 words)

	Glacier Bay Catamarans
		Glacier Bay's twin hulls are each shaped more like a sailboat, (with a pronounced "V"), rather than the broad, flatter bottom typically associated with higher speed monohulls.
		Glacier Bay's 34 Columbia is wired with two 30-amp AC circuits, and the shorepower cables connect to terminals protected with screw-on covers on the face of the entertainment center (or bait center) console.
		The stainless wheel on the Columbia 34 was fit with a "necker knob" (readers under 50, don't bother to ask) which proved handy in bringing the boat around as sharply as possible.
	www.glacierbaycats.com /press_norwesting.html (2811 words)

	Big Melt Down: Columbia Icefield
		Straddling the boundary between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, the Columbia Icefield is the largest ice mass in North America, south of the Arctic Circle.
		Columbia Glacier is the least accessible of the three glaciers, resulting in less research being conducted on it.
		In 1999 the front of the glacier is located between the ravine used with the 2001 data set and a second ravine directly to the east of the first one.
	employees.oneonta.edu /baumanpr/geosat2/Big_Melt_Down/Big_Melt_Down.htm (4857 words)

	Alaska's Speedy Columbia Glacier On Likely Disintegration Course \| News Center \| University of Colorado at Boulder
		Alaska’s Columbia Glacier, heralded as the world’s speediest glacier, appears to be on a course to disintegrate and evolve into a spectacular fjord rivaling Glacier Bay in the coming years, according to a University of Colorado at Boulder researcher.
		Unlike well-known glaciers nearer the equator -- including those in the Alps, which have lost about 50 percent of their mass in the past century -- glaciers in Alaska have not been studied in depth regarding their response to a warming climate, said Pfeffer.
		While the Columbia Glacier retreat is not an immediate consequence of warming since neighboring glaciers do not show the same dramatic behavior, the coupled glacier-ocean system may be intimately tied to the rapid changes of the glacier and of the world’s large ice sheets, he said.
	www.colorado.edu /news/releases/2000/523.html (761 words)

	Alaska Glaciers: Columbia, Portage, Matanuska and others
		Icefields and an estimated 100,000 glaciers cover 5 percent of Alaska's surface and they are easily viewed by visitors to Juneau, Valdez, Whittier, Seward, Anchorage or the Matanuska Valley.
		Its tidewater glaciers can be viewed from tour boats that depart from Seward's small boat harbor.The face of an inland glacier, Exit Glacier, can be approached on trails from a parking lot at the end of Exit Glacier Road, which intersects the Seward Highway just north of Seward.
		One of the glaciers in Glacier Bay National Park receded 65 miles between 1794 and 1916.
	www.alaskascenes.com /alaskaglaciers.html (714 words)

	Columbia Icefield - Brewster Snocoach tours and Sightseeing trips in the Canadian Rockies
		The Columbia Icefield is located on the boundary of Banff and Jasper National Parks.
		The continuous accumulation of snow feeds eight major glaciers including the Athabasca, Dome, and Stutfield Glaciers, all visible from the Icefields Parkway.
		The Columbia Icefield is a true "hydrological apex," for its meltwater feeds streams and rivers that pour into the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans.
	www.columbiaicefield.com /default.asp (270 words)

	Alaska's Columbia glacier traveling at record pace
		Already the fastest moving glacier in the world, the Columbia Glacier in Alaska has increased its speed from 25 meters to 35 meters per day in recent months, according to a University of Colorado at Boulder glaciologist.
		The lower end of the glacier began disintegrating in the early 1980s, and a full-scale retreat was underway by the mid-1980s.
		Because the glacier bed is underwater at the terminus, a small amount of water trapped between the glacier and its bed may "float" the glacier a bit, increasing its speed, he said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-06/UoCa-ACgt-160699.php (694 words)

	Prince William Sound Natural History - Glaciers, Geology, Biology, wild flowers, birds, mammals, native peoples of ...
		Columbia Glacier, the Sound's largest tidal glacier, entered the drastic retreat phase of its cycle in 1984 discharging huge quantities of icebergs that totally clogged the area behind its former moraine and often filled the outer bay with ice.
		Columbia's dramatic retreat is one of the most interesting geological events occurring on the planet because a whole new fjord is being released from the ice.
		As the glacier retreated, rich ocean waters brought plankton and wayfaring seeds, fish to feed on the plankton, and larger predators to feed on the fish.
	www.alaska.net /~awss/pws.html (6549 words)

	City of Columbia Falls Home
		Columbia Falls is the "Gateway to Glacier National Park." It is a community of about 3,700 people located just 18 miles south of West Glacier.
		The mission of the city of Columbia Falls is to foster a community that appeals to individuals, families, businesses and investors.
		Columbia Falls is a city that encourages individual rights and responsibilities, promotes aesthetics and recreation, and provides safety and security.
	www.columbiafallschamber.com /city (225 words)

	glacier
		Glaciers are formed over a number of years where more snow falls than melts.
		Glacier ice often appears blue to the eye, because it absorbs all the colors of the spectrum except blue, which is scattered back.
		USGS Benchmark Glaciers Program to monitor the Wolverine and Gakona Glaciers in Alaska, and South Cascade Glacier in Washington.
	www.alaska.net /~logjam/glacier.html (494 words)

	Grand Alaska - Columbia Glacier
		Columbia Glacier is Prince William Sound's second largest tidewater glacier.
		Columbia Glacier moves toward the sea at the rate of about one mile per year at its center and almost twice that much along the edges where the ice is thinner.
		The water at the glacier's face is nearly 1000 feet deep and icebergs almost as tall and weighing as much as a million tons are breaking off.
	www.grandalaska.com /columbia.htm (128 words)

	EO News: Alaska's Columbia Glacier Will Retreat 10 Miles - December 11, 2001
		In 1977, the glacier was 41.3 miles long and, at its terminus, was moving at 1.3 miles per year, said Meier.
		The bottom of the glacier is essentially very close to floatation, according to Meier, meaning that this area is close to being completely supported by the water underneath.
		Co-authors on the paper, titled, "The Past and Future Dynamics of the Columbia Glacier, Alaska" are CU-Boulder student and faculty Research Assistant Josh Cohn, INSTAAR Associate Director and civil, architectural and environment engineering Assistant Professor Tad Pfeffer and Robert Krimmel of the U.S. Geological Survey.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2001/200112116803.html (621 words)

	CNN - Alaska glacier moving faster - June 21, 1999
		The Columbia Glacier is currently about 34 miles in length, three miles wide and more than 3,000 feet thick in places.
		Alaska's Columbia Glacier has increased its speed from 82 feet per day to 115 feet per day in recent months and within the next few years it could fill Prince William Sound with icebergs, according to a University of Colorado glaciologist.
		If the glacier continues to retreat the end of the glacier will soon be resting in waters that are 2,000 feet deep.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9906/21/glacier.enn/index.html (408 words)

	Kayaking Alaska's Columbia Glacier on Wetdawg.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Columbia Glacier is the second largest tidewater glacier in North America at 435 miles in length.
		The glacier was first explored by Salvador Fidalgo’s cartography expedition at the behest of the Spanish court in 1790.
		This is the terminal moraine of the glacier, and it forms a crusty ring-like cork between the ocean and the glacier.
	www.wetdawg.com /pages/touring/kayaking_columbia_glacier/index_sk.php (908 words)

	GIS News:Alaska's Columbia Glacier continues on disintegration course
		The tidewater glacier - which has its terminus, or end, in the waters of the Prince William Sound -- is expected to retreat an additional 9 miles in the next 15 years to 20 years before reaching an equilibrium point in shallow water near sea level.
		The retreat of the Columbia Glacier and Alaska's other tidewater glaciers are believed to be influenced by a slow warming trend that began in the Northern Hemisphere about 500 years ago.
		The ongoing research on the Columbia Glacier retreat can be used as a model for the current behavior of glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica which are major contributors to global sea rise.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /news/viewn.asp?id=GIS:N_cjzahymilf (295 words)

	Columbia Glacier Tours Valdez Alasaka
		Columbia Glacier is Alaska’s largest tidewater glacier at 435 square miles.
		Glacier Tours are offered by several companies to view the Glacier and the massive amount of icebergs that it produces.
		Columbia Glacier itself is receding, leaving huge blocks of ice and an impassible moraine.
	www.valdezalaska.com /columbiaglacier.html (183 words)

	ScienceDaily: Alaska's Columbia Glacier Continues On Disintegration Course
		Alaska's Speedy Columbia Glacier On Likely Disintegration Course (December 5, 2000) -- Alaska's Columbia Glacier, heralded as the world's speediest glacier, appears to be on a course to disintegrate and evolve into a spectacular fjord rivaling Glacier Bay in the coming years, according...
		World's Glaciers Continue To Shrink, According To New CU-Boulder Study (May 26, 1998) -- The volume of the world's glaciers outside of Antarctica and the Greenland Ice Sheet continues to decline and the rate of ice loss continues to accelerate, according to a new University of Colorado...
		Ice age -- An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/12/051210120437.htm (2009 words)

	Cyberwest - Alaska's fast-moving Columbia Glacier expected to melt into a fjord
		laska's Columbia Glacier appears to be on a course to disintegrate and evolve into a spectacular fjord rivaling Glacier Bay in the coming years, according to a University of Colorado at Boulder researcher.
		Pfeffer is the chief author of a paper on the Columbia Glacier that appeared in the Nov. 28, 2000 issue of Eos, an international weekly newspaper on geophysics published by the American Geophysical Union.
		While the Columbia Glacier retreat is not an immediate consequence of warming since neighboring glaciers do not show the same dramatic behavior, the coupled glacier-ocean system may be tied to the rapid changes of the glacier and of the world's large ice sheets, according to Pfeffer.
	www.cyberwest.com /cw19/columbia_glacier.html (865 words)

	LiveScience.com - Columbia Glacier Decline Reaches Mid-way Point
		Researchers expect the glacier to retreat another 9 miles in the next 15 to 20 years.
		The glacier is sliding about 80 feet a day, making it one of the fastest moving glaciers in the world.
		The Columbia Glacier is about three miles wide in places and up to 3,000 feet thick, but in the past 25 years, parts of it have thinned by up to 1,300 feet.
	www.livescience.com /imageoftheday/siod_051208.html (264 words)

	12/29/00 -- Scientist: Columbia Glacier retreating fast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) -- The Columbia Glacier near Valdez is retreating so quickly that tour boats should be able to work their way up to its face within the next decade or so, a scientist says.
		The Columbia Glacier is a massive river of ice flowing from the Chugach Mountains into a side channel of Prince William Sound.
		The Columbia Glacier was named by Captain Cook as he explored Prince William Sound in 1890.
	www.climateark.org /articles/2000/4th/sccolgla.htm (411 words)

	XCSkiRacer.com Gallery :: Kayaking At Columbia Glacier
		A panoramic shot of Columbia Glacier and the ice bergs.
		Columbia Glacier with seven miles of icebergs in front of it.
		The water is 1500 feet deep at the glacier face.
	www.xcskiracer.com /gallery/Valdez?page=1 (273 words)

	Columbia Icefield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Columbia Icefield is a large icefield located in the Canadian Rockies, astride the Continental Divide of North America.
		Part of the icefield, the Athabasca Glacier, is visible from the Icefields Parkway.
		As the icefield is atop the triple Continental Divide these waters flow ultimately north to the Arctic Ocean east to Hudson's Bay (and thence to the North Atlantic Ocean), and south and West to the Pacific Ocean respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Columbia_Icefield (324 words)

	Columbia Glacier Kayaking Tour Prince William Sound Alaska Kayak
		Glacier Island is a wilderness gem known for its incredible wildlife viewing while Columbia Glacier, the sound's largest tidewater glacier, never fails to astonish the viewer with its breathtaking scenery.
		The boat ride out to the to Glacier Island is perhaps one of the most beautiful in the Eastern part of Prince William Sound.
		Heading west across the south side of Glacier Island, we explore one of the most dramatic and rugged coastlines there is. Viewing its crystal clear waters and rock pinnacles, you will experience the same pristine nature as the first explorers did.
	www.goalaskatours.com /seward_fjordspark_info5.html (722 words)

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