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	Columbus (ISS module) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Columbus flight structure, the micro-meteorite protection system, the active and passive thermal control, the environmental control, the harness and all the related ground support equipment, were built by Alenia Spazio in Turin, Italy.
		However, NASA is now studying scenarios where Columbus (as well as the Japanese laboratory module) is removed from the Shuttle manifest and transferred to the future heavy lift launch vehicle derived from the Shuttle.
		The final schedule was much longer than originally planned due to development problems (several caused by the complex responsibility splitting between the Co-prime and the Overall prime contractor) and design changes introduced by ESA but being affordable due to the Shuttle problems delaying the APM launch for several years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Columbus_Orbital_Facility (693 words)

	Columbus orbital facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		orbital orbital cavity columbus columbus georgia columbus dispatch columbus ohio christopher columbus rebuilt transmissions columbus service columbus ohio transmissions columbus ohio laser vision columbus vision correction columbus columbus movie showtimes
		Orbital: November 23, 1996 Orbital documented live November 23, 1996 by Georgia Tech's Performance and Technology Research Laboratory.
		Arc Machines, Inc. Manufactures orbital welding heads, for fusion welding or welding with filler wire and microprocessor-controlled inverter-type power supplies for orbital TIG welding and for controlling all orbital welds heads.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Columbus_orbital_facility.html (473 words)

	columbus orbital facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Columbus orbital facility is a science laboratory designed to be a part of the International Space Station.
		Contracted by ESA, it is integrated at EADS Space Transportation facilities in Bremen, Germany.
		After several budget cuts, all that remained was the APM, renamed to Columbus Orbital Facility.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /columbus_orbital_facility.html (274 words)

	'Columbus' facilities - introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The internal facilities of the Columbus Laboratory consist of the Microgravity Facilities for Columbus (MFC) and the European Drawer Rack.
		It is the goal of the MFC programme to maintain the four disciplines constantly present and generating scientific data throughout the lifetime of the station.
		The facilities are presently in the last stages of their Definition and Preliminary Design phase (Phase B), or early into their Design and Development phase (Phase C/D), with the exception of the EPMs, which is currently undergoing its Preliminary Analysis phase (phase A).
	www.estec.esa.nl /spaceflight/cofacint.htm (363 words)

	Encyclopedia: European Space Agency
		The Columbus orbital facility is a module of the International Space Station(ISS) that ESA developed.
		With regard to the ISS ESA is not representing all its member states: 5 of the 16 countries have opted out because of either concerns on the expenses of the project or lack of interest.
		ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as the Columbus orbital facility, a science laboratory module that will be brought into orbit after NASA's Space Shuttle goes back into service or the Cupola observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/European-Space-Agency (10047 words)

	ATV Overrun, Shuttle Fleet Grounding Boost European Space Station Costs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In October, Europe’s Columbus Orbital Facility, a habitable laboratory that is Europe’s most visible contribution to the station, was to have been launched aboard a U.S. space shuttle.
		The Columbus laboratory, which is nearing completion, will be put into storage as NASA revises the space shuttle’s manifest in the wake of the February 2003 loss of the Columbia orbiter.
		Keeping Columbus development teams in place to accompany the laboratory and manage its early operations, in addition to storage of the module, will add around 300 million euros ($373 million) to the program’s development cost, according to ESA estimates, which assume a launch in late 2006.
	www.space.com /spacenews/archive04/atvarch_012004.html (793 words)

	Columbus - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Columbus is a latinized version of the Italian surname Colombo, which means Dove.
		Columbus, Ohio - the best known and largest "Columbus" in the US
		Columbus orbital facility, part of the International Space Station
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Columbus (121 words)

	The Manned Space and Microgravity Programmes
		Facilities were flown on the SL-1, D-1, D-2, IML-1, IML-2 and USML-1 Spacelab missions, as well as on the Eureca platform, sounding rockets, Russian retrievable carriers, Mir and Spacehab.
		The MFC programme is dedicated to the development of three multi-user laboratories to be used in the ESA outfitting of the pressurised module of the Columbus Orbital Facility, and two furnace facilities.
		All these facilities will be accommodated on, and launched with, the Columbus Orbital Facility, with the exception of one furnace which will be accommodated somewhat earlier (2000) in the US Lab, on the basis of a cooperative agreement with NASA.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /br/br114/br114man.htm (4892 words)

	FLUG REVUE December 1997: Europes role in the Space Station
		Columbus Orbital Facility (COF) The European space laboratory is being developed and built under the development guideline "design to cost" by an industry team lead by Daimler-Benz Aerospace.
		The launch of the COF on board a Shuttle is scheduled for October of 2002.
		Since it has only half the size of the COF laboratory, it is possible that the "free flyer" can be used later on for experiments while flying in formation with the station.
	www.flug-revue.rotor.com /FRheft/FRH9712/FR9712k.htm (939 words)

	Definition of global environment facility
		7: The '''Columbus orbital facility''' is a science laboratory designed to be a part...
		33:...remained was the APM, renamed to Columbus Orbital Facility.
		The facility grounds comprised approximately 20 square kilomet...
	www.wordiq.com /search/global+environment+facility.html (524 words)

	The Microgravity Facilities for Columbus Programme
		In the framework of this participation, the Ministers approved several elements, including the development of the Columbus Orbital Facility (COF) and the programme to develop the facilities required for conducting microgravity experiments in the COF.
		The baseline composition for the first COF utilisation phase is: the Biolab, the Fluid Science Laboratory, the European Physiology Modules, a Stowage Rack and a European Drawer Rack.
		Diagnostics and stimuli are embedded in the facility infrastructures and are thus independent of the choice of furnace module.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /microgra/micrv10n2/behv10n2.htm (4966 words)

	The Microgravity Facilities for Columbus Programme
		While the individual subsystems of the Biolab facility do not present a major technological challenge, the integration of the numerous subsystems into such a limited volume as an ISPR is indeed a difficult task.
		This subsystem was introduced to provide a decoupling of the facility kernel control from the COF primary cooling loop, as its temperature variation and flow fluctuations might induce unacceptable perturbations for certain fluid-science experiments.
		A Facility Science Team, consisting of representatives of the scientific user community, will be established to follow the EPM facility's development from its Phase-A onwards in order to advise the Agency on science-related matters connected with its development.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet90/b90reiba.htm (5773 words)

	Station spatiale internationale - Wikipédia
		En octobre 2005, suite à l'échec du retour en mission des navettes spatiales américaines, la NASA a annoncée que seul 18 vols auraient lieu avant la fin du programme.
		La conception du module européen Columbus s'inspire largement de ces trois éléments.
		Columbus sera le lieu de travail privilégié des astronautes et chercheurs européens.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale (3653 words)

	[No title]
		The MSRF is a modular facility comprising three autonomous Materials Science Research Racks (MSRR) for research in the microgravity environment on space station.
		The facility will provide the apparatus for satisfying near-term and long-range materials science discipline goals and objectives to be accomplished in the U.S. Laboratory.
		Orbital Mechanics also describes various boosters currently in use and future concepts such as solar sails and so called skyhooks.
	www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/1998/19981212.txt (2537 words)

	EAC - TR - CBT - COF General Overview CBT lesson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The "COF General Overview" is a Computer Based Training (CBT) lesson developed at the European Astronaut Center (EAC), an ESA establishment located in Cologne, Germany.
		The COF General Overview is a multimedia CBT lesson delivered on CD-ROM, it combines presentation-like explanations with user interaction and makes extensive use of audio and graphics.
		The lesson layout and functionalities are the result of the agreement between the different ISS partners concerning CBT development standards, it provides a series of tools in order to improve and track the student's performance during training.
	www.estec.esa.nl /spaceflight/astronaut/training/eaccbt/cof/cof_cbt.htm (307 words)

	Piloted Missions - European Space Activities
		The COF is now expected to have an initial mass of only 10 metric tons with a capacity to support four International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) and will be launched by an Ariane 5 booster in 2001.
		Formal approval for the construction of COF along with details of the final design were expected in 1995 (References 20-27).
		While support for the Columbus program wavered during 1993-1994, renewed efforts to create Ariane 5-compatible manned and unmanned transports to service the space station were led by the French.
	fas.org /spp/guide/europe/piloted (1362 words)

	Space Station: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Most of the engineering and technology research will utilize facilities in the ISS external trusses where they can be exposed to the space environment and, where there is room, to test large structures.
		Low Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility will be attached to the outside of the ISS and used to conduct fundamental experiments on the behaviors of matter and atoms, and general relativity and gravitational physics, in very low gravity and very low temperatures.
		Human Research Facility will be used to assess crew health, conduct research on how the human body responds and adapts to weightlessness, develop countermeasures, and conduct basic human research aimed at advancing knowledge in areas relevant to human health.
	centauri.larc.nasa.gov /issvc97/material.html (5990 words)

	Encyclopedia: Columbus Orbital Facility
		Initially it was to be Europe's own space station, serviced by the Hermes (shuttle).
		One variant would have included a free-flying unmanned experimentation platform, an Attached Pressurized Module (APM), and a communication satellite providing a link between both and to the ground.
		It was eventually decided to make Columbus part of the greater International Space Station.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Columbus-Orbital-Facility (309 words)

	EMATs for on orbit wall remaining thickness measurement after an impact - Feasibility study
		These kind of orbital facilities may collide with fragments coming from the 11000 previous satellites launched since Sputnik in 1957.
		This is the only way to ensure a lifetime of 15 years for the European ISS module, the Columbus Orbital Facility (COF).
		The calibration block is made of the same aluminum alloy as the COF external structure, that is, alloy 2219 T6.
	www.ndt.net /article/v04n01/rdtech1/rdtech1.htm (1241 words)

	OHB-System - Human Spaceflight - International Space Station - Internal Payloads - EPM
		The European Physiology Module (EPM) Facility is one of ESA's four major payload facilities to be developed under the Microgravity Facilities for Columbus (MFC) program.
		The facility is planned to be launched in the European Columbus Orbital Facility, as part of the International Space Station.
		The purpose of the EPM Facility is to support human physiology research under weightless conditions.
	www.ohb-system.de /MannedFlights/InternationalSpaceStation/InternalPayloads/epm.html (178 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Three of the radial ports are used for the attachment the Columbus Orbital Facility (COF), the Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM), and the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM).
		The remaining radial port is used for attaching the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module as necessary during Shuttle missions.
		The Habitation Module is a U.S. element that provides six-person habitation facilities, such as personal hygiene (better waste management, full body shower), crew health care, and galley facilities (wardroom with eating facilities, oven, drink dispenser, freezer/refrigerator).
	home.swipnet.se /nyberg/iss/facilities.txt (400 words)

	The Laboratories
		The Exposed Facility is attached to the Pressurized Module and often is referred to as the Module's "back porch." Many of its experiments are designed to be handled by the Japanese Experiment Module's Remote Manipulator System, relieving astronauts of the need to conduct spacewalks when changing or manipulating them.
		Human Research Facility, to assess crew health and survey how the human body responds and adapts to microgravity—particularly the heart and lungs, muscles and bones, and sense of balance and body regulatory systems such as temperature control and wake-sleep cycles.
		Biotechnology Facility, for the application of engineering and technology research in, for instance, improved protein crystal growth in microgravity for more effective medicines, and human cell tissue culturing for studying diseases and their cures.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /HAS/cirr/ss/5/2.cfm (2451 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Factors Affecting the Utilization of the International Space Station for Research in the ...
		MSRR1 facility, three will be performed in the MSG facility, and two will make use of the EML facility to be fabricated by the ESA and installed in the European Columbus Orbital Facility (COF).
		Of the three flight investigations to be carried out in the MSG facility, one is scheduled for 2002 and the remaining two for 2007.
		With the reorientation of the research to emphasize the use of specific facilities across disciplines, it may be possible to use the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), should it be built, for a limited number of materials science experiments.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/NI000492/html/15.html (1063 words)

	International Space Station (ISS)
		The orbit also enables observations to be made of 85% of the globe and over-flight of 95% of Earth’s population.
		Between 1995 and 1998, nine Space Shuttle-Mir docking missions were flown and American astronauts stayed aboard Mir for lengthy periods.
		There are 24 racks inside the module, 13 dedicated to various experiments, including the Gravitational Biology Facility, and 11 used to supply power, cool water, and provide environmental control.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/ISS.html (1456 words)

	6 European Distributed Simulation Over Network - EDISON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the EDISON context, goal of the HWIL pilot application is to demonstrate that the EDISON infrastructure allows the interconnection of several simulation facilities including HardWare-In-the-Loop.
		Thus, this demonstration will be based on the real-time interconnection of the ATV test facility (in France) with the EPOS test bench (in Germany), so as to qualify the ATV-ISS rendez-vous in close-loop, in real-time and with real equipment.
		Columbus Orbital Facility (COF), and a transport spacecraft, i.e.
	cec.to.alespazio.it /EDISON/edison6.htm (371 words)

	Space
		Unity's launch was broadcast by satellite by ESA from the Astronaut Training Centre in Cologne (Germany), with commentary from its correspondent and a group of guests reporting live from the Kennedy Space Center.
		A cut-open view of the "Columbus" orbital facility, Europe's laboratory on the International Space Station, which will be launched in late 2002.
		The STS-95 mission was the last test for some ESA scientific equipment and for experiments on the effect of weightlessness on various materials and substances which could be taken on board the Columbus orbital element of the station.
	www.itu.int /itunews/issue/1999/01/space.html (1321 words)

	SpaceRef - Exploration and Missions - Human Missions - International Space Station - Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Columbus laboratory - An overview of ESA's Columbus laboratory, a pressurised, habitable module which will be a general purpose laboratory which can support multiple user disciplines, including materials and fluid sciences, life sciences and technology development.
		Columbus Operations - This page describes the Columbus Laboratory module that will be provided by ESA to the International Space Station program.
		ISS Columbus Orbital Facility - The European Space Agency's Columbus Orbital Facility is a pressurized, multipurpose laboratory that is slated for addition to the International Space Station in 2003, during Phase III of ISS construction.
	www.spaceref.com:16080 /directory/exploration_and_missions/human_missions/international_space_station/columbus (264 words)

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