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Topic: Columbia River Treaty

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	Large-scale Ecosystem Restoration Initiatives
		The ecology of the Columbia River basin is diverse, ranging from temperate rain forest to semi-arid plateaus.
		The Columbia River basin is home to more than 11 million residents, including historically significant populations of Native Americans, who have lived in the basin for thousands of years and have great cultural, economic, recreational, and symbolic importance to the Columbia River region.
		Recreation on the Columbia River began early in the settlement era, with steamboat excursions to the western end of the Columbia River Gorge.
	www.nemw.org /columbiariver.htm (6727 words)

	Columbia River Treaty
		The Columbia River Treaty was signed by Canada and the US on 17 Jan 1961 after 15 years of preliminary investigation by the INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION, and one year (1960) of direct international negotiation.
		The treaty gave the US an option to build a trans-boundary project on the Kootenay River, and gave Canada the right at specified times to divert portions of the Kootenay's flow northward into the Columbia.
		Its agency, BC HYDRO, has constructed all the Canadian treaty projects, and with an American counterpart co-ordinates their storage releases to the advantage of both countries.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001778 (350 words)

	BC Hydro - Info - Columbia
		Power developments on the Columbia River or its tributaries are directly affected by the Columbia River Treaty signed by Canada and the United States in 1964.
		Under the Columbia River Treaty, the additional potential in this part of the river was captured by the construction of the 580 MW Kootenay Canal generating station.
		The 4 MW Spillimacheen generating station is on the Spillimacheen River, a tributary of the Columbia River upstream from Kinbasket Lake.
	www.bchydro.com /info/system/system15276.html (501 words)

	The Rivers Foundation of the Americas - Promoting Clean Water, Biodiversity, and Human Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Copper River Delta has the largest concentration of nesting shorebirds in North America, is an important nursery for prized salmon and other fisheries, and is a relatively unspoiled wilderness area with keystone predators including wolves and grizzlies.
		The Columbia River watershed is a critical link in the mega-linkages of the Pacific flyway and predator migration corridor.
		The Rivers Foundation of the Americas is a public foundation dedicated to promoting and funding the protection and restoration of rivers in the Americas.
	riversfoundation.org /ee/rfa/news/story/bonneville_power_administration_terminates_fish_passage_center (1041 words)

	Three Sovereigns: Models for Columbia River Governance
		Under a treaty with Canada called the Columbia River Treaty, several major storage reservoirs in the U. and Canada are regulated primarily for hydropower generation and flood control.
		Columbia and lower Snake project operations are coordinated to complement treaty operations.
		The long-term plan would have integrated policies for the waters of the Columbia River system: (1) management of federal (and federally-licensed) water projects; (2) interstate standards for water banking, conservation and related issues; (3) mitigation planning for fish and wildlife affected by the waters of the system; and (4) water quality.
	www.nwcouncil.org /fw/3sov/models.htm (3574 words)

	The COLUMBIA RIVER "Great Canadian Rivers"
		In Canada, 4 storage dams were constructed in the upper Columbia River Basin - Duncan Dam (1967), Keenlyside Dam (1968), Mica Dam (1973) - under the terms of the treaty, devised to increase power generation (coordinated water release facilitates power production in the state of Washington) and to provide flood control.
		The vast forests of the Columbia River Valley support an important economic contribution to inhabitants of the region.
		The Columbia's many dams, having flooded wide sections of the valley, altering forever a substantial portion of the original ecosystem, have been major economic contributors to the region.
	greatcanadianrivers.com /rivers/columbia/economy-home.html (1236 words)

	PCCP Case Studies : Columbia
		By 1961 the federal governments had negotiated and signed the Columbia River Treaty (CRT), but the refusal of British Columbia to sign until concessions to its plans were made delayed ratification of the treaty until 1964.
		The CRT features equal sharing of downstream benefits for hydropower and flood control in the US that result from development and use of 19 km3 of usable storage in Canada.
		The CRT's hydropower and flood control objectives have been met, but the coriparians are challenged to successfully deal with the increased value society places on endangered biota, environmental quality, and sustainability.
	webworld.unesco.org /water/wwap/pccp/cd/columbia.html (428 words)

	USA Grand Coulee Study - Scoping Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Since most of the Columbia River upstream of the Grand Coulee Dam is in Canada, the task of exploring possibilities for upstream storage fell to the International Joint Commission, which created an International Columbia River Engineering Board (composed of two members from each county) to analyse the situation.
		When the treaty was implemented, the Canadian province of British Columbia, which had accepted the treaty benefits and obligations on behalf of Canada, decided to build projects on both the Peace River in northern British Columbia, and those required on the Columbia River at the same time.
		The central idea was to use upstream storage to change the shape of the Columbia River's hydrograph: the magnitude of the peak flows, which typically occur in May and June, were to be reduced, while the relatively low flows occurring in fall and winter were to be increased.
	www.dams.org /kbase/studies/us/us_finalscope_sect3.htm (4551 words)

	Press release Jul 21, 2004 - Columbia River Forum would address international water management issues
		Tentatively called the Columbia River Forum, its purpose would be to collect and assemble information and involve the public, elected officials and government agencies in discussions on improving watershed management in the entire Columbia River Basin.
		The meeting in Kimberley on July 16 involved four members of the Board of Directors of the Columbia Basin Trust, four members of the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, representatives of the BC government, and representatives of the Canadian consulate Seattle office.
		The Columbia Basin Trust is a corporation of the Province of British Columbia that was established by provincial legislation in 1995 to benefit the region most adversely affected by the Columbia River Treaty.
	www.nwcouncil.org /library/releases/2004/0721.htm (556 words)

	Columbia river Salmon Catches
		The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty was to settle the distribution of ocean caught salmon between the Northwest, British Columbia, and Alaska.
		Columbia River gillnet catch show the hopes for improvement have not been met.
		While Columbia River treaty fisheries have achieved their 50%, the size of their catches not much different than when they received only 5% of the catch.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/anth481/sal/colriv.html (453 words)

	[No title]
		Article XII Kootenai River Development (1) The United States of America for a period of five years from the ratification date, has the option to commence construction of a dam on the Kootenai River near Libby, Montana, to provide storage to meet flood control and other purposes in the United States of America.
		Canada and the United States of America are in agreement that the Treaty does not establish any general principle or precedent applicable to waters other than those of the Columbia River Basin and does not detract from the application of the Boundary Waters Treaty, 1909, to other waters.
		The Governments of the United States of America and Canada are exchanging instruments of ratification of the Treaty between Canada and the United States of America Relating to the Cooperative Development of the Water Resources of the Columbia River Basin Signed at Washington January 17, 1961.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~iea/TreatyTexts/1961-ColumbiaRiverTreaty.EN.txt (6658 words)

	Threats to the Columbia Wetlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The renegotiation of the transboundary Columbia River Treaty with the United States in the next decade may result in yet unpredictable strain on a finite water resource.
		Friends of the Columbia Wetlands is a non-profit society committed to educating the public about the incomparable ecological values of the Columbia Wetlands.
		We are exhibiting the ecological treasures of the Columbia River Wetlands on an international stage as a member of the Living Lakes Network of the German Global Nature Fund.
	www.livinglakes.org /columbia/issues.htm (1055 words)

	TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA RELATING TO COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF ...
		Recognizing that the Columbia River basin, as a part of the territory of both countries, contains water resources that are capable of contributing greatly to the economic growth and strength and to the general welfare of the two nations, and
		(n) "Treaty" means this Treaty and its Annexes A and B; (o) "useful life" means the time between the date of commencement of operation of a dam or facility and the date of its permanent retirement from service by reason of obsolescence or wear and tear which occurs notwithstanding good maintenance practices.
		WHEREAS the aforesaid treaty was duly ratified by the President of the United States of America on March 23,1961, in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the Senate, and was duly ratified on the part of Canada;
	mgd.nacse.org /qml/watertreaty/textdocs/international/99.html (9822 words)

	[No title]
		The recommendations in Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit, the Columbia River treaty tribes restoration plan, are intended to support healthy naturally reproducing salmon populations throughout the Columbia Basin.
		The five-year study concluded that the best option was to operate their 14 hydropower dams in the Columbia basin in compliance with the NMFS salmon recovery plan.
		Investigators said it is clear that Columbia River salmon and steelhead are in deep trouble.
	www.lycos.com /info/columbia-river-basin--salmon.html (378 words)

	Comments presented by Jamie Forbes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When it comes to the Columbia River, neither of us are professionals or experts, rather you could say we are lovers of the river, especially of that widening of the river between Revelstoke and Castlegar called the Arrow Lakes.
		This of course ended the massive salmon runs on the river and continues to cause deterioration of the fish stocks and the land itself, especially on the Arrow Lakes - which is now treated only as a water storage reservoir for hydroelectric generation downstream.
		We are told over and over by BC Hydro representatives that its mandate under the Columbia River Treaty is solely to control flooding and maximize the generation of power.
	www.columbiariver.org /main_pages/readings/bc/godderis.htm (2100 words)

	Native American Position Statement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission represents the interests of the Nez Perce Tribe, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, and the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation.
		Drawdown to natural river level is generally intended to restore flows to the water surface elevations that existed in the Snake River prior to impoundment.
		Flow measures for the Columbia River are defined in terms of minimum instream flows as measured at The Dalles Dam.
	www.cyberlearn.com /tribal.htm (3946 words)

	[No title]
		American Indian tribes in the desert of the Columbia River Basin claimed the man as one of their own, calling him the Ancient One.
		On June 6, 1997, release of the Eastside and Upper Columbia River Basin Draft EISs was formally announced with a Notice of Availability filed in the Federal Register and released for public review.
		They are being released from federally funded hatcheries, many of which are operated by the states, and from hatcheries funded by private utilities such as Douglas County PUD in the state of Washington.
	lycos.com /info/columbia-river-basin--federal-register.html (400 words)

	Expropriation Law Centre >> News >> Columbia River Treaty expropriation survives validity challenge
		Memories of the 1964 Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States were revived recently with a decision of the B.C. Court of Appeal in Morton v.
		A substantial portion of the Morton property was expropriated in 1968 by B.C. Hydro to accommodate the reservoir that later formed behind the Keenleyside Dam, near Castlegar.
		The dam was one of four constructed to achieve the objectives of the Treaty which was to provide water storage for downstream flood control and enhanced power generation opportunites.
	www.expropriationlaw.ca /news/news.asp?id=28 (355 words)

	Delivery of the Canadian Entitlement Final Environmental Impact Statement January 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Columbia River Treaty (Treaty) between Canada and the United States of America required three storage dams to be constructed on the Columbia River system in Canada and allowed for one in the United States.
		The Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States was signed in 1961 to share the benefits of flood control and power production by regulating the flow of water in the Columbia River.
		The Treaty specifies that the Entitlement be delivered to Canada at a point on the border near Oliver, BC, unless the Entities agree to other arrangements.
	www.eh.doe.gov /NEPA/eis/eis0197/EIS0197_1.html (2759 words)

	Roiling the Waters: Prelude to the Mighty Columbia Conference
		In its developed state, the river has different cycles, one of which is that every so often competition over the river boils over and seems to swamp the river's governing arrangements.
		It happened in the 1950s, when hydropower developers ran out of dam sites in the United States and the Columbia River Treaty, the Pacific Northwest Coordination Agreement, and the Pacific Northwest-Pacific Southwest intertie were engineered to double the river's power generation and flood control capacity.
		It will, however, bring together an extraordinary collection of people from the institutions that run the river, who are in the middle of the developments that are driving the debate, and who may be instrumental in finding answers.
	www.stoel.com /showarticle.aspx?Show=880 (1074 words)

	WDFW - Joint Staff Report Concerning 2003 Fall In-River Commercial Harvest of Columbia River Fall Chinook Salmon, ...
		The Columbia River Compact is charged by congressional and statutory authority to adopt seasons and rules for Columbia River commercial fisheries.
		This report describes fall fisheries in the mainstem Columbia River and includes summaries of 2002 fall fisheries, 2003 management guidelines, expected 2003 fall fish runs, and the outlook for 2003 fall fisheries.
		This report is the third in an annual series produced by the Joint Columbia River Management Staff of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) prior to each major Columbia River Compact hearing.
	wdfw.wa.gov /fish/crc/jul1603jointstaff.htm (800 words)

	Locke unveils Columbia River proposal
		Locke's Columbia River Initiative aims to secure an additional 728,000 acre-feet of water to meet the region's needs over the next 20 years and provide a more reliable supply of water during droughts.
		The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, state Department of Fish and Wildlife and three Columbia River basin irrigation districts signed a memorandum of agreement on the plan yesterday.
		The rest would be secured through agreements with the Bonneville Power Administration and Canada under a Columbia River treaty, and by increasing storage and conservation.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/204305_columbia18.html (722 words)

	CRITFC \| Columbia River Treaty Tribes
		The Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, and the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation are the only tribes in the Columbia Basin to have reserved rights to anadromous fish in 1855 treaties with the United States.
		The people of these tribes have always shared a common understanding -- that their very existence depends on the respectful enjoyment of the Columbia River Basin's vast land and water resources.
		Today, perhaps even more than in the past, the Columbia River treaty tribes are brought together by the struggle to save the salmon and by shared spiritual traditions such as the first salmon feast.
	www.critfc.org /text/tribes.html (273 words)

	Bishops' Reflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the Columbia watershed, human interventions and alterations have caused conditions that concern regional inhabitants.
		The Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States, signed in 1964 by the respective governments without consultation with citizens impacted by its provisions, required the construction of four dams that flooded Canadian lands and communities, depriving families of their homes, farms and businesses.
		This is especially true when factors such as taxpayer subsidies of energy, road and dam construction and pollution cleanup costs are taken into account, along with salmon extinction and consequent fishing industry job losses.
	www.columbiariver.org /main_pages/reflection/11.html (293 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Effective today, all salmon, steelhead and shad angling will be prohibited on the Mainstem Columbia River from the mouth upstream to McNary Dam, including concurrent jurisdiction waters in Select Areas, until further notice, the Columbia River Compact ruled on Tuesday.
		The Columbia River Compact has congressional and statutory authority to adopt seasons and rules for Columbia River commercial fisheries.
		The Columbia River and its tributaries in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana have historically been the world's largest producer of chinook, the biggest of the Pacific salmon species.
	www.waterconserve.info /articles/reader.asp?linkid=41041 (390 words)

	Columbia River Treaty Tribes
		In the treaty, 10 million acres of aboriginal lands were ceded to the United States.
		Mount Adams, the Klickitat River and the Yakima River are among the defining features of the 1.2 million-acre Yakama Indian Reservation in south central Washington.
		In the 1855 Treaty with the Yakama, 14 bands and tribes ceded 11.5 million acres to the United States.
	www.critfc.org /oldsite/text/history.htm (1138 words)

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