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	Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) was a cancelled plan for a NASA led exploratory mission designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, that planned to send a spacecraft to encounter an asteroid, and then to rendezvous with a comet and fly alongside it for nearly three years.
		CRAF and Cassini missions were a collaborative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the federal space agencies of Germany and Italy, as well as the United States Air Force and the United States Department of Energy.
		The comet rendezvous would allow study of matter that scientists think is the original, relatively unchanged material left behind when a cloud of dust and gas collapsed to form the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/CRAF (1422 words)

	[17.0] The Exploration Of The Comets (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Comets were believed to be apparitions in the Earth's atmosphere until 1577, when the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe performed precise parallax measurements of the position of a comet that showed it was at least four times as far away as the Moon.
		It performed its flyby of Comet Halley on 13 March 1986, at a distance of 0.89 AU from the Sun and 0.98 AU from the Earth, with the closest approach to the comet nucleus measured at 596 kilometers.
		CRAF proved too ambitious and expensive and was cancelled, but the arrival of the new millennium brought along with it an energetic second wave of comet exploration activities.
	www.vectorsite.net.cob-web.org:8888 /taxpl_17.html (8231 words)

	release 1986 1109 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The mission is designed to send an unmanned spacecraft to rendezvous with comet, fly in formation with it for three years and fire an instrumented penetrator into the comet's nucleus.
		CRAF is to be launched in late 1992, flyby the asteroid Malautra in mid-1993, and after an Earth gravity assist maneuver, reach the orbit of comet Tempel-2.
		It is to fly in formation with the comet for three years, first observing its quiet phase far from the sun, and then its coma, and dust and plasma tails as it nears the sun and become active.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/80s/release_1986_1109.html (308 words)

	Space Studies Board
		This mode is essential for studying the sequence of events that occurs as a comet approaches and recedes from the sun.
		CRAF will be able to compare and contrast these irregular satellites with the three asteroid targets.
		Although reduction of power from the radioisotope thermoelectric generators is a concern, the rendezvous nature of this mission, with the spacecraft in prolonged close proximity to the comet, relaxes some of the constraints on power usage and makes power usage less a concern for CRAF than for a more rapid flyby mission.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /ssb/crafcassini392.html (3990 words)

	Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		It was to launch a heavily instrumented penetrator/lander into the comet's nucleus to measure temperatures and chemical composition.
		The second mission, called Saturn Orbiter Tiran Probe or SOTP (later Cassini-Huygens), was a Saturn orbiter with a probe designed to plunge into the atmosphere of the ringed planet's largest satellite, Titan.
		You can find it there under the keyword CRAF (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAF)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRAFandaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/CRAF (1457 words)

	Publications: Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Even after perihelion on February 9, 1986, Comet Halley was a relatively unimpressive sight to the naked eye, primarily because the comet did not pass as close to Earth as it had in earlier appearances.
		But to astronomers, the comet was indeed a spectacle worth studying, And, in March 1986, the Soviet Vega and European Giotto probes sped past Halley within a few thousand kilometers and sent back the first close-up pictures of its icy nucleus.
		Spacecraft missions to other comets had been in the works including a Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby that was to have been part of a larger mission to the planet Saturn.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /cfa/ep/comet/comet4.html (399 words)

	Sitetutor Network Forums - Lost in Space
		Comet research in the United States is facing an uncertain future after mission managers all but gave up hope of salvaging the CONTOUR (Comet Nucleus Tour) spacecraft.
		It was supposed to have visited two comets in four years, beginning with Comet Encke in 2003, to take close-up photographs of their icy nuclei (see Nature 417, 889; 2002).
		The United States was the only major spacefaring nation not to send a craft to Halley's Comet in 1986, and several NASA comet projects have been cancelled since, including the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby a decade ago, and a US lander for Europe's Rosetta mission, which is expected to rendezvous with a comet in 2011.
	www.sitetutor.net /printthread.php?t=1094 (517 words)

	Space Studies Board
		We have endorsed the effort to develop SEMPA and to demonstrate its viability in the spacecraft and cometary environments during accommodation study, and are encouraged to learn that an engineering/research prototype of the flight instrument has been constructed and is operating successfully in the laboratory.
		The identified asteroid encounter for the prime mission, with Eunomia—the largest S-type object in the belt, with unusual metal-rich and metal-poor surface exposures according to Earth-based observation—appears admirably suited for asteroid reconnaissance studies.
		We are pleased to note that the prime Cassini mission plan includes encounter prior to Earth flyby with 66 Maja, a 39-km C-type asteroid, in keeping with the policy of the planetary exploration program to construct flight profiles of outer solar system mission that enable close flybys of asteroids for reconnaissance measurements.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /ssb/crafcassini88.html (2405 words)

	COMET RENDEZVOUS ASTEROID FLYBY Mission Characterization - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission was to be launched in 1995 but due to budget constraints and the current economic situation the project was just recently scrapped.
		The main target of the CRAF mission is Comet Kopff.
		On its way to the comet, an asteroid flyby of Hamburga will be executed.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/characterizations/craf.html (130 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		CRAF was scheduled to conduct a close flyby of a mainbelt asteroid, fly in formation with a short-period comet to study it during both active and quiescent phases, and deploy a penetrator/lander into the nucleus of the comet to determine subsurface properties and composition.
		The CRAF mission uses the first of a new series of RTG-powered three-axis stabilized planetary spacecraft, the Mariner Mark II, designed for missions beyond the orbit of Mars.
		In August 2000 it is expected to rendezvous with Comet Kopff and fly in formation with it for at least three years, during which the comet is expected to pass through perihelion and achieve its highest levels of activity.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=CRAF (181 words)

	Comet Space Missions
		It is to investigate Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, after passing Earth in March 2005, fly by Mars in March 2007, followed by two further Earth gravity assist flybys in November 2007 and November 2009, and one or more asteroids during interplanetary cruise.
		New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby (Nasa): To be launched on January 9, 2006 by Atlas V 551 with Star 48B third stage, this spacecraft is to pass by Jupiter for gravity assist in February 2007, on the occasion of which the Jupiter system should be studied.
		CRAF (Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby), was to be launched 1995 and fly by comet Kopff in August 2000, after having passed by asteroid Hamburga in June 1998.
	www.seds.org /~spider/spider/Comets/c_missions.html (850 words)

	COMET RENDEZVOUS ASTEROID FLYBY Mission Characterization - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The mission objectives, major constraints, sequence of events, trajectory and delta-V requirements, and mission design strength and weaknesses of the CRAF mission will be summarized.
		The recent version (published in June 1991) has planned launch date at February 1996 with Temple 2 as the rendezvous comet and Mandeville as the flyby asteroid.
		This version has Temple 2 as the rendezvous comet and 46 Hestia as the flyby asteroid.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/characterizations/craf2.html (123 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The CRAF mission included deploying a penetrator/lander into the nucleus of the comet, flying past the asteroid Hamburga in June 1998, and other activities.
		After I received the reply, I learned that the CRAF plans were put together with the Cassini mission to make one mission.
		The Cassini mission survived and was launched in 1997, but the CRAF mission was indeed cancelled and that spacecraft was not built.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /saturn/qa/new/CRAF_and_Cassini_missions.txt (301 words)

	Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In a previous question in one of the other sections, a reader asked much the same question, and I replied that there was a Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission that was scheduled for the end of the 1990's, but which was canceled by Congress in the mid-1990's.
		Since then, a new smaller mission called NEAR, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous It intercepted asteroid 433 Eros in 1999 and went into orbit around it to study it with a battery of imagers and other instruments.
		The Department of Defence, by the way, was also planning to send a small spacecraft called 'Clementine 2' to flyby an asteriod and shoot at it to see if its path could be diverted even by an inch, but the US Senate killed the mission in June, 1996.
	www.tas.idv.tw /faq/q528.html (205 words)

	Cassini-Huygens (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Cassini was being developed together with the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (''CRAF'') spacecraft, but various budget cuts and rescopings of the project forced NASA to terminate CRAF development in order to save Cassini.
		A major finding of the Jupiter flyby, announcedhttp://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov.cob-web.org:8888/news/press-releases-03/20030306-pr-a.cfm on March 6, 2003, was of the nature of Jupiter's atmospheric circulation.
		During the first two close flybys of the moon Enceladus in 2005, Cassini discovered a "deflection" in the local magnetic field that is characteristic for the existence of a thin but significant atmosphere.
	cassini-huygens.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (3964 words)

	Deep Impact: Frequently Asked Questions about the Mission (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Mission teams from a variety of other missions have studied the concept, including the team of the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission that was subsequently cancelled by NASA in the mid 1990's and the team of the Giotto mission (which was flown by ESA to comet Halley).
		When the impactor hits the comet, it forms the crater simply from the transfer of kinetic energy.
		Same thing with Deep Impact's impactor and the comet, they are both traveling very fast (faster than cars, faster than bullets) so the crunch they make is enough to carve out a good-sized crater on the comet without using explosives.
	deepimpact.jpl.nasa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /faq.html (1800 words)

	What's New by Bob Park - Friday, April 3, 1992
		Ironically, after years of planning, NASA chose this year to kill the Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby mission.
		CRAF was sacrificed to fund Space Station Freedom.
		A 1994 visit to Geographos will be piggybacked on a Lunar mapping mission, the objective of which is to provide long-duration tests of lightweight sensor technology planned for brilliant pebbles.
	bobpark.physics.umd.edu /WN92/wn040392.html (487 words)

	CRAF - definition of CRAF - Labor Law Talk Dictionary (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		CRAF - definition of CRAF - Labor Law Talk Dictionary (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu)
		"On the Scientific Viability of a Restructured CRAF Science Payload" (http://www7.nationalacademies.org.cob-web.org:8888/ssb/crafcassini90.html) by the National Academy of Sciences, 1990
		CRAF: Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby mission, cancelled.
	science.laborlawtalk.com.cob-web.org:8888 /CRAF (1416 words)

	Find in a Library: CRAF : the comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission.
		Find in a Library: CRAF : the comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission.
		CRAF : the comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/34331d000a7a7c8ba19afeb4da09e526.html (76 words)

	America on the lookout for plutonium - 09 February 1991 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Heat from the decaying plutonium will generate electricity aboard the Cassini mission to Saturn and the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission.
		According to Steve Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists, the two missions will exhaust the DOE's stocks, and the navy may also need 20 kilograms of plutonium as a power source for a secret satellite of its own.
		The shortage could be eased, said Aftergood, if the CRAF mission was fitted with solar panels instead of nuclear generators.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12917552.700.html (259 words)

	GOLDIN SUBJECTS CASSINI TO COST, RISK REDUCTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Cordova said it is too late to revamp Cassini into the smaller, cheaper mission approach preferred by Goldin.
		By the end of 1994, NASA will have invested roughly $900 million in Cassini and its now-canceled sister mission, the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby.
		The White House requested $255 million for Cassini development in 1995 and another $93 million toward developing the Titan 4 launcher for the mission.
	dev.space.com /spacenews/archive94/sn93-94.fff290.html (646 words)

	NODEv5n3-4 Mission Spotlight
		The launch will begin what promises to be one of the most exciting and scientifically productive missions of the 21st century.
		The cassini mission to aggressively explore the Saturn system was approved by Congress back in 1990 along with the Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby mission (CRAF).
		Both spacecraft were to utilize the Mariner Mark II spacecraft design for missions to the otuer solar system.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /nodes/NODEv5n3-4.html (1046 words)

	A distant voyage
		In the United States, the Cassini mission was originally associated with the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) study project.
		NASA suggested that ESA contribute to the Cassini mission by supplying the probe to enter Titan’s atmosphere.
		Before going into orbit around Saturn in 2004, the Cassini-Huygens probe performed 2 flybys of Venus in 1998 and 1999, and Earth in 1999 to gain the boost needed to take it to the outer reaches of the solar system.
	www.cnes.fr /html/print-_455_461_1389_1390_.php (390 words)

	MPF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Therefore, in the 1980s, NASA had planned a new strategy: there would be two types of planetary missions, the Planetary Observers and the Mariner Mark II missions.
		The former, of which Mars Observer would be the first, were to be based on Earth satellites and travel to the near planets, the Moon, and the asteroids.
		The first two Mariner Mark II missions would be Cassini (the Saturn orbiter) and CRAF (Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby.)
	meridiani2.usc.edu /probe/mpf.html (689 words)

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