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Topic: Columbium

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	Niobium tubing, Niobium tube (seamless), Niobium pipe, Columbium tubing,Nb tube - Niobium - Product Catalog - SHANGHAI ...
		Niobium > Niobium tubing, Niobium tube (seamless), Niobium pipe, Columbium tubing,Nb tube
		Niobium tubing, Niobium tube (seamless), Niobium pipe, Columbium tubing,Nb tube
		Niobium sheet, Niobium plate, Nb sheet, Nb plate, Columbium sheet, Cb plate
	www.jxmetals.com /sdp/316680/4/pd-1271720/1291003-637723.html (177 words)

	Columbium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Columbium (Cb), or niobium, is a grey, ductile, tarnish-resistant and superconductive metal with a melting point of 2468°C. The name niobium (Nb) was officially adopted in 1951 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, after 100 years of controversy.
		Columbium is an important alloy in high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels.
		The main sources of columbium are the minerals pyrochlore and columbite; extensive reserves are found in Brazil, Canada, Nigeria and Zaire.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001780 (149 words)

	COLUMBITE - LoveToKnow Article on COLUMBITE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Columbium compounds are usually prepared by fusing columbite with an excess of acid potassium sulphate, boiling out the fused mass with much water, and removing tin and tungsten from the residue by digestion with ammonium sulphide, any iron present being simultaneously converted into ferrous sulphide.
		Columbium trichboride, CbCI,, is obtained in needles or crystalline crusts, when the vapour of the pentachloride is slowly passed through a red-hot tube.
		Columbium pentachboride, CbCI5, is obtained in yellow needles when a mixture of the pentoxide and sugar charcoal is heated in a current of air-free chlorine.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLUMBITE.htm (1227 words)

	COLUMBIUM, or NIOBIUM ... - Online Information article about COLUMBIUM, or NIOBIUM ...
		Columbium dioxide, Cb2O2, is formed when dry potassium columbium oxyfluoride is reduced by sodium (H.
		Columbium oxychloride, CbOCl3, is formed when carbon tetrachloride, and columbic acid are heated together at 440° C.: 3CC14+Cb205= 2CbOCl3+300012,and also by distilling the pentachloride,in a current of carbon dioxide, over ignited columbic acid.
		A heavy white precipitate, consisting of ammonium chloride and columbium nitride, is thrown down, and the ammonium chloride is removed by washing it out with hot water, when the columbium nitride remains as an amorphous residue (Hall and Smith, loc.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CLI_COM/COLUMBIUM_or_NIOBIUM_symbol_Cb_.html (1155 words)

	41 Niobium
		The researches of the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864, and others, especially of the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1817-1894) in 1866, proved the identity of Columbium, Dianium and Niobium, and that Ilmenium was a mixture of Columbium and Tantalum.
		Although, in 1861 Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818-1881) and Damour already doubted the existence of Dianium as a separate element and considered it identical with Niobium Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l\'Académie des sciences 53 (1861), p.
		The Columbium of Hatchett was probably a mixture of these two elements, although the term has been used later on as synonymous of Niobium.
	www.vanderkrogt.net /elements/elem/nb.html (801 words)

	Ferroalloys & Alloying Additives Online Handbook - Columbium
		Columbium is particularly beneficial to AC steels, it is now thought, by promoting the formation of fine-grained ferrite-bainite microstructures (i.e., improving bainite hardenability) despite the fact that it also produces fine-grained austenite.
		Columbium is therefore not a specified constituent of the heat treatable AISI/SAE constructional alloy steels.
		Columbium steels are excellent candidates for arctic and other low temperature structural uses since their fine grain size gives them a very high resistance to brittle failure under these conditions.
	www.shieldalloy.com /columbiumpage.html (3013 words)

	American Metal Market: Global columbium demand seen growing by BuMines - excerpt from U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675 ...
		The trend toward a somewhat increasing use of columbium in steelmaking, as reflected by changes in the average consumption of columbium per ton of steel produced, was combined with the most recent Bureau of Mines forecast for steel.
		Demand for columbium in the rest of the world is expected to increase to between 40 million and 80 million pounds by 2000, with a probable demand of 57 million pounds, representing an average annual growth rate of 5 percent during 1983-2000.
		U.S. supply of columbium during 1983-2000 is expected to continued to come mainly from imports of ferrocolumbium and columbium oxide from Brazil, pyrochlore concentrates from Canada and columbite concentrates from Nigeria.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_v93/ai_3991759 (1392 words)

	All Metals & Forge, LLC
		Columbium and tantalum: These metals are usually considered together because most of their working characteristics are similar.
		Columbium, like tantalum, can be welded to itself and to certain other metals by resistance welding, tungsten inert-gas (TIG) welding, and to itself by inert-gas arc welding.
		Columbium is used in superconducting materials, thin-film substrates, electrical contacts, heat sinks, and as an alloying addition in steels and superalloys.
	www.steelforge.com /infoservices/matoverview/mo_refractory_metals.asp (1317 words)

	American Metal Market: Two strong players in alloys - columbium and tantalum
		Columbium and tantalum have played an important role as alloying elements in superalloys since the 1940s.
		Columbium, or niobium, and tantalum have somewhat similar characteristics as alloying elements in wrought nickel-base superalloys.
		The columbium and tantalum utilized in superalloys are obtained in one of several forms depending on application.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_v94/ai_4544467 (794 words)

	Method of bonding columbium to nickel and nickel based alloys using low bonding pressures and temperatures - Patent ...
		Columbium (Cb) is a desirable material for use in environments requiring high temperature regimes (i.e., about 2000 to about 2500.degree.
		More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, columbium and preferably columbium sheet or foil is bonded to nickel and nickel based alloy and preferably sheet or foil thereof, such as Inconel 617, by placing a particular brazing foil therebetween prior to joining.
		The columbium and nickel are placed in intimate contact with the titanium foil on opposite sides thereof and under pressure.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4706872.html (1509 words)

	Tantalum and Niobium - Early History
		There was no dispute concerning his conclusion until Heinrich Rose, in 1844, was able to distinguish these two elements by their differences in valence state, with columbium exhibiting +3 and +5 states and tantalum only +5 as stable entities.
		Columbium and niobium were shown to be the same element.
		The names columbium and niobium were both used to identify this element for almost another century, with columbium being preferred in the Americas.
	www.tanb.org /history.html (432 words)

	Welded corrosion-resistant ferritic stainless steel tubing having high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and a ...
		The welded tubing may be made by conventional autogenous welding practices wherein a continuous band of the ferritic stainless steel of a chemical composition in accordance with the invention is roll formed and autogenous welded longitudinally in a continuous fashion to produce the tubing.
		Columbium, as discussed, is needed to prevent weld intergranular corrosion.
		One additional series of chemical charging tests were conducted on samples of Alloy 15 and Alloy 9 in the as-annealed, as-welded, and welded and annealed conditions to determine the effect of TIG welding on their resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4942922.html (3812 words)

	Commerce Resources Corp. - Related Sites - Research Reports - Tue Nov 22, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Columbium in the form of ferrocolumbium is used worldwide, mostly as an alloying element in steels and in superalloys.
		Appreciable amounts of columbium in the form of high-purity ferrocolumbium and nickel columbium are used in nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base superalloys for such applications as jet engine components, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting and combustion equipment.
		The United States does not have a columbium or tantalum mining industry because resources are of low grade, and the United States must import all of its columbium and tantalum source materials for processing.
	www.commerceresources.com /s/RelatedSites-5.asp (1465 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - columbium
		Available data indicate that somewhat more than 200 various mineral commodities are produced in more than 130 countries and colonial possessions.
		In fact, there is probably no governmental entity on the face of the earth which does not delve into the body of the earth for mineral commodities...
		In reading the text that follows, one can hardly fail to note the frequency of such statements as "no substitute" or "no adequate substitute." In this connection it might also be apropos to define the different types of substitutes.
	encarta.msn.com /columbium.html (151 words)

	Welding of Reactive and Refractory Metals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Tantalum and columbium form pentoxides that are not volatile below -3.9°C, but these provide little protection because they are nonadherent.
		Columbium and tantalum can withstand larger amounts of oxygen and nitrogen.
		The gas tungsten arc welding process is used for the pure columbium and for the lower strength commercial alloys.
	www.key-to-metals.com /PrintArticle.asp?ID=50 (1750 words)

	Columbium/Niobium Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It was originally thought that the material was chromium but upon analysis it was determined it was not chromium but an oxide of an unknown element.
		The element was named columbium but many scientists believed that it was actually tantalum and the element was not universally accepted.
		Fifty years later European scientists determined the element niobium came from tantalum and that columbium was the same element.
	www.hcrosscompany.com /refractory/niobium.htm (551 words)

	Niocan Inc.
		Consumption was mainly as ferrocolumbium by the steel industry and as columbium alloys and metal by the aerospace industry, with plants in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, California, and Washington.
		While columbium is not recovered from scrap steel and superalloys containing it, recycling of these alloys is significant, and their columbium content is reused.
		For the first half of 2002, domestic demand for columbium ferroalloys in steelmaking and demand for columbium in superalloys (mostly for aircraft engine components) were less than in the same period of 2001.
	www.niocan.com /content.asp?SectionID=23 (517 words)

	Some properties of beryllium oxide and beryllium oxide - columbium ceramals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		High-temperature tensile and thermal-shock investigations were conducted on beryllium oxide and beryllium oxide plus columbium metal additions.
		The tensile strength of 6150 pounds per square inch for beryllium oxide at 1800 degrees F compared favorably with the zirconia bodies previously tested.
		Additions of 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 percent by weight of columbium metal failed to improve the shock resistance over that of pure beryllium oxide.
	naca.larc.nasa.gov /reports/1951/naca-rm-e50g21 (101 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		A number of columbium and tantalum alloys were investigated to determine their suitability for use at elevated temperatures.
		Columbium-- vanadium, tantalum -- vanadium, and tantalum-- hafnium alloys, and also columbium-- 10 wt% titanium alloys modified with additions of 0.1 to 2 mole% ZrO/sub 2/, TiO/sub 2/, ZrB/sub 2/, TiB/sub 2/, ZrC, or TiC were prepared and ex amined.
		Of the columbium alloys studied, the columbium-12 at.% vanadium exhibited the best properties; it compared closely with the columbium-- 10 at.% vanadium alloy studied in a previous investigation.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4084048&query_id=0 (238 words)

	Mining Sector Jargon Buster
		Columbium and niobium are synonymous names for the chemical element with atomic number 41; columbium was the name given in 1801, and niobium (Nb) was the name officially designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950.
		Alloyed with other metals, tanThe United States does not have a columbium or tantalum mining industry because resources are of low grade, and the United States must import all of its columbium and tantalum source materials for processing.
		Brazil and Canada are the major producers of columbium mineral concentrates, and Australia, Brazil, and Canada are the major producers of tantalum mineral concentrates.talum is also used in making carbide tools for metalworking equipment and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components.
	www.energyweb.net /mining/jargon?u_letter=n (954 words)

	A607-98 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, ...
		A607-98 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled (Withdrawn 2000)
		WITHDRAWN STANDARD: A607-98 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled (Withdrawn 2000)
		1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy columbium, or vanadium hot-rolled sheet and strip, or cold-rolled sheet, or combinations thereof, in either cut lengths or coils, intended for applications where greater strength and savings in weight are important.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/WITHDRAWN/A607.htm (202 words)

	~~ What is Niobium ~ Columbium ? ~~
		He did this by reducing niobium chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere.
		Columbium was the name originally given to this element by Hatchet but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) officially adopted "niobium" as the name for element 41 in 1950 after 100 years of controversy.
		The property that makes it a jeweler's pleasure to work with is its ability to create durable, permanent, hypoallergenic, iridescent colors.
	www.sozra.com /niobium.html (634 words)

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