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Topic: Comet Shoemaker Levy 9

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was discovered in a photograph taken on the night of March 24, 1993 with the 0.4-metre Schmidt telescope at the Mount Palomar Observatory in California, and was the ninth comet discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy.
		The comet was also unusual because it was in fragments (ranging in size up to 2 kilometres in diameter), due to a close encounter with Jupiter in July 1992 when it approached closer to the planet than its Roche limit and was pulled apart by tidal forces.
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) was discovered on the night of March 23, 1993 by the Shoemakers and Levy, who were conducting a program of observations designed to uncover near-Earth objects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9 (2918 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was discovered in a photograph taken on the night of March 24, 1993 with the 0.4-metre Schmidt telescope at the Mount Palomar Observatory in California, and was the ninth comet discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy.
		The comet was also unusual because it was in fragments (ranging in size up to 2 kilometres in diameter), due to a close encounter with Jupiter in July 1992 when it approached closer to the planet than its Roche limit and was pulled apart by tidal forces.
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) was discovered on the night of March 23 1994 by the Shoemakers and Levy, who were conducting a program of observations designed to uncover near-Earth objects.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Shoemaker-Levy_9 (2984 words)

	Comet Introduction
		Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases.
		Comet structures are diverse and very dynamic, but they all develop a surrounding cloud of diffuse material, called a coma, that usually grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun.
		When a comet approaches within a few AU of the Sun, the surface of the nucleus begins to warm, and volatiles evaporate.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/comet.htm (1447 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the ninth short-periodic comet discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy.
		By December 9 1993, the probability of impact for all the large fragments of Shoemaker-Levy 9 was calculated to be greater than 99.99%.
		In this series of depictions, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacting Jupiter is shown from three different perspectives: at left, from the viewpoint of Earth; center, from the Voyager 2 spacecraft in the outer reaches of the solar system; and, at right, from Jupiter's south pole.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/levy.htm (820 words)

	Comet LINEAR Continues to Disintegrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Kidger was the first to notice comet LINEAR disintegrating as he monitored a cloud of gas (called the "coma") surrounding the comet's core using the 1-meter Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope.
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was larger than comet LINEAR, and it broke apart as the result of tidal stresses it experienced when it passed less than 100 thousand kilometers from Jupiter (within 1.4 Jupiter radii from the planet's center).
		The nucleus of a comet is an irregular ball of ice and dust typically 1 to 10 km in diameter.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast31jul_1m.htm (1737 words)

	Comet Halley
		He determined that the comets seen in 1531 and 1607 were the same object that followed a 76-year orbit.
		Comet Giacobini-Zinner was studied in 1985, Comet Halley in 1986, and CometGrigg-Skjellerup on July 10th, 1992.
		At this period, the orientation of the comet is such that the tail is foreshortened, with the prolonged radius vector pointing west of north.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/halley.htm (670 words)

	Discovery of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
		When the Shoemakers think they have found a possible comet, they phone their partner so that he can also make an observation to be sure.
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered on the morning of March xx, 1993, and seemed to be a large, very strange, "squished" object.
		The Shoemakers traced the orbits backwards in time and realized that it had passed very close by Jupiter and could have been torn apart by Jupiter's gravity.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/comets/SL9_discovery.html (220 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the ninth comet discovered by Gene Shoemaker, his wife Carolyn, and partner David Levy, in 1993.
		The comet had first broken apart in space in 1992, after a close passage near the planet Jupiter, and then plunged directly into Jupiter on its very next pass by the giant planet in 1994.
		The crash of the comet into the planet, a once in a millenium event, has helped scientists learn a great deal more about comets, Jupiter, orbits, and the origins of the solar system itself.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/comets/SL9.html&edu=high (183 words)

	SL9
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy in 1993.
		In 1992, SL 9 passed by Jupiter within the Roche limit.
		There are linear chains of craters on Ganymede and Callisto that are believed to have been formed by the impacts of bodies similar to SL 9.
	www.nineplanets.org /sl9.html (326 words)

	Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ - Pre-Impact
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) was the ninth short-period comet discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David H. Levy and was first identified on photographs taken on the night of 24 March 1993.
		Only two comets have ever been known to orbit a planet (Jupiter in both cases), and this was inferred in both cases by extrapolating their motion backwards to a time before they were discovered.
		Images of the comet taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 indicate that the fragments are 3-4 km in diameter (3-4 km is an upper limit based on their brightness; the fragments have visual magnitudes of around 23).
	www.physics.sfasu.edu /astro/sl9/cometfaq.html (6268 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impacts Jupiter
		The comet was discovered on March 24, 1993 by C.S. and E.M. Shoemaker and D. Levy [1993] and reported to have a squashed appearance.
		In addition to deriving the mass and internal state of the comet, this event was significant for the opportunity to observe one of the primary processes modifying bodies in the solar system, collisions.
		One of the major motivations of study of the asteroids and comets responsible for craters is to understand the impact process and assess the hazard to the planets, including Earth.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/mcfadd01/node2.html (707 words)

	Going Comet Wild
		Comets are made up of the same stuff as the early Solar Nebula that collapsed to form the sun and planets.
		Recent comets like Hale-Bopp have been viewed by hundreds of millions of people, and Halley's comet has had a real impact on history, as in 1066 when it was so bright that it terrified millions of Europeans and was widely credited with the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings.
		Unlike its famous cousins, comet Wild-2 is a relatively dim, new arrival to the inner solar system.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast04feb99_1.htm (1125 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-levy 9 - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter (Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series)
		Prophecy and the comet: Biblical impact of shoemaker-Levy 9
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 an active comet (SuDoc NAS 1.26:207773)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /comet_shoemaker-levy_9.htm (103 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope Image of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This comet was split by Jovian tides in July 1992, and is the first such occurrence observed by mankind.
		Naturally, more examples of tidally split comets would be of great help in understanding how comets break up and what their properties are.
		Fortunately, examples of similarly split comets are found in the cratering record of the large Jovian satellites Ganymede and Callisto.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /sl9/image332.html (114 words)

	Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The comet, later named Shoemaker-Levy 9, probably once orbited the sun independently, but had been pulled by Jupiter's gravity into an orbit around the planet.
		When the comet was discovered, it had broken into 21 pieces.
		If a similar comet ever collided with Earth, it might produce a haze that would cool the atmosphere and darken the planet by absorbing sunlight.
	www.worldbook.com /wc/features/jupiter/html/impact.htm (431 words)

	Press Release ING 2/2000, THE JACOBUS KAPTEYN TELESCOPE OBSERVES THE DEATH OF COMET LINEAR
		Comet LINEAR is a "new" comet which means that it is making its very first passage through the inner solar system.
		The surfaces of new comets are believed to be covered almost completely by a very thin, fragile layer of highly volatile ices such as carbon dioxide intermixed with dust.
		New comets though, are notoriously difficult to predict as far as their light curve behaviour is concerned, particularly many months in advance.
	www.ing.iac.es /PR/press/ing200.html (692 words)

	BBC News \| Sci/Tech \| Moon burial for geologist
		US geologist Gene Shoemaker, killed in a 1997 car crash in Australia, is soon to become the first person to be buried on another planet.
		Shortly before Professor Shoemaker died he said, "Not going to the Moon and banging on it with my own hammer has been the biggest disappointment in life." In death he will get his wish.
		Shoemaker's work meant the scientific return from Apollo was extraordinary.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_405000/405944.stm (457 words)

	Comet Jupiter Collision FAQ (impact times)
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 is actually orbiting Jupiter, which is most unusual: comets usually just orbit the Sun.
		The comet is thought to have broken apart due to tidal forces on its closest approach to Jupiter (perijove) on July 7, 1992.
		However, images of the comet taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 indicate that the fragments are 3-4 km in diameter (3-4 km is an upper limit based on their brightness).
	info.cv.nrao.edu /staff/pmurphy/jove-comet-wham-2.html (4305 words)

	Predicting an asteroid strike
		The comet and 300 to 500 cubic kilometers of ocean water would be vaporized nearly instantaneously by the tremendous energy of the impact.
		In the absence of real-world nuclear testing, DOE and the weapons labs are developing continually more powerful supercomputers and computer codes to simulate the complex 3-D physics involved in nuclear-weapon performance and to accurately predict the degradation of nuclear weapon components as they age in the stockpile.
		In the movie preview, the comet strikes at an angle and raises a symmetrical steam cloud, she says, which probably wouldn't happen.
	www.sandia.gov /media/comethit.htm (1119 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On 1994 July 16-22, over twenty fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with the planet Jupiter.
		The comet, discovered the previous year by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and David Levy, was observed by astronomers at hundreds of observatories around the world as it crashed into Jupiter's southern hemisphere.
		Comet and and Jupiter images, and computer simulations, from before the impacts
	www.seds.org /sl9/sl9.html (113 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Levy's account is a definitive memoir of the unfolding of the S-L9 episode, potentially engrossing for anyone at all interested in astronomy.
		David Levy's book is a personal odyssey of how he and the Shoemaker's (Carolyn and Gene, the latter deceased as of 1998) happened to discover the impact of SL-9 in 1995.
		It was the first of 3 consecutive comet shows during the 1990's, with Comet Hyukatuke in 1996 and Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997 helping to revitalize astronomy and comet interest after the disappointing return of much-expected Halley's Comet in 1986.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0738208809 (747 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Images Reveal Wild 2 Is Unique Kind of Comet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The existence of the craters, as well as the discovery of steep cliffs and pinnacles on the comet's landscape, imply that Wild 2 is a cohesive structure as opposed to a loosely connected rubble pile.
		The fact that Jupiter's gravitational field pulled apart Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1993 supported the theory that comets are an assemblage of debris weakly held together by gravity.
		But the new results instead suggest that a comet's structure evolves from a solid boulder to a tenuous collection of rocks as it gradually wanders in from the outskirts of the solar system toward the sun.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000B5216-12C5-10D2-92C583414B7F0000 (402 words)

	3D Comet Impact Simulations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The impacting comet immediately produces a strong luminescent bow shock in the atmosphere as it proceeds downwards.
		The comet and large quantities of ocean water are vaporized by the tremendous energy of the impact (300 Gigatons TNT equivalent) and ejected onto suborbital ballistic trajectories that reenter worldwide.
		Comet and water vapor are ejected onto globe-straddling ballistic trajectories.
	sherpa.sandia.gov /planet-impact/comet (567 words)

	CNN - Transcript: David Levy chat - May 15, 1998
		Beginning with ground zero as comets take form, he tracks the paths their icy, rocky masses take around our universe and investigates the enormous potential that future comets have to directly affect the way we live on this planet and what we might find as we travel to others.
		David Levy: I have never taken a course in astronomy, and started as a youngster by reading all I could and by observing the sky on many, many nights, either with unaided eye or with a small telescope.
		A comet tail points away from the Sun because the pressure of sunlight and other radiation drives the tiny atoms of gas, and the particules of dust, away from the Sun.
	www.cnn.com /books/dialogue/9805/levy.chat/index.html (2449 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The encounter of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (S-L9) with Jupiter in July 1994 furnished the first modern scientific observations of a spectacular planetary collision.
		Astronomer Levy (The Quest for Comets), codiscoverer of S-L9, gives a blow-by-blow description of the discovery of the comet, its orbit and fragmentation, observations of its impacts and current understanding of the data.
		Millions of people watched the glorious demise of Shoemaker-Levy 9 both on television and on the Internet, and Levy's delight in the technology that made this media hype possible, and in his own moments in the spotlight, is palpable in his fast-paced, informatively descriptive account.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0306450887?v=glance (965 words)

	Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first of 21 comet fragments hit Jupiter on July 16, 1994 and the last on July 22, 1994.
		The impact of the center of the comet train occurred at a Jupiter latitude of about -44 degrees at a point about 67 degrees east (toward the sunrise terminator) from the midnight meridian.
		These impact point estimates from Chodas and Yeomans were only 5 to 9 degrees behind the limb of Jupiter as seen from Earth.
	members.cox.net /astro7/sl9.html (197 words)

	APOD: 2000 November 5 - Jupiter Swallows Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 struck Jupiter in 1994, each piece was swallowed into the vast Jovian atmosphere.
		As the comet plunged in, it created large dark marks that gradually faded.
		The high temperature of gas under Jupiter's cloud tops surely caused the comet fragment to melt before it plunged very far.
	apod.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap001105.html (125 words)

	A Precollision Model of Gas Release from Comet P/Shoemaker--Levy 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The objective of this study is to characterize the gas release rates of the major volatile ices of comet P/Shoemaker--Levy 9 after breakup and prior to impact using a computer model of the surface layers of a cometary nucleus.
		The comet is followed along its orbit and is allowed to rotate.
		The results of several comet simulations are presented to compare and contrast the effects model parameters, such as, dust-to-ice mass fraction, rotation state, mixing ratio of volatiles, on the dusty gas environment surrounding the fragments of comet P/Shoemaker--Levy 9.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v27n4/aas187/S042012.html (186 words)

	Planetary Society Marks 10th Anniversary of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9's Plummet into Jupiter with Funding for New NEO ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Planetary Society is marking that catastrophic anniversary with a call to asteroid researchers to submit new proposals for the Society's Gene Shoemaker Near Earth Object Grants, named in honor of Gene Shoemaker, who, with his wife Carolyn and David Levy, discovered the infamous comet.
		Shoemaker was a leader in the study of impact structures and an advocate for NEO discovery and tracking programs.
		Shoemaker NEO grant money has been used for everything from upgrading equipment to purchasing CCD cameras to paying the salaries of graduate students involved in observing programs.
	www.planetary.org /news/2004/shoemaker-grants0714.html (751 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Great Comet Crash : The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Shoemakers and the eight other astronomers featured in this large-format, generously illustrated volume chronicle the discovery of the comet; the careful tracking of its relentless, kamikaze trajectory toward Jupiter; the crash of each fragment of this so-called String of Pearls comet; and the effect these tremendous collisions had on the giant red planet.
		The crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was an unprecedented event, both in terms of the uniqueness of the comet itself and in our ability to transmit images of its swan song to millions of TV viewers and computer users.
		The collision of Comet Shoemaker and Jupiter is given technical examination in a title which includes many photos of the event and step-by-step descriptions and analyses.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521482747?v=glance (558 words)

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