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	Orchestra
		Full size orchestras may sometimes be called "symphony orchestras" or "philharmonic orchestras"; these prefixes do not indicate any difference either to the instrumental content or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different orchestras based in the same city (for instance, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra).
		At first the orchestra was an aristocratic luxury, performing privately at the courts of the princes and nobles of Italy; but in the 17th century performances were given in theatres, and Germany eagerly followed.
		In ancient Greece the orchestra was the space between the auditorium[?] and the proscenium (or stage[?]), in which were stationed the chorus and the instrumentalists.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/or/Orchestra.html (538 words)

	Orchestra
		A full size orchestra may sometimes be called a "symphony orchestra" or "philharmonic orchestra"; these prefixes do not indicate any difference either to the instrumental content or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different orchestras based in the same city (for instance, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra).
		With the formation of standing orchestras, and the expansion of the winds and brass, as well as the ability of winds and brass instruments to be intune with each other, it created the ability of the wind and brass to be more easily massed.
		The unusual aspect of the orchestra was that, believing that in the ideal Marxist state all men are equal, its members felt that there was no need to be led by the dictatorial baton of a conductor; instead they were led by a committee.
	www.mp3.fm /Orchestra.htm (1844 words)

	Orchestra - Gurupedia
		At first the orchestra was an aristocratic luxury, performing privately at the courts of the princes and nobles of Italy; but in the 17th century performances were given in theatres, and
		In 1781, however, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra was organized from the merchants concert society, and it began a trend towards the formation of civic orchetras which would accelerate into the 19th century.
		As the early 20th century dawned, symphony orchestras were larger, better funded and better trained than ever before, and consequently composers could compose larger and more ambitious works for them.
	www.gurupedia.com /o/or/orchestra.htm (1567 words)

	Columbia Symphony Orchestra - Biography - AOL Music
		For purposes that concern us here, the "Columbia Symphony Orchestra" name was used by Columbia Masterworks in the 1950's on New York recording sessions with an orchestra comprised of members of the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, and the NBC Symphony.
		The label could hire members of those orchestras as freelance players, assemble an orchestra every bit as good as (and perhaps better than) the New York Philharmonic, and pay them for their work without having to pay royalties against sales to the Philharmonic or any of the players other than the conductor or soloist.
		It was one of the best recording orchestras ever assembled in the United States, incorporating many of the best characteristics of the Vienna Philharmonic and the Leipzig Gewandhaus--which Walter had conducted in Austria and Germany during the 1920's and 1930's--as well as the New York Philharmonic.
	music.aol.com /artist/columbia-symphony-orchestra/27476/biography (687 words)

	Columbia Symphony Orchestra (Symphony Orchestra) - Short History
		The Columbia Symphony Orchestra name was used by Columbia Masterworks in the 1950s on New York recording sessions with an orchestra comprised of members of the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, and the NBC Symphony.
		This orchestra - as it appeared on monaural recordings made by Bruno Walter in New York between 1954 and early 1956, and with other New York-based conductors into the early 1960s - was a good ensemble, a match for the New York Philharmonic in the studio.
		The result was a new Columbia Symphony Orchestra, chosen specifically by and for Bruno Walter.
	www.bach-cantatas.com /Bio/Columbia-Symphony-Orchestra.htm (475 words)

	West Virginia Symphony Orchestra
		In 1943, the Charleston Civic Orchestra was re-named the Charleston Symphony Orchestra.
		With the appointment of Thomas Conlin as Artistic Director and Conductor in 1984, a new era began for the Charleston Symphony Orchestra.
		The West Virginia Symphony Orchestra held its Inaugural Concert for the Maier Foundation Performance Hall, part of the Clay Center for the Arts and Sciences of West Virginia, on July 15, 2003.
	www.wvsymphony.org /orchestra.php (793 words)

	Classical CD Guide -- Top 10 Orchestral Works to Start Your Classical Music Collection
		While symphony and concerto are the most popular types of orchestral music, many composers have written great works for orchestra that don't fall into either of these two categories.
		The Baroque orchestra was a small collection of strings augmented by a couple of woodwinds and supported by a keyboard instrument, usually a harpsichord.
		In the nineteenth century the size of the orchestra increased greatly, as did the variety of instruments: tubas, trombones, bass clarinet, more percussion, and sometimes even piano were added to the core strings and winds.
	www.classicalcdguide.com /genres/orchestral.htm (1312 words)

	Fate knocks: Beethoven's Fifth is still up for interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Simon Rattle and the Vienna Philharmonic (EMI, 2000)
		Bruno Walter and the Columbia Symphony Orchestra (Columbia/Sony, 1958)
		Benjamin Zander and the Philharmonia Orchestra (Telarc, 1999)
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06299/732334-42.stm (1058 words)

	Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra - About
		Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1982 at Lewis and Clark College.
		Edwards is currently the conductor of the Olympia Symphony Orchestra in addition to his leadership of CSO.
		Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra is a not-for-profit service organization dedicated to presenting quality performances of standard, worthy but rarely performed, and new orchestral repertoire.
	www.pacifier.com /~cso/about.htm (155 words)

	BHS: CBS Symphony Orchestra
		From his hiring at the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1933 through 1950, Bernard Herrmann's name was known to millions of radio listeners primarily as conductor of the Columbia Broadcasting System Symphony Orchestra.
		Throughout much of the 1940s the Columbia Symphony Orchestra was heard as the off-season summer replacement for the Sunday afternoon broadcasts of the New York Philharmonic.
		During the main part of the season, the orchestra would be broadcast at various times, usually as part of an educational series such as "Gateway to Music" or "The American School of the Air" (Sometimes these two series overlapped).
	www.uib.no /herrmann/articles/conducting/cbssymphony (249 words)

	Amazon.ca: Stravinsky: Symphony of Psalms; Symphony in C; Symphony in Three Movements: Music: Igor Stravinsky,Elmer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The vitriolic outer movements show definite jazz and big-band influence - which the CBC orchestra glories in - while the second movement is of a classical tranquility and grace.
		The elegant SYMPHONY IN C was meant as a tribute to Haydn and Bach; but the haunting, unresolved bitonal chord that dissolves into silence in the end makes the work quintessentially modern.
		And the SYMPHONY OF PSALMS, one of the great religious works of the 20th century, is heavenly music; Stravinsky and his forces give it an austere reading of almost chamber-music clarity.
	www.amazon.ca /Stravinsky-Symphony-Psalms-Three-Movements/dp/B0000026GK (600 words)

	SoundStage! Round-up of Reissues
		Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra, on ten CDs are represented by all the Beethoven they recorded in stereo without a soloist -- the nine symphonies and most of the overtures -- plus Mozart’s "Jupiter" Symphony.
		It is made up mostly of broadcast takes with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, but it includes also one of the most prized of all the Maestro’s recordings, the 1937 performance of Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
		The young orchestra (founded 1930) was at its peak and so was Toscanini, conducting with infectious grace and warmth of heart as well as the fire and brilliance that continued to characterize his later recordings with his NBC forces.
	www.soundstage.com /music/reviews/rev623.htm (933 words)

	American Symphony Orchestra League::SYMPHONY
		And here's the exciting part: Orchestras and classical music educators are not only getting into the act, they are helping to push the technological envelope.
		As the orchestra played, the high-definition video transmission captured every expression that flitted across Tilson Thomas's face-every smile, smirk, and rise of the eyebrow.
		Where five years ago students were a little hesitant to step up to the camera and microphone for videoconference sessions, they now jump at the chance to engage in long-distance lessons with Zukerman when their violin instructor is traveling.
	www.symphony.org /news/room/sym3.shtml (1571 words)

	Bruno Walter conducting the Columbia Symphony Orchestra
		Walter's role models were men such as Hans Richter and Gustav Mahler (his mentor), both superb musicians who thought nothing of adjusting Beethoven's scoring, tempos and dynamic markings to heighten their interpretations.
		Mahler actually performed the Ninth Symphony with offstage musicians (for the fourth movement march).
		His interpretation of Beethoven was as different from the explosive, rhythmically self-indulgent versions of Mengleberg as it is from the lithe period instrument performances of John Elliot Gardinerin our own time.
	citypaper.net /articles/031397/article015.shtml (558 words)

	Classical Net Review - Bernstein Century - ...
		The reduced size of the Columbia Symphony Orchestra (a pick-up group largely comprised of musicians from the New York Philharmonic) was just right for these works, which date from the composer's late 20s.
		It is to Dallapiccola's credit that his skill prevented the dryness of the 12-tone technique from stifling his creativity, and the natural charm of the source material.
		Shapero's symphony, however, is in a class of its own: half Napoleonic heroism and half Frank Lloyd Wright-ish innovation.
	www.classical.net /~music/recs/reviews/s/sny60693a.html (726 words)

	The Columbia Orchestra - Mission Statement
		The Mission of the Columbia Orchestra is to foster lifelong appreciation of, enthusiasm for, and participation in music.
		The Columbia Orchestra is dedicated to serving local audiences, musicians, and students.
		All written content © 1999-2006 The Columbia Orchestra, designed for minimum screen size of 800x600.
	www.columbiaorchestra.org /mission.shtml (131 words)

	The Essential Mormon Tabernacle Choir — The Mormon Tabernacle Choir / Columbia Symphony Orchestra, Utah Symphony ...
		The Essential Mormon Tabernacle Choir — The Mormon Tabernacle Choir / Columbia Symphony Orchestra, Utah Symphony Orchestra, and The Philadelphia Orchestra/ Richard Condie, Arthur Harris, Eugene Ormandy, Jerold D. Ottley, and Michael Tilson Thomas, conductors - Sony Classical 680317 (2 discs) 66 min., 72 min.
		And of course, this compilation would not be complete without some well-known and loved religious selections like “Simple Gifts” and “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” their 1959 Grammy-winning release with The Philadelphia Orchestra.
		The selections are choral gems that deserve repeated hearing and serve to remind the listeners of the value of tradition and honor in music.
	www.audaud.com /article.php?ArticleID=1992 (664 words)

	Mid-Columbia Symphony
		Perfect Harmony, a fine wine auction and dinner benefiting the Mid-Columbia Symphony, is March 10, 2007.
		AdvanceMed Hanford donated $2,500 to the Mid-Columbia Symphony to support live classical concerts with guest artists, children's programming, and in-school programs.
		The U.S. Bancorp Foundation donated $2,500 to the Mid-Columbia Symphony to support operations.
	midcolumbiasymphony.org (152 words)

	Amazon.com: Copland: Orchestral & Ballet Works, 1936-1948: Music: Benny Goodman,Aaron Copland,Aaron Copland,Michael ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Most of the selections are played by the London Symphony Orchestra, although the New Philharmonia and the just-plain Philharmonia get cracks at a few key works.
		The last-named orchestra, for instance, takes on the biggest piece on the program, Copland's Third, the closest thing American music has to a Beethoven's Ninth (although the work's sublime rhetoric has never completely convinced me--it's neither my personal favorite by Copland nor my favorite American symphony.
		The early set features important works such as the Organ Symphony (1924), Music for the Theater (1925), and the Short Symphony (1932)--but both of the other collections also include long, thorny pieces like the early Symphonic Ode and the late Connotations that can be rather difficult for the average enthusiast to enjoy.
	www.amazon.com /Copland-Orchestral-Ballet-Works-1936-1948/dp/B0000027BJ (1637 words)

	Cedar Rapids Symphony
		Dmitri Shostakovich: Symphony #10 in e minor, Op.
		Jean Sibelius: Symphony #1 in e minor, op.
		And last, but certainly not least, public and university libraries are an excellent and cost-free way of investigating the world of classical music through recordings.
	www.crsymphony.org /attendconcerts_cd.asp (551 words)

	Sonic Glossary: Fermata
		Also known as a "hold" or "pause," a fermata is a symbol in musical notation that directs a musician to continue a note or rest for an unspecified period of time beyond its usual duration.
		If you were watching an orchestral performance, you would notice that the conductor's baton ceases to beat time for the brief period of a fermata.
		A fermata is a symbol that directs the musician to hold a note or rest for an unspecified period of time beyond its usual duration.
	www.columbia.edu /ccnmtl/draft/paul/sonic/fermata.html (378 words)

	Glenn Gould.com
		Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, Op.
		Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 4 in G Major, Op.
		Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No. 3 in C Minor, Op.
	www.sonymusic.com /artists/GlennGould/52632.html (99 words)

	Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra
		Join Huw Edwards and the Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra for a lavish celebration of their 25th Anniversary Season.
		This event is the MAJOR fundraiser for the orchestra.
		November 22, 2006 - The Portland Columbia Symphony distributes over 500 tickets per concert to social service agencies and schools.
	home.pacifier.com /~cso (133 words)

	Amazon.com: Modern Masters: Music: Luigi Dallapiccola,Nikolai Lopatnikoff,Harold Samuel Shapero,Leonard ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Shapero symphony deserves to be much better known than it is (and not just due to the surpassingly beautiful second movement).
		The original appearance of this recording of Harold Shapero's Symphony for Classical Orchestra, the major work on this disc, and the outstanding work by this composer, was once listed in Schwann's Basic Record Library.
		Originally on Columbia, it reappeared on CRI in the 1980's and is happily now available as part of the Bernstein Century series on SONY.
	www.amazon.com /Modern-Masters-Luigi-Dallapiccola/dp/B00000FCKU (790 words)

	MUSSORGSKY: Scenes from Boris Godunov - George London, bass/ Columbia Symphony Orchestra & Chorus/Thomas Schippers; ...
		The constant reissuing of material from their archives by the major classical labels may seem tiresome to many collectors but sometimes it results in some outstanding and very worthwhile discs.
		Columbia's Great Performances reissues began in the LP era and converted to CD release in the mid-1980s.
		Columbia had many legendary performers such as Gould, Bernstein, Szell, Stern, Ormandy, E. Power Biggs and so on.
	www.audaud.com /article.php?ArticleID=1584 (422 words)

	Chris Wroblewski's Home Page
		Columbia Symphony Orchestra/Walter - Odyssey Y 35218 [lp]
		Columbia Symphony Orchestra/Stravinsky - Columbia M 31729 [lp]
		Columbia Symphony Orchestra/Stravinsky - Columbia M 31841 [lp]; Columbia ML 6411 [lp]
	my.athenet.net /~cwroblew/s2.htm (333 words)

	Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra - Support
		Portland Columbia Symphony Orchestra invites you to become a Chair Sponsor of your favorite musician.
		Your contribution is tax deductible to the full extent allowed by law, and will support CSO in continuing to bring you the finest affordable orchestral music in the Portland community.
		Let your favorite musician know you appreciate the work he or she does by becoming a CSO Chair Sponsor.
	home.pacifier.com /~cso/support.htm (215 words)

	Amazon.ca: 1988 Conducts Firebird: Music: Igor Stravinsky,Elmer Iseler,Igor Stravinsky,CBC Symphony Orchestra,Columbia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		~ Igor Stravinsky (Composer), Elmer Iseler (Conductor), Igor Stravinsky (Conductor), CBC Symphony Orchestra (Orchestra), Columbia Symphony Orchestra (Orchestra)
		There are numerous recordings available of Igor Stravinsky's ballet masterwork "The Firebird" however, the 1961 "Stravinsky Conducts Stravinsky" recording available on this disc is one that eclipses all other versions.
		The recording was performed by The Columbia Symphony and is presented in its complete length of nearly 43-minutes (most other recordings present "The Firebird" in a suite lasting only 25-minutes).
	www.amazon.ca /1988-Conducts-Firebird-Igor-Stravinsky/dp/B0000026GI (454 words)

	Portland Brass Quintet Bios
		He is currently second trombonist with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, and plays bass trombone with the Musical Theater Company.
		He is currently principal trumpet of the Rose City Chamber Orchestra and second trumpet of the Columbia Symphony.
		Jeffrey Snyder is currently a member of the Tacoma Symphony Orchestra and has performed with the Seattle Symphony, Oregon Symphony, Portland Opera, and the Spokane Symphony.
	www.weddingtrumpet.com /pbq/pbq_bios.htm (373 words)

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