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Topic: Columbia River

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	Columbia River article
		Recreation on the Columbia began early in the settlement era, with steamboat excursions up the Columbia from Portland, especially to the western end of the Columbia River Gorge.
		The Columbia River first appeared on European maps in the early 17th century as "River of the West," when a Spanish maritime explorer Martin de Auguilar located a major river near the 42nd parallel.
		Cartographers often labeled the "River of the West" as an estuary to the mythical Straits of Anian, or the Northwest Passage and located it anywhere from the 42nd to the 50th parallel.
	www.ccrh.org /river/history.htm (1914 words)

	Columbia River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river situated in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
		It is the largest river in volume flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America, and the third largest by volume in North America behind the Mississippi and the St Lawrence.
		The exterior river boat scenes from the 1994 film Maverick (Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner), were shot on the Columbia River, in the Columbia River Gorge, near the town of Hood River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Columbia_River (1464 words)

	Columbia River Plateau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Washington towns of Spokane, Vantage, Yakima and Pasco, and the Oregon town of Pendleton, lie on the Columbia River Plateau.
		The Columbia River Plateau lies across parts of the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
		The ancient Columbia River was forced into its present course by the northwesterly advancing lava.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau (273 words)

	Columbia River Highway
		The Columbia River is famed for its salmon and the fish wheel is one of the methods used in fishing for this valuable industry.
		On the opposite side of the river is the State of Washington with its awe-inspiring color of rock formations and its dotted jet-green timbers of the giant forests.
		The Columbia River Highway unfolds in all its beauty as one views the gorgeous scenery to the west with the sun beginning to set.
	mryamamoto.50megs.com /columbia/columbia.htm (1856 words)

	[No title]
		Rivers west of the divide, such as the Columbia, flow through the region's topography and toward the Pacific Ocean.
		In short, the Columbia River Basin is an essential reason for the Northwest being a dynamic and highly prosperous region within the nation and the world.
		For the Columbia River Basin, the need for reservoir space to help reduce the risk of flooding is most important during two seasons of the year: in winter, when there are rain-induced floods, and in the spring and early summer, when there are floods from snowmelt and rain.
	www.fwee.org /c-basin.html (2885 words)

	Columbia River Wetlands, British Columbia, Canada
		As a result, the main channel of the Columbia River meanders from side to side and around alluvial fans at the outflows of the various tributaries.
		Columbia Lake is at 810 meters and Windermere Lake at 799 meters.
		The Columbia River wetlands are home to the second largest concentration of Great Blue Herons in western Canada with a colony of more than 300 pairs.
	www.livinglakes.org /columbia (1182 words)

	The Columbia River
		Another problem with toxins in the river is the newly found high levels of bacteria in the river.
		There are many other problems with the Columbia River such as the building of dams, which is the cause of the destruction of many habitats along the river.
		In the quest on making the Columbia River safer and cleaner the pulp and paper mills are putting together a project where they will stop the bleaching of paper which will in turn help in the cleaning up process of the polluted waters.
	web.bryant.edu /~langlois/ecology/columbiahomepage.html#problems (1091 words)

	Columbia River Flood Basalt Province, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, USA
		The Paso Basin is near the confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers.
		The Columbia River Flood Basalt Province forms a plateau of 164,000 square kilometers between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains.
		hot spots and the Yellowstone hot spot may have influenced magma generation for the Columbia River flood basalt but the vents were 300-400 km north of the hot spot track and the chemistry of the basalts suggest a source in the lithospheric mantle not the asthenosphere as expected for hot spot magmas.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/crb.html (705 words)

	Fraser River, British Columbia
		His Fraser River Fishing Lodge sits on a hill overlooking the river near Abbotsford and the view is breathtaking.
		River current and high water changes the location of the sand bars in this area from year to year so they have to be re-learned each season.
		The mouth of the Harrison River is a magnet for all salmonids.
	www.bcadventure.com /ianforbes/fraser/fraser.phtml (10278 words)

	WDFW - Sockeye Salmon: Columbia River and Lake Wenatchee
		Columbia River sockeye are the southernmost sockeye run in North America.
		The 2005 preseason forecast for sockeye in the Columbia River is for a return of 70,800 fish, including less than 100 sockeye destined for Redfish Lake in Idaho.
		The pre-season forecast is for 30,400 Wenatchee River origin fish to return to the Columbia River in 2005.
	wdfw.wa.gov /fish/sockeye/columbia.htm (597 words)

	Radionuclides in the Columbia River - Hanford Health Information Network - WA State Dept. of Health
		In the spring, the river is swollen with runoff from the melting snowpack.
		The contribution from eating crops that had been irrigated by Columbia River water was estimated by the Dose Reconstruction Project to have been so small that it was not included in the dose estimates.
		Based on the laboratory studies and the monitoring of the river, Hanford scientists and government officials concluded that "the effluents were diluted to relatively safe levels" based on standards at the time.
	www.doh.wa.gov /hanford/publications/overview/columbia.html (5812 words)

	Columbia River Gorge Travel Guide and Directory
		The Columbia River Gorge, an 80-mile geologic wonder that forms the border between northern Oregon and southern Washington, is proof of Nature’s unbridled strength.
		The river’s canyon-like walls create ideal wind conditions for windsurfing and sailing and the majestic beauty of the area lends itself to numerous return trips.
		Camping offers an ideal setting in which to appreciate the splendor of the Columbia River Gorge, but there are also numerous inns, heritage buildings and hotels that offer accommodations.
	www.gonorthwest.com /Oregon/columbia/Columbia_River.htm (434 words)

	Columbia River @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Taking advantage of one of the limited periods when the Columbia is open to commercial fishing, Fick chugged out of Astoria’s harbor in his 24-foot (7-meter) aluminum boat, passing the rotting pilings of old salmon canneries, one of which used to employ his father as chief electrician.
		An agency of the Department of Energy, BPA is a power-marketing agency for the electricity generated by 29 federal dams in the Columbia Basin.
		Composed of the four Columbia Basin treaty tribes, CRITFC’s website provides a historical overview of the Native American presence in the basin, the importance of salmon to the tribes, and the text of the 1855 treaties reserving their fishing rights.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0104/feature1 (1155 words)

	Columbia River Basin
		Dams, waterfalls, anglers, bears, uncertain stream conditions, and habitat degradation are among the most common challenges for the salmon in the Columbia River Basin ecosystem.
		One of the most diverse and beautiful ecosystems in the state of Idaho is found in the river corridor where the South Fork and Henry's Fork of the Snake River merge, about 32 km outside of Idaho Falls.
		Lodgepole pine forests are found in five of the seven states in the Interior Columbia River Basin.
	www.blm.gov /education/00_resources/articles/Columbia_river_basin/posterback.html (1536 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Columbia River
		The river then runs South-Southwest through the Columbia Plateau, changing to a southeasterly direction near the Columbia Basin where the magnificent Gorge at George is located.
		Along this section the river cuts through the Cascade Mountains at the Columbia River Gorge.
		It is located along the river in southeastern Washington on 586 mile² (1,520 km²) of some of the most fertile land in North America, but at the time of establishment, the area was considered a wasteland.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Columbia_River (1066 words)

	Introduction: The Historic Columbia River Gorge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Columbia River Highway, later renamed the Historic Columbia River Highway (HCRH), was a technical and civic achievement of its time, successfully mixing ambitious engineering with sensitivity to the magnificent landscape.
		The Historic Columbia River Highway project focused on the rehabilitation of the roadway itself and the repair of contributing landscape features, such as masonry guard walls, dry masonry retaining walls, guard rocks, bridges, viaducts, and tunnels.
		In 1986, the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act called for restoring the highway and for creating trails to connect intact and abandoned segments for recreational use.
	www.cr.nps.gov /hps/hli/currents/columbia/intro.htm (367 words)

	CVO Website - Columbia Plateau and Columbia River Basalt Group
		Along the Snake River in Idaho, and the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon, these lava flows are beautifully exposed and measure more than a mile in total thickness.
		Whatever topography was present prior to the Columbia River Basalt eruptions was buried and smoothed over by flow upon flow of lava.
		Originally carved by glaciers and slowly eroded over time by the Columbia River, the basin was further sculpted about 12,000 years ago by a series of violent flows known as the Spokane Floods.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/description_columbia_plateau.html (2570 words)

	Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership
		For thousands of years, the Columbia River has cut a magnificent channel through the volcanic plateaus of the Pacific Northwest.
		The Estuary Partnership, USGS, and NOAA recently released the "Lower Columbia River and Estuary Ecosystem Monitoring: Water Quality and Salmon Sampling Report." The report details the results of the Estuary Partnership's juvenile salmon and water quality monitoring efforts.
		The Columbia River Estuary Recovery Plan Module is one element of a larger effort to develop recovery plans for ESA listed fish species in the Columbia Basin.
	www.lcrep.org (1106 words)

	Columbia River Kayaking - Safety and Resources - sea kayak instruction and tours in the Northwest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is reported that ebb currents on the north side of the bar attain speeds of 6 to 8 knots and that strong NW winds sometimes cause currents that set north in the area outside the jetties.
		The tidal current in the river is always modified by the river discharge, sometime to the extent that the flood current is indiscernible and the current ebbs continuously.
		Due to the shifty nature of the river bottom and to in-river dumping of dredge material, shallow water can be hidden until breakers appear from nowhere after a ship passes.
	columbiariverkayaking.com /Safety.html (1775 words)

	Columbia River Fishing Guide - Columbia Salmon Guides
		Columbia River Fishing Guides offer some of the best Sturgeon, Walleye, Coho Salmon and King Salmon Guided Fishing Trips in the lower 48 states.
		The COLUMBIA RIVER FISHING GUIDE also offers guided fishing on the Lewis River and Cowlitz River in Southwest Washington and the Willamette River in Portland Oregon.
		We fish the Columbia River and all the tributaries from the Bonneville Dam to Buoy 10 near Astoria Oregon where the Columbia River flows into the Pacific Ocean.
	www.columbiariverfishingguide.com (472 words)

	Columbia River History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The first major European impact on the natives of the Columbia River occurred in the 1770s, when the first diseases struck native peoples.
		By the mid-1800s, European diseases reduced their population by 90% and the Columbia's resources were being exploited for the benefit of the new settlers.
		Salmon in the Columbia are also affected by grazing, irrigation, logging, mining, overfishing, pollution, urbanization, ocean conditions, and predators.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/anth481/sal/crintro1.htm (191 words)

	[No title]
		At the entrance of the Mighty Columbia River is one of the most dangerous river bars in the world.
		The Columbia River Bar Pilots are a group of twenty pilots who provide pilotage service for vessels in the lower Columbia River.
		Pilots board ships and assume the navigational conduct of the vessel using their experience and local knowledge to safely navigate the vessels in the restricted channels of the Columbia River and over the Bar to and from sea.
	www.columbiariverbarpilots.com (300 words)

	GORP - Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area - Oregon
		Each year, millions of motorists wend their way into the Columbia River Gorge to take in the stunning beauty of its fl basalt cliffs, ribbon-like waterfalls, and lush fir forests.
		The 80-mile-long Gorge is a testament to the power of flowing water - over the eons, the mighty Columbia River has worn this deep gash into the volcanic rock of the Cascade Range nearly down to sea level.
		The Columbia River Gorge is also one of the Northwest's numerous world—class outdoor playgrounds.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/resource/us_national_forest/or_colum.htm (431 words)

	Historic Columbia River Highway
		On the western section of the Historic Columbia River Highway between Troutdale and Dodson the tree canopy shades you from the summer sun.
		On the Eastern sections of the Historic Columbia River Highway between Hood River and The Dalles the hillsides are now brown and their sublime spring beauty is now stark.
		The Columbia River Gorge is extremely crowded on summer weekends.
	www.columbiariverhighway.com (508 words)

	BPA- Power of The Columbia- The River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		From its humble beginnings as a small stream in the mountains of Canada this river pushes onward to become a massive waterway flowing through two states.
		Many ages ago, geologic forces carved a path through the Cascades creating a mighty gorge, through which the Columbia found its way to the Pacific Ocean.
		The beautiful and majestic Columbia invites us to explore and recreate.
	www.bpa.gov /Power/pl/columbia/page4.htm (63 words)

	Estuary Partnership - Restoration Strategy
		The Estuary Partnership coordinates development and management of the Lower Columbia River Water Trail – a bi-state, 146 mile water trail for non-motorized boaters on the Lower Columbia River from Bonneville Dam to the Pacific Ocean.
		The Estuary Partnership’s Lower Columbia River Water Trail Committee provides expertise, guidance, and volunteer work to the Partnership on water trail issues.
		Use www.columbiawatertrail.org to access the Lower Columbia River Water Trail Web site, where you can find detailed information on public launch and landing sites, camp sites, lodging, cultural and historical sites, information on boating safety and leave no trace camping, water trail events, and everything else water trail.
	www.lcrep.org /water_trail.htm (260 words)

	Columbia River Gorge Nat'l Scenic Area Hood River, Oregon (Drives)
		The Columbia River Gorge is a spectacular river canyon cutting through the volcanic rock of the Cascade Mountain Range.
		As the only sea-level river flowing through the Cascades, the Columbia is both a natural wonder and an important transportation corridor.
		For many years, the Gorge has been the focus of public attention because of its unique natural features, its offering of a variety of opportunities for public recreation and its critical contribution to the economy.
	www.ohwy.com /or/c/colgorge.htm (193 words)

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