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	SPACE.com -- NightSky Friday: Astronomers Ready for Comet Encke's Return
		Comet Encke was then about 24 million miles from Earth, and her brother William reported that he could even glimpse it without any optical aid.
		Enckes Comet is also the first comet that has been observed throughout its orbit, for it has even been photographed at the far end of its orbit (aphelion), first in September 1913 and again in August 1972.
		Comet Encke was at aphelion in May 2002, at a distance of 381 million miles from the Sun, and is now hurtling into our neighborhood where, on Dec. 29, it will swing within the orbit of Mercury, 31.4 million miles from the Sun.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/comet_encke_031114.html (1480 words)

	Johann Franz Encke
		At the 23rd of September 1791 Johann Franz Encke was born in Hamburg.
		The orbit of the comet discovered by Pons was a sensation, because this orbit had a round trip time of 3.3 years, therefore the aphelion had to be within the Jovian orbit.
		Encke proposed an interstellar medium, an ether, with which he also wanted to resolve the known differences between theoretical and viewed orbiting times of the outer planets.
	www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Encke-e.html (645 words)

	Comet Encke (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Comet Encke was first discovered in 1786 by French astronomer Piere A.M. Méchain (1744-1804), then in 1795 by Caroline L. Herschel (1750-1848), and again in 1805 and 1818, both by Jean L. Pons (1761-1831).
		It was Johann Franz Encke who, in 1819, was able to demonstrate that these four comets were identical; this was the second comet (after 1P/Halley) which was established as periodic, therefore designated "2P".
		Encke found the periodicity of "his" comet during his time at Seeberg; also at that time, he calculated the Sun's distance from observations of the Venus transits of 1761 and 1769.
	www.seds.org.cob-web.org:8888 /~spider/spider/Comets/encke.html (212 words)

	Halley's comet Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Comets are obviously related in some manner to meteors, but no meteorites from a comet have ever been recovered.
		Observations of comets Bennett and Kohoutek have established that a comet is surrounded by a vast hydrogen halo.
		Its orbit was computed by Edmund Halley in 1704, at which time he predicted that the bright comet of 1682 would return in 1758 (Halley died in 1742, before he could see his prediction verified).
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/Halleyscomet_table.html (192 words)

	2P/Encke (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The comet was closest to Earth (0.26 AU) on November 9, and observations continued as the comet's elongation from the sun decreased.
		The comet's third discovery was made by Jean Louis Pons (Marseille, France) on 1805 October 20, with independent discoveries being made by Johann Sigismund Huth (Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany) on the 21st and Alexis Bouvard on the 22nd.
		The comet's longest recorded tail length was 3 degrees in 1805, while it reached 2 degrees in 1871 and 1961.
	cometography.com.cob-web.org:8888 /pcomets/002p.html (1736 words)

	Comet Award Silver Documentation
		I estimated the comet's magnitude as 7.2, with a coma diameter of 7.5' and a DC of 4.
		The comet was a diffuse, round blob with a slight central condensation.
		I estimated the comet at magnitude 3.0 with a coma diameter of 20 arcminutes.
	skytour.homestead.com /silvercom.html (2893 words)

	A Smorgasbord of Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Most of these are similar to the newly discovered Comet P/2004 A1 described in the related article, in that they are very faint either because of their intrinsically small size and/or their relatively large distance from their source of light, the Sun, and from our observing platform, the Earth.
		As a comet approaches the Sun from the vicinity of Jupiter’s orbit or beyond, more material is released and the comet brightens, and the reverse occurs when the comet recedes from the Sun.
		For instance, Comet Hyakutake was quite bright in March of 1996 and exhibited a very long tail (stretching more than one-third of the way across the sky) simply because it passed unusually close – only 1/10th the distance of the Earth to the Sun (0.1 AU).
	www.lowell.edu /online_newsletter/spring_04/smorg.html (853 words)

	Challenger Learning Center Of Kentucky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Primary targets include comets and asteroids, which scientists believe are the oldest, most primitive bodies in the Solar System and may preserve the earliest record of material that formed Earth and its planetary neighbors.
		Comet Encke provides as excellent target because its short period (3.3 years) has allowed it to be observed from Earth at more apparitions (or appearances) than any the comet, including the famous Comet Halley.
		Encke continues to puzzle scientists because even though it has been in a short-period orbit for thousands of years, the comet continues to have a high level of activity as the Sun’s heat boils off its dirty ices into gases and dust.
	www.hazcc.kctcs.edu /challenger/comet.htm (404 words)

	Comet Encke - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		Comet Encke (officially designated 2P/Encke) is a periodic comet, named after Johann Franz Encke, who through laborious study of its orbit and many calculations was able to link multiple observations in 1786 (2P/1786 B1), 1795 (2P/1795 V1), 1805 (2P/1805 U1) and 1818 (2P/1818 W1) to the same object.
		Comet Encke is believed to be the originator of the Taurid meteor shower (Whipple, 1940; Klačka, 1999).
		Some consider the Bronze Age breakup of the originally larger comet to be responsible for ancient destruction in the Fertile Crescent, perhaps evidenced by a large meteor crater in Iraq.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/2P (242 words)

	ISO image of comet P/Encke
		Comets produce a lot of dust, and that dust is responsible for bright infrared emission.
		The "tail" of a comet is well-known from the appearance of the comet in visible light: it is due to very small dust particles and also emission from ices and vapors emitted by the comet.
		The "trail" of a comet is a different phenomenon: large particles (rocks and boulders) that fall off of a comet have orbits not too different from the comet itself.
	spider.ipac.caltech.edu /staff/reach/figures/encke.html (812 words)

	RedOrbit - Reference Library
		Comet Encke -- Because of its proximity to the Sun and its stable orbit, comet Encke is probably one of the most evolved comets that still remains active.
		Although a lack of a continuous spectrum indicates a very low density of micron-sized dust, the meteor showers associated with comet Encke as well as the dust trails detected in Encke's orbital path by the IRAS satellite suggest that larger dust particles are being emitted.
		Using observations of Encke's coma morphology, Z. Sekanina (1991) suggests that the nucleus of comet Encke currently has its spin axis nearly in its orbit plane and that an active area is present at both polar regions.
	www.redorbit.com /education/reference_library/?article_id=31 (479 words)

	Comet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A comet is a small body in the solar system that orbits the Sun and (at least occasionally) exhibits a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail — both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's nucleus, which itself is a minor body composed of rock, dust, and ices.
		Comets' orbits are constantly changing: their origins are in the outer solar system, and they have a propensity to be highly affected (or perturbed) by relatively close approaches to the major planets.
		Comets are now designated by the year of their discovery followed by a letter indicating the half-month of the discovery and a number indicating the order of discovery (a system similar to that already used for asteroids), so that the fourth comet discovered in the second half of February 2006 would be designated 2006 D4.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comet (4605 words)

	APOD: 2003 December 23 - Comet Encke Returns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Encke is on its 59 th documented return, making it one of the best-studied
		Comet Encke should have been discovered millennia earlier, since it likely became bright enough to see unaided many times over the past few thousand years.
		Comet Encke was imaged through a small telescope on November 29 from
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap031223.html (142 words)

	Imaging A Comet Nucleus
		The science team hopes it also might be possible to visit other kinds of comets, particularly primitive members of the so-called "dynamically young" family that are in long elliptical orbits and might be making one of their first close passes by the sun.
		The comet's coma is a vast but extremely thin atmosphere, approaching the size of the sun, consisting of gas and debris thrown off the nucleus as it orbits the sun.
		The peak of this shedding of material is reached as the comet approaches the sun, and all the spacecraft's flybys will occur when the target comet is near this point in its solar orbit.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/comet-01b.html (1003 words)

	CNN.com - Mystery dust postpones comet probe launch - June 28, 2002
		Designed to take the most detailed pictures ever of comet nuclei, the robot ship could shed light on the behavior and evolution of the primordial ice boulders, among the oldest objects in the solar system.
		The Comet Nucleus Tour (Contour) probe, which could pass within 62 miles (100 km) of two or more comets, was slated to lift off onboard a Delta rocket on Monday from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
		Encke, one of the most observed comets for centuries, has passed near the sun thousands of times and releases little gas and dust.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/TECH/space/06/28/comet.probe (596 words)

	Comet Missions
		Galileo is not specifically a comet mission, but it was able to make the only direct observations of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 as over 20 fragments of the comet plunged into Jupiter's nightside atmosphere over a six-day interval.
		Its primary goal is to collect comet dust and volatile samples during a planned close encounter with comet Wild 2.
		Ulysses is not specifically a comet mission, but it is used to make observations of comets, especially those within 2 A.U. of the Sun and 20 degrees of the spacecraft.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/comets/comet_missions.html (423 words)

	Comet Encke and Taurid Meteors
		In 1940 Whipple discovered that the Taurid meteors were fragments of Comet Encke, with period 3.3 years, perihelion 0.34 AU, and aphelion 4.1 AU, and that the differences in the orbits of the meteors and Comet Encke looked like the result of 14,000 years of perturbations by Jupiter.
		In 1950, Whipple and Hamid discovered that the orbits of four Taurid meteors coincided with the orbit of Comet Encke as of 4700 years ago, and that, as of 1500 years ago, the orbits of three other Taurid meteors coincided with each other but not with the orbit of Comet Encke.
		Clube says that fragments of Comet Encke make up the Taurid meteor stream, which peaks around 30 June in daylight hours but is visible in the night skies of November, and that the Earth passes through each dense part of this belt of debris every 3000 years.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/encke.html (880 words)

	Encke’s Comet
		Encke's Comet photographed by Jim Scotti on Jan 5, 1994, using the 0.91-meter Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak.
		A small, relatively inactive comet with the shortest period – just over three years – and the smallest aphelion of any known comet.
		Named after Johann Encke, who computed its orbit, it is the parent body of the Taurids meteor shower.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/Enckes_Comet.html (156 words)

	Comet Encke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As its official designation implies, Encke's Comet was the second periodic comet discovered after Halley's Comet (aka 1P/Halley).
		Some consider the Bronze Age breakup of an originally larger comet of which Comet Enke is a member to be responsible for ancient destruction in the Fertile Crescent, perhaps evidenced by a large meteor crater in Iraq.
		Comet Encke is believed to be the originator of several related meteor showers which are are encountered three times - the Taurids which are encountered as the Norther Taurids and Southern Taurids across November and the Beta Taurids in late June and early July[1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comet_Encke (250 words)

	2P/Encke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Periodic comet Encke has been observed through the most perihelion passages of any comet seen by humans.
		This is partly due to the comets record short orbital period, but also due to is relatively high activity level (especially during its first observed apparitions in the 18th and early 19th centuries) and its small perihelion distance.
		During its 1994 return to perihelion, I was able to obtain images of the comet during each of 4 lunations before perihelion (which occured on February 9, 1994) which show the rapid developement of the comets coma.
	pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu /~jscotti/comets.dir/2P.html (272 words)

	Spacewatch Comet Pictures
		This comet was discovered by Joe Montani at Spacewatch on 1998 June 30 This is a series of images showing the motion of the comet over a period of 16 minutes.
		This is the 3rd image of a new 17th magnitude comet discovered on the night of 1996 January 14 by Robert and Vicky Jedicke with the Spacewatch Telescope.
		The comet is the diffuse object of total magnitude 19.0 on the lower right above a star and a faint galaxy, with a faint tail extending to the upper left (towards the two brighter galaxies).
	spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu /comet.html (1263 words)

	2P/Encke
		Encke would ultimately be the first person to recognize that comets discovered in 1786, 1795, 1805, and 1818 were the same comet.
		The comet is nearly stellar, with only a faint trace of coma and a hint of tail extending towards the upper right.
		The coloring does not represent the comet's true color, but was used to enhance some of the faint features.
	cometography.com /pcomets/002p.html (1736 words)

	COMET ENCKE AND THE TAURID STREAM (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Velikovsky saw "Comet Venus." As a researcher he fell victim to what is called the"bibbu boo-boo." There is considerable reason to suspect that the majority of our planet's namesakes were comets--probably of the Encke family.
		Comets are small lumps of rock and ice which orbit the Sun.
		This is just due to the fact that the comet and the Earth are moving and that part of the tail has been `left behind' in such a place as to appear to point towards the Sun.
	www.greatdreams.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encke.htm (3103 words)

	ScienceDaily: Instruments Aboard CONTOUR Spacecraft Will Provide First Surface "Fingerprint" Of Comet Nucleus
		Comet Dust Brought Back To Earth: Paving The Way For Rosetta (January 14, 2006) -- Scientists around the world eagerly await the arrival of sample particles from Comet Wild 2, which are being brought back to Earth by the US Stardust spacecraft on 15 January this...
		Comet Hale-Bopp -- Comet Hale-Bopp was probably the most widely observed comet of the 20th century, and one of the brightest seen for many decades.
		Comet -- A comet is a small body in the solar system that orbits the Sun and (at least occasionally) exhibits a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail - both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/06/010614063503.htm (2150 words)

	C&MS: "1908a"
		He did suggest that the object found by Wolf could be a fragment of comet Encke "and that, by the process of division, one of the parts had been turned into an orbit sensibly different from the original."
		Ebell took positions from January 2, 13, and 19, and calculated a parabolic orbit that bore no resemblance to the orbit of comet Encke and had a rather large perihelion distance.
		The solution to the problem of whether or not Wolf's object was associated with comet Encke was finally resolved in the 1919 June 6 issue of the Astronomische Nachrichten.
	cometography.com /unconfirmed/1908a.html (471 words)

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