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Topic: Columbus before the Council of Salamanca

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	Columbus Doors Main Page
		Columbus, mounted on a mule, is prepared to depart from the gate of the convent run by friar Juan Perez, former confessor to Queen Isabella.
		Columbus, in the center of the composition, raises his sword and the royal standard; a cross is raised behind him.
		Columbus shows his chains to the crowd as he is about to go aboard the vessel that was to take him back to Spain after his third voyage.
	www.aoc.gov /cc/art/coldoors/index.cfm (989 words)

	The Columbus Doors: Panel One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The traditional story of Columbus and the Council is one of innovation in the face of illiberality and ignorance, the hero as underdog.
		Columbus is rejected yet, through patience and tenacity, his plan is eventually accepted and he sails west and finds a New World.
		Columbus, the little guy with the big idea, coming face to face with ignorance and indifference at the top, was a favorite American trope and became an important factor in the Columbus myth.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~CAP/COLUMBUS/door1.html (288 words)

	Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca (1487)
		Audience at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (1492)
		Columbus displays a chart in an unsuccessful endeavor to convince the Council appointed by King Ferdinand to support his theory of a new route to India.
		On either side of the panel are the statuettes of Juan Perez de Marchena (inscribed "Paraz"), prior of the Convent of La Rábida and friend of Columbus, and Henry VII of England, a patron of navigation, who agreed with Columbus's theory.
	www.aoc.gov /cc/art/coldoors/col_door_1.cfm (106 words)

	Columbus before the Council at Salamanca
		A plainly-attired, earnest-looking mariner, with that steady determination which characterises all true men whose convictions are strong and whose faith is steady, is meeting the objections of a number of learned professors of the sciences, dignitaries of the Romish Church, and learned friars, and defending the theory of the rotundity of the earth.
		Columbus braves the ridicule of the learned and the bigotry of the ecclesiastics, because he is convinced of the truthfulness of his position.
		Columbus ultimately gained the object of his ambition, and his name continues to be honoured as one of the greatest benefactors of his race, while for his opposers naught is reserved but the ridicule which their own foolishness has heaped upon their memories.
	www.spurgeon.org /s_and_t/clumbus.htm (632 words)

	Nestor Ponce de Leon, The Columbus Gallery (1893) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ferdinand never looked favorably on the projects of Columbus, but Isabella, more enthusiastic and sanguine than her covetous husband, interested herself in the undertaking of the bold navigator in the threadbare cloak and ordered a consultation to be held shortly after, for the purpose of investigating and reporting to her on his project.
		ROTTING, (JULIUS.) COLUMBUS BEFORE THE COUNCIL OF SALAMANCA.
		MERINO, (IGNACIO.) COLUMBUS BEFORE THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA.
	www.coronelli.org /columbus_gallery/historical_paintings.html (9154 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Francisco Ximenez de Cisneros (Cardinal Ximenez)
		Meanwhile Julius, whose ill health had caused delay, summoned the Fifth General Council of the Lateran to meet at Easter, 1512, at the same time pronouncing the Synod of Pisa and Milan to be null and void.
		Ferdinand died in 1516, having nominated Ximénez to the regency pending the arrival of Charles V from Flanders.
		Columbus had proved himself unfit to govern the newly-acquired territory by treating the conquered Indians as slaves, and this method of action called forth the severest condemnation from Ximénez.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15729b.htm (2152 words)

	Christopher Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Columbus apparently gained access to the papers of the deceased former governor and found a wealth of information including maps, charts revealing ocean currents, personal interviews with sailors, and stories about objects that drifted to the coast of the little island from the west.
		Columbus had the misfortune on this trip of entering the doldrums, a dead space in the ocean where wind and ocean currents die and the heat is unbearable.
		Columbus’ fleet, including 4 ships and 150 men, set sail from Cadiz bound for the Indies on May 9, 1502 in what was to be “Another voyage in the name of the Holy Trinity,” as he stated in a letter to the Pope.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/columbus.html (12254 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The eight panels depict various scenes from Columbus' life namely: The departure from Palos; Audience at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella; Departure from the Convent of La Rabida; Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; Columbus' first Encounter with the Indians; Triumphant entry of Columbus into Barcelona; Columbus in Chains; Death of Columbus.
		Barreto theorizes that Columbus was a Portuguese spy who duped the Spanish into concentrating their attentions on what we now know as Latin America, while his true master, the Portuguese King could direct his own operations to the then far more lucrative routes to the East.
		Columbus, The Film Of the two films about Columbus scheduled for release during the Quincentenary, reports now indicate that only one will be released to theaters--the other being made for TV only.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/new/ICQA-6-3.NEW (5183 words)

	Christopher Columbus, his life in Spain 1485 to 1492
		Columbus, with his son Diego, made his way to the Franciscan friary of Santa María de La Rábida; near the mouth of Rio Tinto.
		Columbus also obtained help from the Duke of Medina Celi, Don Luis de la Cerda, for whom he performed some services that brought him a payment of 3000 maravedis in May, 1487.
		Columbus was called to court, and 20,000 maravedis were assigned him out of the queen's private resources that he might appear in proper condition before the monarch.
	www.christopher-columbus.eu /spain-1485-1492.htm (880 words)

	Genova: Columbus Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Statue of Columbus with long, flowing hair, dressed in a short Spanish tabard, and a large open cloak; his left hand rests on an anchor while his right is on the shoulder of a figure of America typified by a kneeling Indlan maiden holding a cross in the right hand.
		Columbus erecting a cross on the first land discovered.
		Reception of Columbus at Barcelona, by the Kings of Spain on his return from the first voyage.
	columbus.vanderkrogt.net /it/genova_acquaverde.html (231 words)

	Nestor Ponce de Leon, The Columbus Gallery (1893) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Barcelona is the place where the Catholic Kings received Columbus on his return from his first voyage, but nobody had ever thought of erecting a memorial to him there, until 1856, when a public-spirited Catalonian, Antonio Fajas, proposed to organize a general subscription for raising the funds required to defray the cost of the monument.
		Columbus is represented in the costume of Admiral of the Indies, carrying the standard of Castile; behind him is a globe.
		MELERO: STATUE OF COLUMBUS FOR THE TOWN OF COLON, CUBA.-This beautiful statue to be erected in the centre of the Park of Isabella, tho Catholic, at Colon, in the Island of Cuba, is the work of a talented Cuban painter, Miguel Melero, Director of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, at Havana.
	www.coronelli.org /columbus_gallery/statues.html (11353 words)

	THE SWORD AND THE TROWEL - JANUARY, 1867.
		COLUMBUS BEFORE THE COUNCIL AT SALAMANCA OUR frontispiece represents an interesting scene in the life of the discoverer of the New World.
		An obscure navigator, strong in his belief, scouted by the illiterate, seeks in the Dominican convent in Salamanca, the great seat of learning in Spain, the sympathy and cooperation of the most erudite assembly his country can muster.
		It is as if a tradesman should advertise ibis wares upon a piece of paper wafered on a pane of the back-kitchen window, where no one would ever see it but his own family: verily the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the, children of light.
	www.godrules.net /library/spurgeon/NEW9spurgeon_a26.htm (3999 words)

	American Passages - Unit 2. Exploring Borderlands: Author Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This lithograph shows Columbus and his crew leaving the port of Palos, Spain, bound for the New World, with a large crowd gathered to see the spectacle.
		This lithograph shows Columbus kneeling in front of the king and queen, who are surrounded by courtiers.
		Columbus at the Council of King Ferdinand presenting a chart from an unsuccessful voyage in order to gain support for his theory regarding a new route to India.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit02/author_activ-5c.html (430 words)

	Barcelona: Columbus Monument
		Columbus before the brothers of the Monastery of Santa María explaining his project, sculptor unknown.
		Columbus before the council gathering in the Monastery of San Esteban in Salamanca, by Pere Carbonell, cast by Gabriel Bechini (Barcelona).
		Embarkment of Columbus in the port of Palos on 3 August 1492, by Manuel Fuxà.
	columbus.vanderkrogt.net /es/barcelona.html (2254 words)

	leutze1
		The original painting was offered in a fund-raising "drawing" sponsored by the Apollo Association of New York and Providence, R.I. It was won by Richard J. Arnold of Providence, R.I. It became the property of his daughter who married a William Talbot of Philadelphia.
		During the Columbus Quincentenary it was on display in several venues, including Columbia University and The National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C. The West As America" exhibit).
		The first was on the international tour of "The Departure of Columbus From Palos" portrait.
	www.geocities.com /lauferworld.geo/leutze1.html (535 words)

	Sculptor.Org - Randolph Rogers
		Born July 6, 1825 in Waterloo, New York, he was a neo-classicist sculptor that did the Christopher Columbus doors for the US Capitol, Washington, DC.
		The Columbus Doors, also called the Rogers Doors or Rotunda Doors, stand imposingly at the main entrance to the Capitol, almost 17 feet high and weighing 20,000 pounds.
		Rogers' estimate for the project was approved on May 24, 1855, and the artist, who had earlier studied sculpture for 3 years in Italy, went to Rome to work on the models.
	www.sculptor.org /sculptors/Byname/RandolphRogers.htm (819 words)

	Columbus before the Council at Salamanca -- C. H. Spurgeon
		Columbus before the Council at Salamanca -- C. Spurgeon
		History answers, No. In the first place, anything new, however true, was stigmatized as heresy in those Inquisition times, and Columbus might well fear the consequences of indulging any thought that savored of heresy.
		Columbus ultimately gained the object of his ambition, and his name continues to be honored as one of the greatest benefactors of his race, while for his opposers naught is reserved but the ridicule which their own foolishness has heaped upon their memories.
	www.biblebb.com /files/spurgeon/clumbus.htm (649 words)

	Emporia State University - News and Events Archive
		A program of music, oratory, and poetry concluded in five scenes with tableaus of Columbus before the Council at Salamanca asking for financial support, followed by his landing in the New World.
		Next was his appearance before the Queen upon his return to Spain, and finally his crowning.
		Columbus Day was then not just a day of bank, post office, and courthouse closings, or of advertised merchant sales.
	www.emporia.edu /news/archives/2002/oct2002/old_gold_101702.html (830 words)

	Antonio Salamanca ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		J.Clarke, Interior of the Cathedral of Salamanca, 1809
		William Merritt Chase - Sketch for a Picture-- Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca c.
		As part of the celebrations Salamanca is mounting an exhibition entitled To Eat or Not To Eat, an examination of the relationship between food and art as expressed from...
	wwar.com /masters/s/salamanca-antonio.html (946 words)

	History of Formal Education
		Bede (672-735) was the English historian and theologian who introduced the counting of dates before the birth of Christ.
		In 788, Idrus established a Shiite kingdom in Morocco; and in 789, Constantine I became king of Scotland.
		King John sealed the Magna Carta in 1215, and Salamanca University was founded in 1217.
	www.dyscalculia.org /HUM501.html (12181 words)

	Payday Loans - Important Payday Loan Details
		Payday loans are confidential, and they do not require a credit check before you are approved.
		There are other companies popping up across America in major cities and small town where you can just walk in and fill out some paper work and get a payday loan.
		There are certain documents that most payday loan companies require you to present to them before your loan is approved.
	www.4paydayloans.info (209 words)

	Ethical Atheist - Flat Earth eBook - CHAPTER 4
		Before exploring 7000+ years of human history related to the shape of the earth, we feel compelled to comment on the flat earth related works of Jeffrey Burton Russell.
		It is said that his desire was to create an American hero by portraying Columbus as the 'little guy' before a mountain of European opposition.
		They are highly symbolic and depict the story of Columbus as the little guy before the mighty flat earth Council of Salamanca.
	www.ethicalatheist.com /docs/flat_earth_myth_ch4.html (2442 words)

	[No title]
		Before 1837, he studied with James H. Beard and Frederick Franks in Cincinnati where he grew up, and then with the sponsorship of Nicholas Longworth, went East, studying with Henry Inman in New York City.
		After his famous painting, Columbus before the Council of Salamanca, was shown in Washington DC, he won the commission to paint the last unpainted panel in the rotunda of the U.S. capitol building.
		Most of the remainder of his career was spent in New York City, but he kept strong ties to Ohio where his work is in the State House in Columbus.
	www.askart.com /askart/p/william_henry_powell/william_henry_powell.aspx (410 words)

	Some Antarctic Collections
		Neville was a political writer and he, like Hall before him, used the mythical continent as the setting for his tale.
		Published on the occasion of the 11th Deutschen Geographentag in Bremen, this elephantine map, scaled 1:10, 000, 000, portrays all of the little which was known of the Antarctic area.
		Most of the voyages charted on this map had been made long before 1850; however the later ones, including the expeditions of Larsen and Evenson of 1893, are also included.
	www.antarctic-circle.org /collections.htm (13099 words)

	content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Returning to America in 1776 with the knowledge that the only course of action was revolution and a clean break with England he was elected to the Massachusetts Council and spent several months with Washington at Valley Forge in the winter of 1778.
		In this painting, a late study for his large 1884 version now at West Point, Weir shows Columbus, having been thwarted by Portugal, presenting his case before the learned Spanish clergy at Salamanca in 1486.
		On his easel was his latest work almost finished, ‘Columbus before the Council of Salamanca’…” This was undoubtedly our painting, as he did not finish his larger work of the same subject until the early 1880’s.
	www.brucegimelson.com /content.asp?c=3 (5863 words)

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