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Topic: Comet Brooks

	THE BRIGHT COMET CHRONICLES
		One of the premier comets of the 20th Century - a brilliant, multi-tailed object that was briefly visible during the daytime.
		Comet moved toward the southwest, crossing Crater and Hydra, its slightly curved tail growing rapidly to 25 degrees in length by the opening of November.
		On March 30 the comet was visible telescopically at noon, magnitude perhaps as bright as -4.
	www.cometobservation.com /bright_comet.html (6120 words)

	Comet - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A bright comet consists of (I) a star-like nucleus; (2) a nebulous haze, called the coma, surrounding this nucleus, the latter fading into the haze by insensible gradations; (3) a tail or luminous stream flowing from the coma in a direction opposite to that of the sun.
		It may be remarked that observations on the comet of 1843 seemed to show a slight ellipticity of the orbit, corresponding to a period of several centuries; but the deviation of all the orbits from a parabola is too slight to be established by observations.
		In view of the seemingly inevitable dissipation of comets in the course of ages, and of the actually observed changes of their orbits by the attraction of Jupiter, the question arises whether the orbits of all' comets of short period may not have been determined by the attraction of the planets, especially of Jupiter.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Comet (4583 words)

	Comet list Compiled by Christie POnder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This was a naked-eye comet for the Southern Hemisphere.
		Comet Hale-Bopp was bright at -1 magnitude and even gave people in light polluted areas a lovely view, although not as grand as from dark skies.
		The orbital properties of this comet are the same as the comet of 1661 and possibly of 1273 and 877.Forecasts originally put the comet at about a magnitude 4 or 5 at the brightest.
	www.weatherfriend.com /astronomy/comet/cometlist.html (2793 words)

	Roche Limit: Why Do Comets Break Up?
		Comets are considered to be aggregations of ice and dust.
		Jupiter’s limit for comets is 242,000 km or 3.38 radii and for asteroids is 133,000 km or 1.86 radii.
		Saturn’s limit for comets is 164.000 km or 2.72 radii and for asteroids is 90.200 km or 1.50 radii.
	www.asterism.org /tutorials/tut25-1.htm (742 words)

	New Lands: A Hypertext Edition of Charles Hoy Fort's Book
		Brooks' First Periodic Comet (1886, IV) — "We must see what the years 1909 and 1910 bring forth." This is pretty indefinite anticipation — however, nothing was brought forth, according to Monthly Notices, R.A.S., 1909 and 1910: the Brooks' comet that is recorded is Brooks', 1889.
		Brooks' First Periodic Comet (1886 IV or D/1886 K1), Denning's Second Periodic Comet (1894 I or D/1894 F1), and Swift's Comet of November 20, 1894, (D/1895 Q1), have not been reported by astronomers, since they last observed in 1886, 1894, and 1895, and are considered lost.
		The comet was seen by a few observers on the night of June 29, 1861; and, Webb stated that the last such comet was seen in 1680.
	www.resologist.net /lands103.htm (3644 words)

	Comet Names and Designations; Comet Naming and Nomenclature; Names of Comets
		The first definite comet to be credited internationally as "belonging" to an astronomer was not until after 1759, when the comet that had been predicted by Edmund Halley in 1705 to return then (being the same comet that had been seen in 1607 and 1682) was indeed re-discovered in 1758.
		Some comets have never been named, including most comets from the 18th century and earlier, and many other comets discovered years after they were visible (from photographs, for example) and many comets that have no possible orbit determinations (due to few available observations).
		In the case of discussing pre-1995 comets, it is recommended to use both the new-style and old-style designations when referring to such comets in text, for the convenience of readers who may either be familiar with older designations or who may be consulting older literature containing only the old-style designations.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /icq/cometnames.html (1166 words)

	Changes from last Posting: The latest predictions of times and locations of fragment impac (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Only two comets have ever been known to orbit a planet (Jupiter in both cases), and this was inferred in both cases by extrapolating their motion backwards to a time before they were discovered.
		The comet is thought to have broken apart due to tidal forces on its closest approach to Jupiter (perijove) on July 7, 1992.
		However, images of the comet taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 indicate that the fragments are 3-4 km in diameter (based on their brightness).
	www.skepticfiles.org /mys3/cometfaq.htm (3494 words)

	York Weekly: What's up in April
		Comet NEAT (Near Earth Asteroid Tracking, which uses 48-inch telescopes at Mount Palomar and in Hawaii), was discovered back in August of 2001.
		Comet LINEAR (Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research, using a pair of 1-meter telescopes in New Mexico), was discovered October 2002.
		Comet NEAT will be just a few degrees to the left of Sirius, the brightest star in our sky at magnitude minus 1.4, on May 6.
	www.seacoastonline.com /2004news/yorkweekly/03312004/news/8298.htm (1130 words)

	Jean Louis Pons by Elizabeth Roemer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On February 27, the comet was in the field of the telescope with a star under the foot of the Whale, some 50' to the east.
		Although the comet passed the critical point about a month ahead of the earth in 1832 many people were uneasy about the possible dire consequence to the earth in event of a collision.
		Comet Biela was observed for more than four months in 1832, arriving at perihelion only 12 hours ahead of the predicted time—much better agreement of observation and prediction than could have been expected.
	www-obs.cnrs-mrs.fr /patrimoine/pons-roemer.html (2263 words)

	C&MS: 12P/Pons-Brooks
		During the discovery apparition the comet first became visible to the naked eye on August 13, and by the end of August it was displaying a tail about 2 degrees long.
		The comet was back to its predicted brightness of 18 by July 16 and a slow brightening set in as the comet approached perihelion.
		The comet's orbit is very stable during the period of 1740 to 2167, with insignificant alterations by any of the planets.
	cometography.com /pcomets/012p.html (590 words)

	SPACE.com -- Predicting the Next Bright Comet
		These comets quietly come and go and are known only to enthusiastic amateur astronomers who make a concerted effort to hunt them down with good binoculars or telescopes against the faint background stars.
		And some of these comets were at their best chiefly for those living in the Southern Hemisphere, as was the case in 1941, 1947 and 1948; northern observers saw little or nothing.
		And for a comet that attains an extreme brilliance of at least minus 3 magnitude or brighter (approaching/exceeding Venus in brightness), it could be even longer; for such dazzlers, we might have to wait roughly 25 to 50 years between appearances.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/050701_bright_comets.html (2135 words)

	Linear_update_020800
		The comet though survived this split and continued to be observable, although it faded very rapidly as it moved away from the Sun.
		If the comet still had a significant amount of ice when it disintegrated, we would expect that the fragmentation of the nucleus would provoke a tremendous increase in water vapour release, but the opposite is seen.
		However, the comet is moving rapidly to the south in the sky and will cease to be visible from the island of La Palma within a week approximately as it dips into the evening twilight.
	www.iac.es /galeria/mrk/Linear_update_020800.htm (2249 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 is actually in a temporary orbit of Jupiter, which is most unusual: comets usually just orbit the Sun.
		The comet broke apart due to tidal forces on its closest approach to Jupiter (perijove) on July 7, 1992 when it passed within the theoretical Roche limit of Jupiter.
		Images of the comet taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 indicate that the fragments are 3-4 km in diameter (3-4 km is an upper limit based on their brightness; the fragments have visual magnitudes of around 23).
	www.eso.org /outreach/info-events/sl9/text/comet-faq.txt (4424 words)

	C&MS: 16P/Brooks 2
		William R. Brooks (Geneva, New York) was sweeping for comets on the morning of 1889 July 7, when he found this comet in the southeastern sky within the constellation Aquarius.
		Although he was unable to detect any motion before sunrise, Brooks quickly found the comet the next morning and noted it had moved slightly northward.
		Another interesting aspect of this comet's first apparition was that it attained a maximum magnitude of 8.
	cometography.com /pcomets/016p.html (453 words)

	New Lands: Part 1 Chapter 3
		We turn expectantly to the subject of comets; or we turn cynically to the subject.
		Borelly's Comet (1905, II)--"Itsexpected return in 1911, or 1912, will be awaited with interest." This is pretty indefinite awaiting: it is now said that this comet did return upon Sept. 19, 1911.
		Mec., 56-316) announced that, upon Nov. 6, Holmes' comet had been 36,000,000 miles from this earth, and 6,000,000 miles away upon the 16th, and that the approach was so rapid that, upon the 21st the comet would touch this earth.
	www.sacred-texts.com /fort/lands/lands103.htm (2417 words)

	NASA - Past Research of Comets
		University of Arizona – This photograph of the Comet Kohoutek was taken on January 19, 1974, by E. Roemer assisted by L.M. Vaughn, with a 90-inch reflecting telescope of the Steward Observatory.
		During the six days, the spacecraft was maintained in a fixed attitude while the comet moved past, and the instrument scanned across the coma.
		In ultra-violet light, the comet was the second brightest object in the Solar System (exceeded only by the Sun).
	www.nasa.gov /centers/ames/multimedia/images/2005/comets1.html (938 words)

	[No title]
		Although Brooks 2 was not captured by Jupiter, temporary captures of periodic comets by Jupiter are not particularly unusual.
		Apart from the record close Jupiter approach of comet SL-9 on July 7, 1992 (1.3 Rj) and the collision in July 1994, the next closest Jupiter approach was that of Gehrels 3 in August 1970.
		The comet fragments are modeled as 1-, 2- and 3-km spheres of fully dense (0.95 g/cc) and porous (0.3 g/cc) water ice, porous silicate (1.0 g/cc) and distended clouds of unbound water and silicate fragments (average density 0.01-0.2 g/cc).
	www.lpi.usra.edu /meetings/programs/dps94wa.txt (18768 words)

	Lewis Swift
		For years he eagerly scanned the heavens for new comets, and in 1862 the great comet of that year was discovered by him.
		After his removal to Rochester he discovered comets in 1877-'9, for which he thrice received the comet prize, a gold medal valued at sixty dollars, from the Imperial academy of sciences in Vienna.
		Besides the foregoing, he independently discovered Winnecke's comet in 1871, Coggia's in 1874, and the Brooks-Swift comet in 1883, there being in the latter case a difference of fifteen minutes in favor of William R. Brooks.
	www.famousamericans.net /lewisswift (819 words)

	Red Barn Observatory Observations 20070910
		I thought the comet had not been observed since 2001, but after I submitted observations of the object, I found that it had already been recovered by Siding Spring a few nights earlier.
		But either way, I was able to find the comet with 1.5 minute exposures stacked in groups of 10 to create 4 images equaling 15 total exposure time per image.
		The comet was at magnitude 19.3 at the time of observing and was barely noticeable in the images.
	www.cometary.net /rbo_20070910.htm (175 words)

	DEEP SPACE GUEST: COMET LAB
		Compare the direction in which the comet is moving with the direction of its' tail.
		Using the distance the comet is away from the earth and the tangent, calculate the distance the comet has moved during the interval of time from frame one to frame sixteen.
		If the comet nucleus is assumed to be a dirty snowball of ice the density would be about 1000 km/m3.
	mo-www.harvard.edu /Workshop98/Activities/DeepSpaceGuest (860 words)

	The Fragmentation of Comets
		A few of these cases have been obviously attributable to the tidal forces of Jupiter (Comet Brooks 2 and Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9) or the Sun (the Kreutz comet family), while other splittings have to be attributed to less obvious causes.
		For example, the loss of material from an active comet, which tends to occur from a few localized areas, is bound to weaken it.
		It may be that a rapidly rotating comet can be weakened to the point where the centrifugal force is sufficient to cause large pieces to break off.
	www.solarviews.com /portug/comet/frag.htm (564 words)

	The Kings Comets, Inc.
		James Frazier (WR Comet in 06) is the thrid WR to be signed 1/31/07 with the Miami Valley Silverbacks of the Continental Indoor Football League.
		Jermaine Woods (DB Comet in 05,06) is the thrid DB to be signed by the Cincinnati Marshals 3/5/07 of the National Indoor Football League.
		For all Comets Fans and Players who would like to keep track of the stats this year and the year past go to www.statsdepot.com to sign in just either create your own ID or use the one I made for all players and fans, which is Comets, and the password is stats.
	eteamz.active.com /kingscomets/index.cfm (1604 words)

	The COCD Homepage
		IAUC 8871 and 8872 offcially announce and confirm the identity of the SOHO comet found by Bo Zhou on Sep. 10, 2007, with comets 1999 R1 and 2003 R5, as predicted by Sebastian F. Hönig in 2005 and published in Astronomy and Astrophysics 445, 759 (2006).
		It should also be noted that the comet has not yet been detected in STEREO imagery, which is typical for comets, where only bright ones are seen while minor planets can be detected to a much fainter magnitude.
		The comet found by Bo Zhou is expected to pass perihelion within a few hours of this prediction.
	www.comethunter.de (2010 words)

	Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ - Pre-Impact
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) was the ninth short-period comet discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David H. Levy and was first identified on photographs taken on the night of 24 March 1993.
		Some astronomers call the comet a "string of pearls" since the comet fragments are strung out in a line or train.
		Before the end of March 1993 it was realized that the comet had made a very close approach to Jupiter in the summer of 1992.
	www.isc.tamu.edu /~astro/sl9/cometfaq.html (6278 words)

	Comet Jupiter Collision FAQ (impact times)
		The angle of incidence of the impacts is between 41 and 42 degrees for all the fragments.
		However, images of the comet taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 indicate that the fragments are 3-4 km in diameter (3-4 km is an upper limit based on their brightness).
		Scotti, J. and H. Melosh, "Estimate of the size of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 from a tidal breakup model" Nature 365, 733-735 (1993).
	www.cv.nrao.edu /~pmurphy/jove-comet-wham-2.html (4305 words)

	Links to Other Comet Hyakutake Pages
		This chart is a ray-traced image of the orbit planes of Earth and Comet Hyakutake and their positions for March 25 and May 18, 1996.
		Comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake (Pico dos Dias Observatory)
		The March 1996 Appearenace of Comet Hyakutake (Izzy's Skylog)
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /comet/hyakutake/other.html (105 words)

	List of non-periodic comets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are usually on near-parabolic orbits that will not return to the vicinity of the Sun for thousands of years, if ever.
		The official names of non-periodic comets (defined as comets with orbital periods of 200 years or more) begin with a "C"; comets that have been lost or disappeared have names that begin with a "D".
		An example of the latter is Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1), which is known to have been ejected from the solar system by Jupiter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets (670 words)

	Section 3: The Fragmentation of Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Section 1, comets have very low tensile strength, near 1 10^3 dynes/cm^2 (2 lb./ft.^2).
		In 1886 Comet Brooks 2 came within 72,000 km of Jupiter's clouds and split into two pieces.
		In July 1992 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 came within about 25,000 km of Jupiter's clouds and fragmented into 21 or more large pieces and an enormous amount of smaller debris down to micron or submicron size.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /sl9/Educator/section03.html (551 words)

	Brooks Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Most Friday evening public planetarium programs are followed by observing at the Brooks Observatory, weather permitting.
		The Brooks Observatory also holds numerous open-houses and special event observing sessions.
		These have included observing sessions of Jupiter during its collision with the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, the spectacular Comet Hale-Bopp, lunar eclipses, and planetary conjunctions and oppositions.
	www.rpbo.utoledo.edu /brooks.htm (263 words)

	It Goes On The Shelf
		by Michael Shoemaker and Cuyler W Brooks Jr., illustrated by Stephen Fabian, 50pp, wraps, 1986, $10.
		The Night Land, a condensation of the William Hope Hodgson text by Dave Hall, illustrated by Dave Hall, 64pp, wraps, 1995.
		by Ned Brooks, (includes the Weird Tales text of the C. Moore story Quest of the Starstone), illustrated by Alan Hunter, music by George Heap et al, 28pp, wraps, 1995, $5.
	home.sprynet.com /~nedbrooks (799 words)

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