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Topic: Combining diacritic marks

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	Ring (diacritic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ring may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets.
		Other characters with a ring diacritic are Ů and ů (a Latin U with ring above).
		The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot above or comma above diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ring_(diacritic) (419 words)

	FAQ - Characters, Combining Marks
		Graphemes are not necessarily combining character sequences, and combining character sequences are not necessarily graphemes.
		Diacritic marks are not encoded by function, and are not specific to language or usage.
		The presence of a combining grapheme joiner in the midst of a combining character sequence does not interrupt the combining character sequence.
	www.unicode.org /faq/char_combmark.html (2686 words)

	You cannot locate characters that are associated with combining diacritic marks when you search in Word 2002 or in Word ...
		When you search for a combining diacritic mark, you do not find instances of that combining diacritic mark that are associated with a character.
		Combining diacritic marks are Unicode characters that are used to modify other characters.
		A combining diacritic mark always follows the character that it modifies in a Word document.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/886954 (893 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Pinyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Initials are initial consonants, while finals are all possible combinations of medials (semivowels coming before the vowel), the nucleus vowel, and coda (final consonant).
		Each tone is indicated by a diacritical mark above a non-medial vowel.
		These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correct pronunciation of Mandarin syllables, as exemplified by the following classical example of five characters whose pronunciations differ only in their tones:
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Pinyin (3325 words)

	Pinyin Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The combined initials, vowels, and finals represent the segmental phonemic portion of the language.
		These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correct pronunciation of Mandarin syllables.
		A dieresis or an umlaut is occasionally used over the vowel u in conjunction with the tonal marks when placed after the initials l and n, which distinguishes between rounded-u and unrounded-u sounds.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/p/pi/pinyin.html (1750 words)

	THDL: Fonts for Diacritics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Until recently, diacritic fonts were encoded in ASCII and required multiple font files or code pages to render the full range of diacritics.
		While Arial Unicode MS is the most comprehensive Unicode font and contains all the necessary diacritic characters necessary for Asian Studies, the Arial family of fonts is in general less aesthetically appealing then some of the other font family.
		A large number of various diacritic combinations with both capital and lowercase letters is found in the Unicode Private Use Area.
	thdl.org /tools/diafonts.html (1642 words)

	Pinyin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		when occurring at the end of a syllable and not in the combinations of ie, üe, ue, then a backward, unrounded vowel, which can be formed by first pronouncing a plain continental "o" (Australian English law) and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue.
		Note that the lower-case letter "a" in pinyin is supposed to be of the handwritten type with no curl over the top.
		This can be achieved by using a font in which the letter happens to look like this, or alternatively by specifying it using Unicode as we have done in the bracketed example.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pinyin (3084 words)

	Pinyin Online Research :: Information about Pinyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The pronunciation of Chinese is generally given in terms of Initial (linguistics) and Final (linguistics), which represent the segmental phonemic portion of the language.
		Initials are initial consonants, while finals are all possible combinations of Medial (linguistics) (Semivowel coming before the vowel), the Syllable nucleus vowel, and Syllable coda (final consonant).
		The reasoning behind these rules is in the case of Diphthong and Triphthong, i, u, and Ã¼ (and their orthographic equivalents y and w when there is no initial consonant) are considered Medial (linguistics) glides rather than part of the Syllable nucleus in Chinese Phonology.
	www.carolinamaps.net /search/Hanyu_Pinyin.html (3808 words)

	Pinyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The combined initials, vowels, and finals represent the segmentalphonemic portion of the language.
		Generally, the tone mark is placed on the vowel thatfirst appears in the order mentioned.
		These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correctpronunciation of Mandarin syllables.
	www.therfcc.org /pinyin-2872.html (2007 words)

	Pinyin articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Initials are initial consonants, while finals are all possible combinations of medial (linguistics)medials (semivowels coming before the vowel), the syllable nucleusnucleus vowel, and syllable codacoda (final consonant).
		These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correct pronunciation of Mandarin syllables, as exemplified by the following classical example of five characters whose pronunciations differ only in their tones: The words are "mother", "hemp", "horse", "admonish" and a question particle, respectively.
		The rules for determining on which vowel the tone mark appears are as follows: # If there is more than one vowel and the first vowel is i, u, or Ã¼, then the tone mark appears on the second vowel.
	www.startlearningnow.com /articles/pinyin.htm (2759 words)

	MARKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Search the MARKS Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the MARKS Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named MARKS at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/M/MARKS.htm (73 words)

	pinyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		e: IPA [ɤ], when occurring at the end of a syllable and not in the combinations of ie, üe, ue, then a backward, unrounded vowel, which can be formed by first pronouncing a plain continental "o" (British RP law) and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue.
		Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use the schwa (idea), and this is also written as e.
		o: IPA [u̯], if occurring in the combinations bo, po, mo, fo, wo, then it is the same as uo.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Pinyin (2222 words)

	Pinyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		which is followed by romanization in pinyin with tone marks.
		A simple algorithm for determining the vowel on which the tone mark appears is as follows:
		The Republic of China on Taiwan is in the process of adopting a modified version of pinyin (currently Tongyong Pinyin).
	hallencyclopedia.com /Pinyin (2660 words)

	► » diacritical marks in html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		transliterating omega), the diacritic mark is omitted and not replaced by
		work less often than a character followed by a combining diacritic.
		diacritical mark" is the Unicode way of coding and it is also the
	www.web-n-stuff.org /diacritical-marks-in-html-6266862.html (1633 words)

	A tutorial on character code issues
		Quite often they are used in combination with codes for graphic characters, so that a device driver is expected to interpret the combination as a specific command and not display the graphic character(s) contained in it.
		Thus, in that approach, the abstract characters "f" and "i" might be represented using an abstract glyph that combines the two characters into a ligature, which itself might have different physical manifestations.
		idea of using the quotation mark as a diacritic mark too in ASCII but it is probably expected to be understood by humans instead of being converted to an "ä" by a program.
	www.cs.tut.fi /~jkorpela/chars.html (13641 words)

	SimulTrans Localization Seminar, August 1998: Demystifying Unicode
		A ligature is considered to be a glyph resulting from a combination of two characters, such as ""fi" in some fonts and ""æ" as it's used in English (but not as it's used in Norwegian).
		Dynamic composition, also known as combining characters, is the process of following a character with diacritic marks that a rendering engine can then display as one character.
		Essentially, what was attempted was to combine those Han characters that were basically rendered differently in something of a font style, as in a bold or medium weight letter.
	www.simultrans.com /seminars/seminar199808.htm (3167 words)

	Weilue: The Peoples of the West (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tentative identifications are indicated with a question mark, and the evidence is discussed in the notes.
		Don’t forget, if you can’t find exactly the diacritic you need already in the list of characters, you can combine marks from the “Combining Diacritical Marks” heading, by typing the character you wish to mark and then going to “Symbol” and adding the appropriate diacritical mark.
		Indeed, bibliography as a whole received great stimulus, for the Han period marked the first systematic development of book lists; compiled by experts in astronomy, medicine, military science, history, magic and divination, these were incorporated into the Han histories and list some 700 works written on wooden or bamboo tablets, and on silk.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html (10299 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		he search for a multi-lingual computer keyboard, which recognises diacritical marks and characters (tonal marks and ascents) of all the Nigerian languages, about 400 in all, took over eight tortuous years to perfect, says one of its inventors.
		In addition, there are 14 Nigerian specific alphabets and 13 combining diacritic marks from various Nigerian languages.
		It conforms with Microsoft Aerial MS Unicode (a font of about 25 megabytes that has all the groups of Nigerian languages, which are of Latin, Latin Extended and Latin Additional), without limiting the diacritic marks to just the vowels.
	www.ngrguardiannews.com /life_style/article34/230405 (2733 words)

	Pinyin Article, Pinyin Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Note that the lower-case letter "a" in pinyinis supposed to be of the handwritten type with no curl over the top.
		These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correctpronunciation of Mandarin syllables, as exemplified by the following classical example of five characters whose pronunciationsdiffer only in their tones:
		This argument revolves aroundpinyin's unconventional use of Roman letters, of which the phonological values ofsome phonemes are quite different than that of most languages utilizing the Roman alphabet.
	www.anoca.org /ipa/tone/pinyin.html (2180 words)

	LDC Catalog
		For the dictionary of a small language like Mawukakan (less than half of a million speakers) to be the most useful, it has to combine the linguistic component with a cultural component.
		The fact that the Mawukakan - English lexicon is coupled with a Mawukakan - French one makes of this project a bit more important, given the Mawukakan speakers live mostly in the francophone area of West Africa.
		For an example of this publication, please examine this XML subset of the lexicon.
	www.ldc.upenn.edu /Catalog/catalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC2005L01 (793 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Even 32 bit characters are not 'characters' in the old fasioned ASCII sense.
		What about the combining diacritic marks, etc. What is really needed is a debate about which of the C Unicode libraries out there is the most appropriate for inclusion in the D library (via a wrapper to support the D string functionality, I assume).
		Does anyone out there have experience with these libraries.
	www.digitalmars.com /drn-bin/wwwnews?D/19766 (154 words)

	How to remove diacritic marks from characters
		Naturally, this data has some characters with diacritics, like, for instance, “é”.
		Not all possible combining sequences have single-character equivalents. But many of those accented characters used in ISO-8859-1 encoding do have two interchangeable representations.
		Unicode defines a precise way to translate between combining sequences (U+0065 U+0301) and their single character equivalents (U+00E9). Unicode defines backwards translation as well. Translating single accented characters into corresponding combining sequences called decomposition.
	www.ahinea.com /en/tech/accented-translate.html (703 words)

	Shaping: Syriac OpenType specification
		Additionally, during the analysis process, the engine also verifies valid diacritic combinations.
		The first step Uniscribe takes in shaping the character string is to map all characters to their nominal form glyphs (e.g.
		Apply feature 'mark' to position diacritic glyphs to the base glyph.
	www.eu.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/syriacot/shaping.htm (510 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		# The fifth or neutral tone is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark:
		# If there is more than one vowel and the first vowel is i, u, or ü, then the tone mark appears on the second vowel.
		# In all other cases, the tone mark appears on the first vowel
	www.homestayfinder.com /Dictionary.aspx?q=pinyin (2657 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 321Q Figure book was the first, and the re-publication of the hardback is the second.
		Following will be an advanced figure book, an alphabet book showing three styles of letters, numbers, punctuation, and International diacritic marks, a book of combined balloon figures with advanced figures combining the 260Q, the 350Q,and other balloons we generally categorize as non-rounds, and others on down the line.
		The collection will be called the Balloon Magic Library.
	www.balloonhq.com /twistmail/upto08May96/mail.a20634 (222 words)

	Re: Folding algorithm and canonical equivalence
		I can see that there might be cases when the Hebrew folding should be invoked without other scripts being affected.
		But I think that anyone applying a general accent or diacritic folding would expect this to include all Hebrew (and Arabic, Syriac etc) combining marks.
		A software package might put together a number of foldings under convenient labels.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg25981.html (195 words)

	Articles - Ring (diacritic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rings - Engagement Rings, Wedding Rings, Promise Rings, and More!
		In punctuation, the term ring is usually reserved for the ring above diacritic mark Ë (looks similar to the degree sign Â°).
		Additionally this symbol Ã (U+00C5) is the proper angstrom sign, though Unicode includes an angstrom sign symbol â« for use with in converting legacy applications in old code pages in certain East Asian languages which looks similar to Ã.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Ring_(diacritic)?mySession=63352dad53d1ba15ca8d3e0811e544ff (405 words)

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