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Topic: Columbia River Basin

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	[No title]
		In short, the Columbia River Basin is an essential reason for the Northwest being a dynamic and highly prosperous region within the nation and the world.
		For the Columbia River Basin, the need for reservoir space to help reduce the risk of flooding is most important during two seasons of the year: in winter, when there are rain-induced floods, and in the spring and early summer, when there are floods from snowmelt and rain.
		Looking at average river flows at the Dalles Dam over the course of the year is one way to see the difference between unrestricted water flow and the use of reservoirs to make this flow more constant.
	www.fwee.org /c-basin.html (2885 words)

	Columbia River Basin
		Early non-Native use of the river paralleled that of the Indians'—fishing for salmon, using the river as a transportation conduit, locating settlements on the flat, fertile floodplains.
		While many of the Columbia's tributaries were dammed and ditched in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was not until the 1930s that the mainstem of the Columbia was developed.
		Hundreds of dams impound the river and its tributaries, more than half a dozen fish species are at risk of extinction, and pollutants ranging from human sewage to radioactive wastes flow through the river and into the ocean.
	www.waterencyclopedia.com /Ce-Cr/Columbia-River-Basin.html (1313 words)

	Columbia River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river situated in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
		The river continues west with one small north-northwesterly-directed stretch near Portland; Vancouver, Washington; and the confluence with the Willamette River.
		The exterior river boat scenes from the 1994 film Maverick (Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner), were shot on the Columbia River, in the Columbia River Gorge, near the town of Hood River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Columbia_River (1970 words)

	Redband Rainbow Trout
		Oncorhynchus mykiss, is native to the Fraser and Columbia River drainages east of the Cascade Mountains to barrier falls on the Pend Oreille, Spokane, Snake and Kootenai rivers (Allendorf et al.
		The Kootenai River drainage population of redband trout is Montana’s only native rainbow trout and represents the furthest inland penetration of redband trout in the Columbia River Basin.
		The Kootenai River redband population in Montana supports subpopulations of the resident form (Muhlfeld 1999), although a migratory fluvial and/or adfluvial component may be undetectable due to hybridized populations inhabiting the lower portions of the drainage.
	www.fisheries.org /units/AFSmontana/SSCpages/redban%20status2.htm (1955 words)

	Large-scale Ecosystem Restoration Initiatives
		The ecology of the Columbia River basin is diverse, ranging from temperate rain forest to semi-arid plateaus.
		The basin is home to populations of elk, deer, bear, sheep and mountain lions; birds like the ring-necked pheasant, grouse, geese, falcons, great blue herons, hummingbirds and warblers; and threatened, endangered, or sensitive species including the bald eagle, peregrine falcon, kit fox, and 12 species of salmon and steelhead.
		The Columbia River basin is home to more than 11 million residents, including historically significant populations of Native Americans, who have lived in the basin for thousands of years and have great cultural, economic, recreational, and symbolic importance to the Columbia River region.
	www.nemw.org /columbiariver.htm (6727 words)

	Columbia River Basin
		Although the river itself flows from Canada through only two states, forming part of the Washington-Oregon border, the vast Interior Columbia River Basin is defined by the area drained by the river and its many tributaries.
		The Columbia River Basin is a complex tapestry of mountains, high plateaus, desert basins, river valleys, rolling uplands, and deep gorges woven together by the Columbia River and its tributaries.
		In the basin's forests, populations of cavity dwellers, including several species of owl, woodpeckers, and the northern flying squirrel, are declining due to fewer dead or dying trees.
	www.blm.gov /education/00_resources/articles/Columbia_river_basin/article.html (3344 words)

	GAO-04-602, Columbia River Basin: A Multilayered Collection of Directives and Plans Guides Federal Fish and Wildlife ...
		Although the basin is home to an abundance of fish and wildlife, some species are in danger of extinction, in part, because of the extensive hydropower development of the Columbia River and its tributaries.
		Figure 1: Map of the Columbia River Basin: [See PDF for image] [End of figure] The basin is home to many species of fish and wildlife, some of which are listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as threatened or endangered, in part as a result of the extensive hydropower development of the basin rivers.
		Requires federal agencies responsible for managing, operating, or regulating hydroelectric facilities in the Columbia River Basin to provide equitable treatment for fish and wildlife with the other purposes for which these facilities are operated and managed, and to consider in their decision-making process, to the fullest extent practicable, the Council's fish and wildlife program.
	www.gao.gov /htext/d04602.html (16331 words)

	Columbia River article
		Some scientists believe that today the river is environmentally threatened and that drastic action should be taken to reverse the changes made to the Columbia during the last 150 years.
		Recreation on the Columbia began early in the settlement era, with steamboat excursions up the Columbia from Portland, especially to the western end of the Columbia River Gorge.
		The Columbia River first appeared on European maps in the early 17th century as "River of the West," when a Spanish maritime explorer Martin de Auguilar located a major river near the 42nd parallel.
	www.ccrh.org /river/history.htm (1914 words)

	Columbia Basin Herald
		COLUMBIA BASIN -- A federal appeals court ruled Monday that the United States' Superfund law -- governing cleanup at contaminated sites -- applies to a Canadian smelter operator that dumped millions of tons of heavy metal pollution into the Columbia River, allowing the waste to flow downstream and eventually settle in Lake Roosevelt.
		The studies are to produce a report on the ecological and human health conditions of the Columbia River from Grand Coulee Dam to the Canadian border, a length of about 150 miles.
		In mid-June, the EPA said a preliminary study found that 15 beaches along the Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt were safe for recreational use, meaning for people staying two weeks or less per year.
	www.columbiabasinherald.com /articles/2006/07/05/news/news04.txt (896 words)

	A Farmers Read on the Columbia River Basin by Rhoda Benson, Orchardist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		On the Columbia River agriculturediverts for use approximately 1% of the flow.
		The Yakima River flows into the Columbia River in the Tri Cities, so the water quality degradation is passed on to down stream users.
		Habitat and land management along the rivers and streams, appears to be a critical factor in salmon recovery, wildlife restoration and non point source pollution control.
	www.columbiariver.org /main_pages/readings/toppen/benson.htm (1879 words)

	National Governors Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Columbia River, Missouri River, Colorado River, and the Rio Grande are experiencing climate changes that will adversely impact the region's future ability to meet demands for water, according to a new report from the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization based on data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
		For the Colorado River basin, losses of 24 percent of the basin's snowpack are predicted by 2010-2039 and 30 percent by 2040-2069.
		For the Columbia River basin, losses of 35 percent of the basin's snowpack are predicted by 2050 and 47 percent by 2090.
	www.nga.org /portal/site/nga/menuitem.af624995eb41697a4ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=244ac0ef786c6010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=75b4d9b834420010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextfmt=print (329 words)

	CVO Website - Columbia River Basin
		This vast river basin was formed near the end of the last Ice Age, 12,000 to 19,000 years ago, by the Bretz Floods.
		The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest and, with a length of 1,953 kilometers (1,214 miles), is the 15th longest in North America.
		Most of the annual precipitation of the Columbia River Basin is concentrated in the winter months with the bulk of the precipitation falling in mountainous areas as snow to be stored in deep snowpacks awaiting the warmth of spring for its release.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Washington/ColumbiaRiver/description_columbia_river.html (2220 words)

	[No title]
		The study, recently published in the Journal of the American Water Resources Association, is the first to establish Columbia River flow estimates back 250 years, says lead author Ze’ev Gedalof of the University of Guelph, Ontario.
		Causes of Contamination The primary cause of the radioactive pollution of the Columbia River was from the routine operation of the first eight plutonium production reactors.
		River basin management for sustainable development proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on River Basin Management, held in Kruger National Park, South Africa, 15 17 May, 1995 / International Symposium on River Basin Management.
	www.lycos.com /info/columbia-river-basin--columbia-basin.html?page=2 (425 words)

	Fish Division: Species Information - Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
		Fluvial populations are fish that undergo inriver migrations between small spawning tributaries and main river sections downstream, similar to ocean migrations of sea-run cutthroat trout.
		Exceptions: Umpqua Basin streams, most of which are closed to all trout angling to protect coastal cutthroat trout, which were listed as Endangered by the National Marine Fisheries Service in September 1996.
		Rogue Basin, where two hatchery (adipose clipped) “half pounder” summer steelhead (between 8” - 16”) are allowed to be harvested in the Rogue and Applegate rivers under the general trout bag limit.
	www.dfw.state.or.us /fish/species (1628 words)

	Columbia Basin Research - School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences - University of Washington
		Columbia Basin Research - School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences - University of Washington
		DART provides an interactive data retrieval resource for Columbia Basin salmon populations and river environment.
		CBR investigates issues surrounding salmon biology in the Columbia and Snake River basins.
	www.cbr.washington.edu (198 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Meriwether Lewis
		The next spring, they began their journey up the Missouri River and by October had reached the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota, where they decided to stay for the winter.
		They travelled down the Columbia River basin and reached the Pacific Ocean in November.
		Their spirits buoyed by success, they stayed the winter on the Pacific Coast and returned to the United States in 1806 over substantially the same route that had brought them West.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm (739 words)

	Columbia River @ nationalgeographic.com
		The pooling of river water allows it to heat up, which increases salmon mortality, partly due to the growing populations of salmon predators that are adapted to warmer waters.
		As water surges through the massive turbines of a Columbia River dam, electricity is created and salmon often are injured.
		As barriers to salmon migration, dams are largely responsible for the decline of Columbia River stocks to about one to two percent of their historical numbers.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /earthpulse/columbia/gallery2.html (520 words)

	Columbia River Basin Salmon and Steelhead Recovery: No Easy Answers
		However, it is doubtful that such approach relieves the legal burden for the federal government to ensure survival and recovery for each of the listed stocks in the Columbia River basin.
		For some stocks, such as Snake River chinook and sockeye salmon and steelhead, this means squarely addressing the primary life history bottleneck — hydro mortality — and not merely turning to off-site mitigation to ensure species recovery.
		The draft federal documents were released in the middle of an election year, and the content of the final versions will undoubtedly depend on the outcome and tenor of the November elections.
	www.olemiss.edu /orgs/SGLC/MS-AL/salmon203.htm (1262 words)

	[No title]
		Monitoring and Evaluation of Smolt Migration in the Columbia Basin, Volume III: Evaluation of the 1997 predictions of run-timing of wild migrant yearling and subyearling chinook and sockeye in the Snake River Basin using program RealTime.
		Overall, Martin thinks that the amount of precipitation that is stowed away in the Columbia River Basin, primarily as mountain snowpack, will provide between 104-110 million acre feet of runoff from January through July, as measured at The Dalles Dam.
		Great rivers such as the Nile, the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Columbia cut channels through continents, ferrying the cloud vapor contents of oceans from mountains back to the sea.
	espanol.lycos.com /info/columbia-river-basin--columbia-basin.html (475 words)

	An Agricultural Perspective of the Columbia River Basin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Farmers utilizing a small fraction of the annual flow of the Columbia River have demonstrated how intensive food production can be used to meet food needs of an expanding population.
		Columbia Basin farmers utilize approximately 1% of the annual flow from the Columbia River made available through a marvel of engineering we call the Columbia Basin Project.
		The Columbia Basin and the river that nourishes are now my mentors.
	www.columbiariver.org /main_pages/readings/hanf/dean.htm (1990 words)

	Columbia Snake Basin
		The Columbia River Basin is North America's fourth largest, draining about 250,000 square miles and extending throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Canada.
		This basin once supported the world’s largest runs of Pacific salmon and steelhead, but some populations are now extinct and others are severely depleted.
		The Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) encompasses the operations of 14 major dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Snake rivers, operated as a coordinated system.
	www.nwr.noaa.gov /Salmon-Hydropower/Columbia-Snake-Basin/Index.cfm (417 words)

	[No title]
		The ever-changing river is many things to many people throughout the region, and has become more important recently as resources diminish.
		Using the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest as a case study, Kai Lee describes the concept and practice of "adaptive management," as he examines the successes and failures of past and present management experiences.
		The Columbia River traverses 1,243 river miles from its headwaters in the Canadian Rocky Mountains to its Pacific ocean terminus, west of the Cascades.
	www.lycos.com /info/columbia-river-basin--pacific-northwest.html (511 words)

	Columbia River Basin
		Dams, waterfalls, anglers, bears, uncertain stream conditions, and habitat degradation are among the most common challenges for the salmon in the Columbia River Basin ecosystem.
		One of the most diverse and beautiful ecosystems in the state of Idaho is found in the river corridor where the South Fork and Henry's Fork of the Snake River merge, about 32 km outside of Idaho Falls.
		Lodgepole pine forests are found in five of the seven states in the Interior Columbia River Basin.
	www.blm.gov /education/00_resources/articles/Columbia_river_basin/posterback.html (1536 words)

	Columbia River Basin
		Columbia River salmon and steelhead runs were once the largest runs in the world.
		The many uses of the Columbia River have caused significant constraints and declines in the salmon population.
		The states, tribes and federal government are all engaged in efforts to restore and improve the water, land and air quality of the Columbia River Basin and have committed to work together to enhance and accomplish critical ecosystem restoration efforts.
	yosemite1.epa.gov /r10/ECOCOMM.NSF/Columbia/Columbia (407 words)

	Kennedy/Jenks Consultants - Environmental Management - Saving Northwest Salmon From Extinction, Columbia River Basin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When Lewis and Clark first explored the Columbia River Basin, the area had the richest salmon runs on earth.
		Clark noted in his journal on October 17, 1805, "This river is remarkably Clear and Crowded with Salmon in maney places...in great numbers." At one time, 10 to 16 million adult salmon and steelhead returned yearly to the Columbia River Basin to spawn.
		Although much of the debate has centered on removing the Snake River dams, dam breaching is not a current option due to the "time required to implement it, the narrow benefits, biological uncertainties, and high costs," says William Stelle, Jr., Northwest Regional Administrator for NMFS.
	www.kennedyjenks.com /Services/Environmental/pdColumbiaSalmon.asp (865 words)

	Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Project - Introduction
		Welcome to the Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Archive (CRBEHA), a project of Washington State University Vancouver, the Idaho State Historical Society, Oregon Historical Society, Washington State Historical Society, and Washington State University Pullman.
		The 1,200-mile long Columbia River drains a 259,000-square-mile basin that includes territory in seven states (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming, and Utah) and one Canadian province.
		The Columbia River Basin hosts the five institutions involved in this project and a variety of people who have migrated to this part of the Pacific Northwest over the past two hundred years.
	www.vancouver.wsu.edu /crbeha/projteam (723 words)

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