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Topic: Comb jellies

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	The truth about jellyfish
		Comb jellies are members of the phylum Ctenophora (TEEn a for a); true jellies, along with corals and anemones, belong to the phylum Cnidaria (Nih DAR e uh).
		Comb jellies, on the other hand, capture their prey on a sticky flypaper-like substance that coats the oral lobes of the bell's under-surface.
		Comb jellies in Narragansett Bay, for example, have the capacity to clear the entire crop of fish eggs present in the Bay's upper reaches during ctenophore blooms.
	seagrant.gso.uri.edu /factsheets/jellyfish.html (1523 words)

	Ctenophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus' girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators, feeding mostly on plankton.
		The name comb jelly comes from eight "comb rows" of fused cilia, called ctenes, which are arranged laterally along the sides of the animal and used primarily for locomotion.
		The ctenes of the ctenophores gives rise to a rainbow-like effect that is caused by scattering of light due to the beating of cilia, not because of bioluminescence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comb_jelly (266 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Important to the food chain, jellies are found throughout the world's oceans, from the surface to the deepest trenches, and from the tropics to the poles.
		Jellies are often completely transparent, which protects them from some predators like fish or squid, and they come in a wide range of sizes-from about one-half inch to as much as 100 feet in length.
		Some species of comb jellies are found near the shore and in the surface waters of the open ocean, but in recent years, many new species have been discovered in the deep sea.
	www.whoi.edu /home/about/whatsnew_trading_jellies.html (508 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		These beautiful comb jellies are oval-shaped, with eight rows of tiny comblike plates that they beat to move themselves through the water.
		Most jellies can detect chemical traces in the water that allow them to locate food, and many are equipped with a gravity-sensitive structure, called a statocyst, that gives them a sense of up and down in the water.
		Comb jellies will eat comb jellies larger than themselves by biting off chunks with special cilia structures in their mouths.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species?hOri=1&inhab=453 (197 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		A: Sea gooseberries or comb jellies are a group of planktonic animals in the phylum Ctenophora.
		Comb jellies get their name from the eight tiny rows of "hairs" along the outside of their body.
		Comb jellies are carnivores and use "sticky" tentacles to catch their prey in the plankton.
	oceanlink.island.net /ask/ctenophora.html (349 words)

	Comb Jellies (Ctenophores) - Chesapeake Bay Program
		The comb jelly's most striking physical characteristic is its system of eight rows of combs, which consist of plates of densely organized cilia that are fused at the base and that beat synchronously or in a pattern to move the animal forward slowly and draw water (and prey organisms) into its oral canals.
		Instead of stinging nematocysts, comb jellies have colloblasts, adhesive cells that ensnare prey organisms such as copepods, zooplankton eggs, juveniles and adults; and fish and bivalve larvae.
		The comb jelly's body is covered by a thin ectoderm that also lines the mouth (consisting of a small slit) and pharynx, which lead to the stomodaeum or stomach, lined with endodermal cells.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /info/comb_jellies.cfm (616 words)

	New Jersey Scuba Diver - Marine Biology - Jellyfishes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Comb Jellies are in the phylum Ctenophora, and are completely unrelated to jellyfishes, as are Sea Butterflies and Corollas, which are mollusks.
		Small jellies (up to 1" across) are most likely the medusa stage of some hydroid, while large jellies are usually the dominant stage of a species in which the polyp stage is almost absent.
		Jellies range from Cape Cod to the Carolinas and are common in the Chesapeake Bay as far north as Baltimore.
	www.njscuba.net /biology/sw_jellies.html (2192 words)

	Ctenophores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Formed by plates of closely-spaced cilia that are fused at the bases, comb rows beat in a wave pattern that moves from the aboral to the oral end.
		Comb jellies are the largest of all animals that utilize the beating of cilia for locomotion.
		Comb jellies are common residents of both nearshore and open sea habitats.
	jellieszone.com /ctenophores.htm (1144 words)

	Cnidarians and Ctenophores Aquarium.Net Dec 96
		Jellies are obviously popular, because the Monterey Bay Aquarium added their "Planet of the Jellies" exhibit to the new permanent expansion.
		There are many jellies that deviate from this typical pattern of reproduction, but it is still the basic theme of cnidarian reproduction (Anthozoans, of course, do not follow this developmental pattern because anemones, corals and sea pens all lack medusae).
		The jellies can then be kept in the central portion of the tank because the flow through the mosquito netting is so diffuse that the medusae which contact it can easily swim away of their own accord.
	reefs.org /library/aquarium_net/1296/1296_8.html (3383 words)

	Rob Toonen - "Jellyfish"... www.reefs.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I have discussed some of the biology and morphology of both jellies and ctenophores in an article for Aquarium.Net, and it is in the archives there if you are dying for more details on the specific biology of these groups (http://www.aquarium.net/1296/1296_8.sht).
		Although jellies are almost never imported for the hobby (at least in the US), jellies are apparently becoming all the rage in the hobby in Japan (e.g., see http://www.austin360.com/news/03march/20/20jellyfish.htm).
		Jellies are obviously popular, because aside from the hobby craze in Japan, institutions around the world (such as the Monterey Bay Aquarium) are now trying to add jelly displays to their permanent exhibits.
	www.reefs.org /library/talklog/r_toonen_051798.html (5231 words)

	Pleurobrachia Laboratory Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ctenophores, or comb jellies, are delicate, transparent, mostly pelagic, marine carnivores.
		Comb jellies are gelatinous zooplankters that superficially resemble scyphomedusae but differ from them in several important respects.
		Observation of living comb jellies is an altogether different experience than the study of preserved animals.
	www.lander.edu /RSFOX/310pleurobrLab.html (1892 words)

	Young Students Learning Library: COMB JELLY@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Comb jellies are among the oddest animals in the ocean.
		One kind of comb jelly is the sea walnut.
		Varieties of comb jellies live in oceans over most of the world, but most kinds inhabit warm waters.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28015919&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (223 words)

	Jellyfish in the Chesapeake Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although there are other jellyfish in the Bay, (lion's mane and moon jelly, for example) sea nettles are the most numerous, and they are the species many swimmers are familiar with because of their ability to sting.
		Swimmers and sailors in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays often spot comb jellies in the summertime.
		Comb jellies slowly move by beating rows of flattened plates of cilia that look like the teeth of a comb.
	www.dec.ctu.edu.vn /cdrom/cd6/projects/national_aquarium_baltimore/bayjelly.html (516 words)

	Biology4Kids.com: Invertebrates: Jellyfish
		Comb jellies are a side step away from jellyfish.
		Comb jellies are not true jelly fish, they are kind of one step up.
		While true jellies have a sealed bell with only one opening (like the one opening of an anemone), comb jellies have a small opening at the top of their body and one at the bottom so that water can flow through them.
	www.biology4kids.com /files/invert_jellyfish.html (343 words)

	Jellyfish Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These are a group of bi-radial jellyfish called comb jellies because of the presence of ciliated comb plates used in locomotion.
		The comb jellies are the most remarkable form of swimming animals occupying an interesting evolutionary position between the radial symmetry of the hydroids and the true bilateral body form of the flatworms.
		Comb jellies are virtually all true plankton (drifters)-dwellers whose almost invisible transparent bodies drift in the oceans trailing tentacles like fishing lines.
	darter.ocps.net /classroom/klenk/Jellys.htm (1381 words)

	Science Bulletins \| Bio \| Feature \| Jellies Down Deep \| A Simple Plan for Supremacy
		The “jelly” in jellies is little more than a mixture of saltwater and some carbon-containing sugars.
		In between, a small amount of fibrous jelly called mesoglea serves as the scaffolding for everything else—what little there is. Ctenophores, or comb jellies, have a similar construction.
		Because jellies are made mostly of water, they are neutrally buoyant, so they waste no energy maintaining their position in the water.
	sciencebulletins.amnh.org /bio/f/jellies.20040615/essays/23_1.php (472 words)

	Sun Herald - 08/06/03
		Jellies are difficult to see or avoid in murky water, while nearly all species of shark throw shadows large enough to be spotted by a low-flying plane.
		Jellies have been around forever, it seems, and fossil remains off the coasts of Australia, England and South Africa have been estimated at 650 million years old.
		Jellies can be dangerous out of the water, too, washed up on the beach after a storm or very high tide.
	www.sun-herald.com /NewsArchive2/080603/tp10ew23.htm?date=080603&story=tp10ew23.htm (1375 words)

	Case Study: American Atlantic Coast Comb Jelly
		This appearance is deceptive, however, as the comb jelly has proven to be a very dangerous biological invader of the Black and Azov Seas.
		Comb jellies, however, eat zooplankton, and have done so with such voracity as to virtually eliminate zooplankton populations in both the Black and Azov Seas.
		The invasion of the American Atlantic coast comb jelly serves as yet another warning of the dangers of the international transport of ballast water.
	www.state.gov /g/oes/ocns/inv/cs/2313.htm (438 words)

	Picture of the Week: Comb Jelly (Beroe)
		At times planktonic, comb jellies can be very abundant and ecologically important, inhabiting many marine habitats, from coastal surface waters to the ocean depths.
		Comb jellies are unique in having eight rows of ciliated plates (the comb rows) which are used for locomotion.
		Although ctenophores resemble cnidarian jellies in that they are carnivorous, often transparent and have a gelatinous consistancy, they are not closely related and lack the alternation of polyp and medusa generations found in most pelagic cnidarians.
	www.imagequest3d.com /pages/current/pictureoftheweek/beroe (306 words)

	Re: How do comb jellies differ from true jellyfish?
		Ctenophores (comb jellies) and medusae (pelagic cnidarians) share a superficial resemblance in many ways - they both have transparent gelatinous bodies, (more or less) radial symmetry, and tentacles used to catch their prey.
		So the major taxonomic feature that distinguishes comb jellies and medusae is the cell that each uses to catch prey.
		Ctenophores are called comb jellies because many of them have 8 rows of stiffened cilia that function as paddles to propel the animal through the water.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2001-04/988035596.Zo.r.html (602 words)

	MILSTEIN HALL OF OCEAN LIFE \| American Museum of Natural History
		Jellyfish and comb jellies may look like similar creatures that float freely in the sea, but it turns out that these mysterious animals are not as closely related as you might think.
		Free-floating comb jellies were the first animals to develop a gravity-sensing organ to help them stay upright.
		Comb jellies resemble jellyfish, but on closer examination they have different characteristics.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/ocean/03_oceanlife/c2_algae.php (690 words)

	ipedia.com: Ctenophore Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Comb jellies Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Ctenophora Classeses Tentaculata Nuda Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called " comb jellies ", " se...
		Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus's girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators on plankton.
		The name comb jelly comes from eight "comb rows" of fused cilia, called ctenes, that are arranged laterally along the sides of the animal and used primarily for locomotion.
	www.ipedia.com /ctenophore.html (296 words)

	Chesapeake Bay - TheChesapeakeBay.com
		The Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) is a clear, flattened disk, with numerous small tentacles around the edge, and a pink four-leaf clover design in the middle.
		During this swimming stage, they are vulnerable to predators such as sea nettles and comb jellies.
		Comb jellies are a favorite food of sea nettles, and they reduce comb jelly populations to zero in the tributaries during the summer when oyster larvae are most abundant.
	thechesapeakebay.com /jellyfish_facts.shtml (1793 words)

	Welcome to the Black Sea Journey - Chemistry and Biology page
		Jellyfish and their distant relatives, comb jellies, are fascinating to watch in an aquarium.
		Though the jelly-like comb jellies are classified in a different animal phylum than jellyfish (which signifies a distant relationship), they also share the jellyfish's fondness for zooplankton, along with the eggs and larvae of fish and invertebrate animals.
		Mnemiopsis is a comb jelly native to the Atlantic coastal region between Massachusetts and southern Argentina.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /blacksea/chemistry/jellyfish.html (965 words)

	Wired News: Jellies: Art, Science and Om
		It's the moon jelly room at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which on any given afternoon doubles as a scientific art exhibit on the world of jellyfish and a peaceful, soothing place of meditation and communion.
		The moon jelly room is only one part of the exhibit, which showcases the diversity and beauty of jellies and documents how marine life has inspired a variety of different artists.
		Most of the species of jellies in the exhibit are new to the aquarium and displayed as if in an art gallery rather than a fish tank.
	www.wired.com /news/culture/0,1284,51745,00.html (794 words)

	Bay Weekly: Dock of the Bay
		A bane to summer swimmers, the common sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, left, are believed to protect baby oysters, as opposed to the comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leidyi, which feeds upon oyster larvae.
		Comb jellies feast on oyster larvae, as well as on an important food source for finfish including rock: bay anchovy larvae.
		She has found fewer and fewer sea nettles and more comb jellies in the Patuxent River since she began pulling in her nets in 1992.
	www.bayweekly.com /year04/issuexii47/dockxii47.html (2009 words)

	Comb Jellies - Ctenophora
		The comb jellies were formerly included with the cnidarians, but they lack the poison (cnidae) so typical for cnidarians.
		The comb jellies are usually biradially symmetrical planktonic species.
		These "comb rows" radiates color reflections in all the colors of the rainbow.
	www.seawater.no /fauna/Ribbemaneter (118 words)

	Re: What do jellyfish do during their lifetime?
		The comb jellies are also roundish creatures, that use eight rows of tiny paddles to swim through the water.
		Comb jellies feed either by engulfing prey whole (similar to the way a snake eats) or catching small prey using sticky cells on their tentacles.
		Jellies are usually what marine biologists call "plankton" - the animals and plants that drift along with the ocean's currents.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/oct2000/972787000.Zo.r.html (516 words)

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