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Topic: Combined heat and power

	Combined cycle -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a thermal (An electrical generating station) power plant, high-temperature (A form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature) heat as input to the power plant is converted to electricity as one of the outputs and low-temperature heat as another output.
		For steam turbine power plants, the output temperature of the cooling water is significantly lower (some 20°C to 40°C), but the input temperature to the steam turbine is also significantly lower (some 420°C to 580°C).
		The output heat of the gas turbine flue gas is utilized to generate steam in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and therefore is used as input heat to the steam turbine power plant.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/combined_cycle.htm (330 words)

	Combined Heat and Power
		This contrasts with the common practice of separate heat and power (SHP) where electricity is generated at a central power plant, while on-site heating and cooling equipment is used to meet non-electric energy requirements.
		CHP is widely used in the chemical, petroleum refining, and paper industries.
		Depreciation schedules for CHP investments vary from 5 to 39 years depending on system ownership, and frequently don't reflect the true economic lives of the equipment.
	www.aceee.org /energy/chp.htm (673 words)

	Stirling engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When the gas is heated, because it is in a sealed chamber, the pressure rises and this then acts on the power piston to produce a power stroke.
		The hot piston cylinder is situated inside the higher temperature heat exchanger and the cold piston cylinder is situated inside the low temperature heat exchanger.
		Power output of a Stirling is constant and hard to change rapidly from one level to another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stirling_engine (2154 words)

	Fuel Cell: Combined Heat and Power (CHP) - Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Smaller CHP units located in a building or home and using waste heat from generating electricity will be more efficient than generating electricity at a central plant where losses are high and the waste heat cannot be used.
		Waste heat from the fuel cell could be used to produce hot water or space heat for a home, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the fuel cell system.
		Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems installed in the home, whether based on fuel cells or a typical reciprocal engine, are more efficient than generating electricity and transmitting it to the home.
	www.toolbase.org /tertiaryT.asp?TrackID=&CategoryID=1402&DocumentID=2077 (1242 words)

	Combined Heat and Power
		CHP uses this fuel to provide all or a part of the electric energy and thermal energy output to a facility at an overall energy efficiency that is greater than what would be required if the electricity and thermal energy were being provided separately.
		CHP systems can have an overall energy efficiency that is more than double that of most electricity-only fossil fuel power plants by distributing the waste thermal energy from power generation that would otherwise be lost as waste heat.
		CHP technology should be considered in geographical areas where electricity rates are high, fuel costs are low, and for applications with a requirement for both electricity and thermal energy.
	www.ceere.org /iac/iac_combined.html (1447 words)

	Combined Heat and Power, Information on
		Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a very efficient way to generate heat and power simultaneously.
		In essence, the Combined Heat and Power technique is usually implemented by the addition of a heat exchanger which absorbs the exhaust heat (normally wasted) from an existing generator and uses that to drive an electrical generator.
		The advantage of Micro CHP (as well as other forms of CHP) is that the demand for electrical power rises in the cold of winter and this is the time when most could be made available because the heating generator has its heaviest workload.
	www.envocare.co.uk /combined_heat_and_power.htm (802 words)

	E.ON UK - CHP - Combined Heat & Power
		E.ON UK CHP Ltd is a wholly-owned subsidiary of E.ON UK, established to develop, own and operate the combined heat and power interests of the Company.
		CHP - which simultaneously produces electricity and steam - is a mature and proven technology which for several decades has delivered quantifiable economic and environmental benefits.
		Plants using CHP technology already generates more than 6% of the UK's total electricity needs and is set to generate substantially more in the next decade as end-users realise the value of achieving direct control over efficient, cost-effective generation.
	www.eon-uk.com /Content/CHP/about.aspx?MenuId=127 (310 words)

	Combined Heat and Power
		Combined heat and power, which is also known as cogeneration, is the simultaneous production of usable heat and electricity in the same plant.
		CHP typically involves the use of an engine or gas turbine to generate electricity combined with recovery of heat from exhaust gases or coolant.
		The recovered heat, in the form of steam or hot water, can be used for heating or cooling space, for process use, or occasionally for direct use.
	www.cscos.com /services/Facilities/HeatPower.cfm (136 words)

	CHP - Combined Heat And Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A CHP plant is an installation where there is simultaneous generation of usable heat and power (usually electricity) in a single process.
		The basic elements of a CHP plant comprise one or more prime movers usually driving electrical generators, where the heat generated in the process is utilised via suitable heat recovery equipment for a variety of purposes including: industrial processes, community heating and space heating.
		Due to the utilisation of heat from electricity generation and the avoidance of transmission losses because electricity is generated on site, CHP typically achieves a 35 per cent reduction in primary energy usage compared with power stations and heat only boilers.
	www.chpa.co.uk /aboutchp.htm (517 words)

	Combined Heat & Power
		CHP — which produces both electricity and useable heat — converts as much as 90 percent of the fuel into usable energy.
		Exhaust gas from the turbine is used by a heat recovery system to generate high pressure steam, which then goes through a 52 MW condensing steam turbine to generate more electricity and also provide low-pressure steam for use in the district heating system.
		Heat is a byproduct of the reaction, and can be recovered in much the same way as with turbines and reciprocating engines.
	www.nemw.org /ERheatpower.htm (4591 words)

	M2 Presswire: Combined heat & power station at Hythe, Hampshire.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Combined heat and power station at Hythe, Hampshire.
		Energy Minister Brian Wilson has given the go ahead to BP CHP Ltd to increase the capacity of the gas-fired combined heat and power station at the Polimeri Europa Ltd works at Hythe, Hampshire from 48MW to 53MW.
		Combined heat and power plants are designed to produce both electricity and usable heat.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:98665633&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (185 words)

	Combined heat and power potential in Indian industries
		In this context, CHP (combined heat and power) is an important option to meet the demand for electricity and heat most cost-effectively.
		The benefits of CHP listed here are derived from an improved power cycle efficiency and an associated reduction in fuel consumption as compared with the conventional power plant using fuel solely for generating electric energy.
		For CHP plants opting to operate in the dual fuel mode, subsidy will be given only on the bagasse-fired capacity on the basis of maximum notional power generation of 3 MW per thousand tonnes of cane crushed per day or as indicated in the DPR (detailed project report), whichever is lower.
	www.teriin.org /opet/articles/art4.htm (1889 words)

	Combined Heat & Power Short Course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Combined Heat and Power is a highly energy efficient technology and one of the most effective means of limiting the production of carbon dioxide, the major 'greenhouse gas'.
		Heat so recovered, in the form of steam or hot water, can be employed for space heating/cooling or process use; occasionally direct use may be made of the exhaust heat.
		CHP is officially recognised as being of major value in attaining UK targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions with an intended doubling of electricity generation by this means, to 10Gwe, by 2010.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /fuel/shortc/chp.htm (577 words)

	EERE: Industrial Energy Efficiency - Combined Heat and Power Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		CHP systems use a wide variety of power production technologies, such as gas turbines (including combined-cycle systems), microturbines, fuel cells, and reciprocating engines.
		CHP is one form of distributed generation, in which power is generated close to where it's used, thereby reducing the strain on power transmission systems.
		For CHP systems that generate more power than is used onsite, the economics of the systems depend on the ability to market the power to other entities, such as utilities.
	www.eere.energy.gov /EE/industry_chp.html (148 words)

	NREL: Distributed Thermal Energy Technologies - Combined Heat and Power
		CHP, which is also referred to as cooling, heating, and power, or cogeneration, is the implementation of integrated energy systems (IES) that facilitate on-site or near-site power generation and utilization of the resulting heat for thermally activated equipment.
		The efficient use of distributed primary energy sources is a distinguishing attribute that renders the CHP concept a promising alternative to centralized power plants.
		The current central power generation and distribution system offers an average efficiency of about 33%, leading to a loss of 67% of the primary energy input (largely in the form of recoverable thermal energy).
	www.nrel.gov /dtet/heat_power.html (408 words)

	Cogeneration-Combined Heat and Power (Electricity) Generation (Research Note 21 1998-99)
		Cogeneration or CHP (combined heat and power) is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat using a single fuel such as natural gas, although a variety of fuels can be used (refer to 'Cogeneration capacity by primary fuel').
		The heat produced from the electricity generating process (for example from the exhaust systems of a gas turbine) is captured and utilised to produce high and low level steam.
		Where a cogeneration plant is powered by waste gases, especially coal bed methane and methane recovered from landfill sites, then fugitive gases that are naturally escaping into the atmosphere and act as particularly potent greenhouse gases, are captured and utilised to drive gas turbines which in turn generate electricity.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rn/1998-99/99rn21.htm (1106 words)

	Combined heat and power (CHP) systems
		CHP systems also known as Cogeneration utilises this waste heat when heating requirements are present resulting in an appreciable increase in the overall efficiency of the power and heating system.
		CHP or Cogeneration may also be considered when significant cooling loads are required as in refrigeration and air conditioning requirements.
		CHP or Cogeneration systems usually consists of more than one gas turbine exhausting into a single waste heat boiler which recovers the exhaust heat by producing hot water or steam for process and space heating.
	www.gpal.co.uk /chp.htm (943 words)

	EDF Energy - Combined Heat and Power schemes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Our answer was to install an energy centre, with CHP engines, to provide power to the College buildings, lecture halls and the halls of residence for the 9,000 students.
		The plant uses a combination of a conventional boiler plant and a gas turbine.
		The plant, which is one the most efficient machines in its power class, was brought on line in December 1991 and since then has delivered significant savings for the airport.
	www.edfenergy.com /html/showPage.do?name=edfenergy.about.energy.heat.til (368 words)

	About ENER·G -- COGENERATION: ENER·G COMBINED POWER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Combined Power Limited has been manufacturing Cogeneration systems since 1984 and was instrumental in the development of small-scale remotely managed Cogeneration systems.
		In 1997 Combined Power Limited became part of the ENER·G Group and is now more commonly known in the market place as ENER·G Combined Power.
		Backed by the strength of ENER·G PLC, Combined Power Limited is today established as the clear market leader in its sector - with over 30 million hours of Cogeneration operating experience.
	www.energ.co.uk /chp_comb.asp (186 words)

	Atkins - Combined Heat and Power
		By trapping the heat used in electricity generation, a Combined Heat and Power plant creates useful heat energy, which can be used as an alternative source of power to conventional boilers and heating systems.
		This heat is usually lost to the atmosphere and by capturing what would otherwise be waste heat, the overall plant efficiency can be as high as 85%.
		In circumstances where CHP fits, there is no more economic or environmentally friendly way of supplying heat and power.
	www.atkinsglobal.com /markets/power/thermalpowergeneration/combinedheatandpower (177 words)

	Statistics for Combined Heat and Power in the UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The term CHP is used throughout this Chapter, and is synonymous with cogeneration and total energy, which are terms often used in the United States or other Member States of the European Community.
		In terms of heat generation only 13 per cent came from combined cycle plant in 1996 compared with 54 per cent from back pressure steam turbine plant and 26 per cent from gas turbines, reflecting the lower heat to power ratios found in combined cycle plant.
		To provide operational data for CHP schemes that are smaller than 250 kWe, estimates were made of over 200 sites to obtain an average for the heat to power ratio for schemes, the load factor, the annual electrical and heat outputs and the fuel consumption for schemes.
	www.energy.rochester.edu /uk/chpa/statistics/1997.htm (2538 words)

	Physics Today November 2000
		Associated losses were 6.2 Q at the power plant and in the transmission lines, and 2.5 Q for the boiler, for a total energy requirement of 16.3 Q and a system efficiency (usable energy/total energy) of 47%.
		Much larger penetration of CHP into the industrial sector is possible by 2010 because more than three quarters of the thermal capacity installed in industries today is likely to be retired by that date.
		The main barriers to greater adoption of CHP are nontechnical, such as the numerous and sometimes conflicting state and local electricity and environmental regulations.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-53/iss-11/captions/p29box2.html (304 words)

	AERADE subject listing for Process integration - basic method, combined heat and power, process change and batch ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After briefly describing the thermodynamic principles of heating and cooling systems, the various types of heat engines and heat pumps that may be used are introduced, and criteria for their selection to achieve an optimal heat and power system are explained.
		Heat engines include steam and gas turbines and diesel engines, while heat pumps cover thermal and mechanical vapour recompression, refrigeration cycles and heat transformers.
		Methods are described for determining energy targets, for identifying possibilities for heat storage (within or between batches) and for rescheduling process operations to maximise heat exchange, and for designing heat recovery networks.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/esdu/ES136.html (648 words)

	Welcome to the CHPA website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The project, which also involves academics at Heriot-Watt, Ulster and Surrey universities, is focusing on the greater use of combined heat and power (CHP) in buildings, the use of building fabric materials with improved insulating properties and the use of building-integrated renewable energy technologies.
		The CHP industry has been at a virtual standstill for the past few years with no planned large CHP plant for the foreseeable future, and Government action is therefore needed now more than ever.
		Vital Energi, provider of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and District Energy (DE) Community Heating (CH) schemes, is playing a lead role in the regeneration of a local Scottish community, with a design, manufacture, installation and commissioning project for the Glenshellach biomass community heating scheme in Oban.
	www.chpa.co.uk (5409 words)

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