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Topic: Columbus (ISS module)

	ESA - Human Spaceflight and Exploration - International Space Station - Columbus laboratory
		Columbus in orbit is only the most obvious and impressive part of the whole research programme.
		Columbus on the ground will involve researchers all over Europe, who will be able to control their own experiments directly from several User Centres or even directly from their workplaces.
		Columbus is currently scheduled for launch in the second half of 2007.
	www.esa.int /esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html (575 words)

	swissinfo - Columbus space laboratory is set for the Kennedy Space Center
		The Columbus laboratory, in which a number of Swiss firms and the government have a stake, was shipped from Germany to the Kennedy Space Center on Sunday.
		The 13-ton Columbus, which has been built by the European Space Agency (ESA), was originally planned to be sent into orbit in October 2004, but the explosion of the Columbia space shuttle three years ago postponed the mission.
		The Columbus project was led by the space transportations unit of aerospace and defence contractor EADS and involved some 40 firms from ten European countries, including Switzerland.
	www.swissinfo.org /eng/front/detail/Columbus_space_lab_heads_to_launch_site.html?siteSect=105&sid=6754317&cKey=1148749271000 (583 words)

	NASA :: Intelligent Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Three Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, built by the Italian Space Agency, serve as unpiloted moving vans, carrying laboratory racks filled with equipment, experiments and supplies to and from the station aboard a space shuttle.
		Mounted in the space shuttle's cargo bay for launch and landing, the modules are berthed to the station using the shuttle's robotic arm.
		The double module is a pressurized, mixed-cargo carrier that supports experiment hardware, providing a cargo capacity of up to 10,000 pounds.
	ic.arc.nasa.gov /destination/iss/exploring.php (1130 words)

	International Space Station Assembly Zvezda
		Named for the Russian word for ‘Star,’ the service module is scheduled to be launched unpiloted at 12:56:28 AM EDT on July 12 as the third station component, docking by remote control with the already orbiting Zarya and Unity modules at an altitude of about 245 by 230 statute miles (394 x 371 kilometers).
		Control of the orientation of the ISS will be an integrated responsibility of both the U.S. and Russian elements with the service module continuing to provide propulsive capability for the ISS for activities such as the periodic reboost of the station.
		Atlantis returns to the ISS after the arrival of the Zvezda to provide additional supplies and serve as the first opportunity for astronauts and cosmonauts to enter the newest module after it becomes a permanent part of the station.
	www.shuttlepresskit.com /ISS_OVR/assembly2_overview.htm (5659 words)

	ISS Columbus Module Heads For Kennedy Space Center
		Columbus is about 23 feet long and 15 feet wide, allowing it to hold 10 racks of experiments, each approximately the size of a phone booth.
		The Columbus control center is located in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, from where ground controllers can communicate with the module as the space station orbits Earth, as well as with researchers across Europe and their partners in the United States and Russia.
		Columbus is expected to provide at least 10 years of science capabilities for researchers, both on Earth or aboard the station.
	www.space-travel.com /reports/ISS_Columbus_Module_Heads_For_Kennedy_Space_Center.html (771 words)

	EADS-Built Columbus Space Laboratory Arrives in the U.S. For Its 2007 Launch to the International Space Station - Space ...
		The Columbus research module - developed and produced through a ten-year initiative led by EADS SPACE Transportation - is to be launched aboard the NASA Space Shuttle in the autumn of 2007.
		Columbus was built in the Bremen, Germany facility of EADS SPACE Transportation, and was officially handed over to the ESA on May 2 for delivery to NASA.
		The 8-meter-long (26-ft) Columbus module, with a launch mass of nearly 13 metric tons (28,660 lbs), was airlifted from Bremen to Florida's Kennedy Space Center by an Airbus A300-600T "Beluga" Super Transporter.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/524326/eadsbuilt_columbus_space_laboratory_arrives_in_the_us_for_its/?source=r_space (672 words)

	ESA Human Spaceflight \| Users » ISS and Europe
		Columbus will be permanently stationed at the International Space Station attached to another European-built module, Node 2.
		It became the second module of the ISS in orbit after its launch in December 1998.
		It is the "brain" or control centre of the Russian Segment of the ISS and carries out a great degree of the vital and fundamental functions on the station including: guidance, navigation and control of the entire ISS; failure management and recovery; and control of additional ISS systems and subsystems.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /users/index.cfm?act=default.page&level=11&page=iss01-smi103 (729 words)

	lsespace.com [COLUMBUS Mission]
		ESA's Columbus module is a multi-functional pressurised laboratory.
		During its 10-year projected lifespan, Earth-based researchers - sometimes with a little help from the ISS crew - will be able to conduct thousands of experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid physics and a whole host of other disciplines, all in the weightlessness of orbit.
		Their efforts will be channelled through the Columbus Control Centre (Col-CC) in Germany, which will interface with the module itself and also ESA's NASA partners in the United States.
	www.japan.tomshardware.com /missions/columbus.php (497 words)

	International Space Station
		The project went through several reincarnations during the 1980's and beginning of the 1990s, starting with the large space station launched by the Energia super heavy-lift booster and ending with a more modest design of the Proton-launched core and a single truss carrying solar arrays and helio-concentrators.
		The inclusion of the Mir-2 core module into the Freedom design would allow early presence of the crew onboard, while the use of Progress cargo ships would provide much cheaper and reliable refueling and supply capabilities for the station, comparing to the use of the Space Shuttle.
		At the beginning of the 1990s, the length of the module had to be reduced, a free-flying platform completely dropped from the project.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /iss.html (851 words)

	columbus.htm
		On the conical end of the module, where it attaches to the ISS main structure, feedthroughs have been installed for the ARISS antennas and coax cables are run from the feedthroughs to the nadir.
		With the Columbus module being located at some considerable distance from the other two ARISS stations, this will permit parallel operations on the new bands at the same time as the existing operations.
		The Columbus module is designed to undertake experiments but may also be used as temporary sleeping accommodation for the European astronauts.
	www.ariss-eu.org /columbus.htm (1164 words)

	International Space Station - Aerospace Technology
		The ISS is being built by an international partnership of countries and space agencies, each contributing various modules from which the station will finally be completed.
		The first solar arrays on the ISS were part of the Zarya module and they were not supplemented until 2001 when the next photovoltaic module was added to the station.
		Since the ISS is hidden from the Sun for up to 36 minutes of each 92-minute orbit, it uses rechargeable nickel-hydrogen batteries to maintain electrical energy supply.
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/iss (957 words)

	NASA - International Space Station Module to Arrive in Florida This Month
		Columbus is embarking on a new journey to the United States.
		The European Space Agency's Columbus module, a laboratory facility destined for the International Space Station, is set to arrive at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Fla., from Bremen, Germany on May 30.
		The Columbus module is the European Space Agency's primary contribution to the International Space Station.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2006/may/HQ_M06082_iss_module.html (280 words)

	Listening to the ISS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Beacon from Soyuz-TM and Progress M1 and from the Russian ISS modules - tends to be received in parallel with the 166 MHz or 620-630 MHz transmissions.
		The modulation index is quite high and the received signal spectrum has two distinct peaks about 125 kHz from the nominal carrier frequency.
		An interesting ISS frequency to listen on is 145.800 MHz, narrow FM mode, which is dedicated to radio amateur use.
	www.winradio.com /home/iss.htm (990 words)

	Cnes - Columbus enters home straight before ISS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tipping the scales at 13 t and with 10 science equipment racks, this scientific module will enable the ISS crew to perform numerous experiments in biotechnology, medicine, material sciences, fluid sciences and life sciences.
		The key to Columbus being given to J-J.Dordain, director general of Esa.
		Columbus is now preparing to leave EADS Space Transportation’s Bremen facility for Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where it is scheduled for launch in autumn 2007.
	www.cnes.fr /web/5190-columbus-enters-home-straight-before-iss.php (223 words)

	Significant milestone for Columbus flight readiness
		Columbus is Europe's cornerstone contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), and is scheduled for launch on shuttle mission STS-122 in October/November 2007.
		The Flight Operations Readiness Review was held 4-5 December 2006 at the Columbus Control Centre at Oberpfaffenhofen, near Munich, to review the state of preparation of the mission teams and ground infrastructure; it is a formal step required by NASA to check the state of readiness of its international partners in joint missions.
		During its 10-year projected life span, Earth-based researchers - sometimes with a little help from the ISS crew - will be able to conduct thousands of experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid physics and a host of other disciplines, all in the weightlessness of orbit.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2007-01/esa-smf012207.php (660 words)

	Chronology of the ISS development
		On March 2, 2006, partners in the International Space Station project, ISS, approved a new assembly sequence, which dedicated 16 remaining Shuttle flights before its retirement in 2010 to the launching of the ISS elements.
		As expected in 2005, the delivery of the Russian NEP module by the Shuttle was canceled, along with a number of "utilization" flights.
		The European Columbus module was now scheduled for launch during the 7th Shuttle mission after its return to flight, while the elements of the Japanese segment would reach orbit during the eighth, ninth and 12th missions.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /iss_chronology.html (1547 words)

	DLR Internationale Raumstation ISS - Columbus Control Center - Europe's link to the ISS
		The Columbus Control Center (Col-CC) is located within the German Space Operations Center (GSOC) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich.
		Additionally, the Columbus Control Center makes the communication infrastructure available to control centers in Toulouse, Houston and Moscow during the ATV mission while it is in orbit.
		Once the Columbus Laboratory module is coupled to the ISS, Col-CC takes responsibility for the European space laboratory as well as the coordination of the scientific programme.
	www.dlr.de /iss/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1417/2048_read-3535 (413 words)

	NASA Welcomes European Space Station Module
		Columbus is the European Space Agency's primary contribution to the station.
		Columbus will expand the research facilities of the station, providing researchers the ability to conduct a variety of experiments in the area of life, physical and materials sciences.
		The operations center for the Columbus laboratory is located in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, and will serve as the primary control center for the science to be performed in the laboratory.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-02-2006/0004373401&EDATE= (817 words)

	ISS Columbus Orbiting Facility
		The new Columbus Orbiting Facility (COF) was shorter and lighter.
		It was based on the same Alenia-developed pressurised module as the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module.
		The COF module was small enough to be launched on an Ariane-5 rocket rather than the Shuttle, although this option was abandoned in the mid-1990s.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/issility.htm (273 words)

	International Space Station Element Unity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station, a six-sided connecting module and passageway, or node, named Unity, was the primary cargo of Space Shuttle mission STS-88, the first mission dedicated to assembly of the station.
		The Unity connecting module, technically referred to as node 1, created a foundation for all future U.S. International Space Station modules with six berthing ports, one on each side, to which future modules will be attached.
		In addition to connecting to the Zarya module, Unity eventually will provide attachment points for the U.S. laboratory module; Node 3; an early exterior framework, or truss for the station; an airlock; and a multi-windowed cupola.
	www.shuttlepresskit.com /ISS_OVR/element2.htm (513 words)

	NASA - Space Station Structure
		Pirs is a docking port for transport and cargo vehicles and an airlock for spacewalking.
		The SPACEHAB double module is a pressurized, mixed-cargo carrier which supports various quantities, sizes, and locations of experiment hardware.
		The Service Module was the first fully Russian contribution to the International Space Station and served as the early cornerstone for the first human habitation of the station.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/station/structure/index.html (313 words)

	European Space Station Module Columbus Takes Step Closer To Launch
		Columbus, in gestation for 10 years and costing around a billion euros (1.25 billion dollars), is designed to enable European scientists to carry out research in Earth's orbit.
		Columbus will be transported to Cape Canaveral, Florida, on May 28 by a giant Beluga aircraft.
		The ISS construction programme has been badly affected by the loss on February 1, 2003 of Columbia, one of the four space shuttles, which are the only vehicles capable of taking large pieces aloft.
	www.spacedaily.com /reports/European_Space_Station_Module_Columbus_Takes_Step_Closer_To_Launch.html (622 words)

	ESA/Columbus ready for STS-122 - NASA SpaceFlight.com
		Europe's patience with NASA's successful efforts to safely return the shuttle to flight will soon be rewarded with the flight of their Columbus module to the International Space Station (ISS), which has completed a full programme of system validation tests.
		Columbus - which was built by EADS Space Transportations - has a 10 year lifespan, and is equipped with flexible research facilities that offer extensive science capabilities, including thousands of experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid physics and a whole host of other disciplines, all in the weightlessness of orbit.
		Columbus arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in May of 2006, awaiting its turn with a number of other ISS modules set to ride the shuttle to the station before the fleet is retired in 2010.
	www.nasaspaceflight.com /content/?cid=5001 (673 words)

	Columbus Control Center: Europe's First
		The Columbus Control Center is operated by DLR under contract from ESA and Astrium and in 2007 will be responsible for science activities as well as systems and life support for the orbiting Columbus lab.
		The 4.5-metre-diameter cylindrical module is equipped with advanced science facilities and will enable Earth-based researchers to conduct thousands of experiments in life sciences, materials science, fluid physics and a range of other disciplines, all in the weightlessness of orbit.
		He also explains that the working language for ISS controllers is English, but that the special language protocol, regional accents and the 1- to 2-second delay on the voice communications loop sometimes makes understanding difficult.
	www.spacedaily.com /reports/Columbus_Control_Center_Europe_First_999.html (1332 words)

	ARRLWeb: ARISS Delegates Urged to Cast Eye on Future of Ham Radio in Space
		The new Columbus ISS module will be delivered to Kennedy Space Center for launch in the spring of 2007.
		Columbus will be located at some distance from the other two ARISS stations, allowing for parallel operations on the new bands at the same time as existing operations.
		The main issue is electromagnetic compatibility between the ET exhaust plumes and onboard communication equipment, since the plasma plumes may scatter RF and produce a communication dead zone or "shadow." Project designers want to study the plasma screening effect before ET becomes standard equipment in space, with an eye toward minimizing communication disruptions.
	www.arrl.org /news/stories/2005/08/12/106/?nc=1 (1204 words)

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