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	Comfort Women used as sex slaves during World War II
		However, in terms of the numbers of women raped, there was at least one other wartime event which involved more women: the rape of German, Polish and even Russian women by Russian soldiers during the final months of World War II in Europe.
		Approximately 80 to 90% of the "comfort women" came from Korea which was occupied by the Japanese military at the time.
		As of 2002, most of the comfort women are now in their 70's or early 80's.
	www.religioustolerance.org /sla_japa.htm (2841 words)

	Comfort women - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estimates of the number of comfort women during the war range from 80,000 to 200,000, with testimony by surviving comfort women suggesting a number at the higher end of the scale.
		Many women reported having their uteruses rot from the diseases acquired from being raped by thousands of men over several years, at times requiring surgical removal.
		The popular conception of "comfort women" outside Japan is that all comfort women were kidnapped by Japanese soldiers to serve as sex slaves under direct order from the Japanese government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comfort_women (2230 words)

	Pacific University's Portal on Korea - Gender Roles - Comfort Women
		Also, comfort women were placed in the same places soldiers were, meaning that many of them stayed in areas in which they faced the same dangers, such as bombing, machine-gun strifing, and the like (Hicks 19).
		Comfort women were given minimal amounts of food, usually just rice and vegetables, and they had no extra clothing, soap, or other essential supplies to speak of (Hwang in Schellstede 5).
		The women were often disgusted with themselves and their situation not only because of the constant rape and abuse, but also because of the taboo Confucianism places on the value of chastity.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/students/korea/gender-comfort.html (2535 words)

	The Comfort Women Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Comfort women are the young females of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who were forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army before and during the Second World War.
		Some observers predicted the Japanese admission of the use of coercion in the recruitment of the comfort women to be the beginning of the end of the comfort women as a live issue.
		In fact, it is ironic that the focus of the public debate in Japan during the spring and summer of 1997 was precisely on the issue of the coerced recruitment of comfort women.
	online.sfsu.edu /~soh/comfortwomen.html (3438 words)

	Intersections Review: Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation
		Furthermore, while the 'comfort' women were regularly examined for venereal disease, it was quite difficult for both military authorities and the women alike to persuade soldiers to use the prophylactics and disinfectants that they were provided with to avoid infection.
		An important part of the ‘comfort’ women discourse, Tanaka argues, is the effort that has been made over decades by successive Japanese governments to suppress the stories of the ‘comfort’ women, an effort which has been supported in the post-war period by the silence of the Allied nations.
		The Allied nations' endeavours to combat the spread of venereal disease, their support of the enticement of impoverished women into prostitution and the supervision of brothels for military use during the war and the Occupation, while morally reprehensible, cannot be accorded the same level of criminality as the 'comfort' women system.
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue9/morris_review.html (3349 words)

	Silence Broken:Korea Comfort Women, reviewed by Howard
		The euphemism 'comfort women', taken from the Japanese jugun ianfu, might better be rendered as 'military sex slaves', as the title of the Korean umbrella organisation that has sought to publicise the issue through the 1990s indicates: the Korean Council for Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.
		Hence, between the testimonies of surviving 'comfort women' whom she has interviewed, we have accounts of her struggling with police in China to be allowed to interview two surviving women, several chapters of history, comments relating her reactions and emotions as she is told about what happened to her informants, and five poems.
		The focus on the lives of the women before and after their wartime experiences-a focus largely missing from other published accounts-is illuminating, both to show the reader that these were, indeed, ordinary girls at the outset of their ordeal, and to demonstrate the nightmare faced everyday since 1945 by those who survived.
	koreaweb.ws /ks/ksr/ksr00-07.htm (2067 words)

	Yoshiko Nozaki: The "Comfort Women" Controversy: History and Testimony - ...
		The life of comfort women was this--during the day doing laundry of soldiers’ clothes, cleaning the barracks, and some heavy labor such as carrying ammunition, and at night being the plaything for the soldiers.
		It was only after the successes of South Korean democratic and feminist movements in the late 1980s, freeing former comfort women to speak of their experiences for the first time, that the issue became international, forcing the Japanese government to recognize the comfort women as a significant part of Japan’s unresolved war issues.
		The testimony of the comfort women, where it can be verified and reinforced, is among the most compelling and important kinds of evidence available for documenting the women’s experience and the interplay between official policies and the peoples of colonized and occupied territories under wartime conditions.
	www.japanfocus.org /products/details/2063 (6874 words)

	Justice for Comfort Women - Military Sexual Slavery by Japan
		The Japanese government should issue an official apology and provide appropriate reparations for the victims as soon as possible because the "comfort women" case is an atrocious crime against humanity.
		Before and during World War II, estimated 100,000 to 200,000 women were tricked or forced to serve as sexual slaves for months or years by the Japanese military.
		The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (the Korean Council), formed with 37 women's groups in Korea in 1990, sent the Japanese government an open letter demanding the justice for the Japanese Military Slavery.
	www.janelleparklee.com /korean-womanhood.html (305 words)

	Comfort Women
		The number of women that were used as "comfort women" is not known with any precision, although the numbers generally cited are from 100,000 to around 250,000 women military brothels and forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers, some of these women as young as ten years old.
		Ultimately women were taken from Korea, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan and Malaya for the "comfort stations." In Manila alone, in 1943, there were 17 comfort stations for the regular soldiers with 1,064 "comfort women," and four more stations for the officers with an additional 120 women.
		The average age of the women in the stations was less than 18 years old, and their age ranged down to 10 years of age.
	www.bookmice.net /darkchilde/japan/comfort.html (1320 words)

	V-Day: Global Campaign for Justice to ‘Comfort Women’ — East and Southeast Asia
		The euphemism ‘comfort women’ was coined by imperial Japan to refer to young females of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who were forced to offer sexual services to the Japanese troops during the Asia/Pacific Wars between 1932 and 1945.
		With performances and events on behalf of the ‘comfort women,’ V-Day unites activism with performance art to open dialogue, draw international attention and support, and reverse efforts by Japanese nationalists to erase from history one of the most horrendous war crimes against women in the 20th century.
		In 1992, the Taipei Women's Rescue Foundation was selected to serve as the government’s focal point to address concerns for former “comfort women” of Taiwan.
	www.vday.org /contents/vday/vcampaigns/amea/comfortwomen (1726 words)

	V-Day: 2006 'comfort women'
		These performances will feature the voices of 'comfort women' in a monologue written by Playwright/V-Day Founder Eve Ensler, uniting activism with performance art to open dialogue, draw international attention and support, and reverse efforts by nationalists in Japan to erase from history one of the most horrendous war crimes against women in the 20th century.
		If anyone is interested in also finding out more information about hosting a visit of Comfort Women in the Spring semester, we are awaiting confirmation from the Korean council on permission for their travel, but you can contact Shael Norris to add your name to the list in the meantime.
		The euphemism 'comfort women' was coined by imperial Japan to refer to young females of various ethnic and national backgrounds who were forced to offer sexual services to the Japanese troops during the Asia/Pacific Wars between 1932 and 1945.
	www.vday.org /contents/vcampaigns/spotlight/comfortwomen (769 words)

	AsianWeek: A&E: Telling Their Stories of Terror
		Korean comfort women sang Life in Foreign Land while they were in the captivity of the Japanese army to comfort themselves.
		The argument was that a system of readily available women supplied by the government would decrease the spread of venereal disease and the loss of soldiers as a result of these diseases.
		The voices of the survivors are superimposed upon dramatic reenactments of the abuse committed toward comfort women.
	www.asianweek.com /2000_05_11/ae_comfortwomenfilm.html (1229 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| The 'Comfort Women' Controversy: History and Testimony
		The life of comfort women was this--during the day doing laundry of soldiers' clothes, cleaning the barracks, and some heavy labor such as carrying ammunition, and at night being the plaything for the soldiers.
		It was only after the successes of South Korean democratic and feminist movements in the late 1980s, freeing former comfort women to speak of their experiences for the first time, that the issue became international, forcing the Japanese government to recognize the comfort women as a significant part of Japan's unresolved war issues.
		The testimony of the comfort women, where it can be verified and reinforced, is among the most compelling and important kinds of evidence available for documenting the women's experience and the interplay between official policies and the peoples of colonized and occupied territories under wartime conditions.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=17&ItemID=8414 (6812 words)

	'Comfort Women' Await Apology from Japan
		She is one of the former "comfort women," the euphemism commonly used here to describe sex slaves.
		International support for the comfort women, according to activists, has been heightened by the growing concern and negative publicity about sex trafficking in Asia, which pulls tens of thousands of impoverished young girls in developing countries into prostitution.
		Women's eNews is a nonprofit independent news service covering issues of concern to women and their allies.
	www.womensenews.org /article.cfm/dyn/aid/1851/context/archive (1107 words)

	Report on Taiwanese Comfort Women (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most of these women were not told that they were to be comfort women when they were drafted.
		Some of the women's companions also died on the sea on the way home after they had done their work as comfort women.
		Most of the comfort women were angry at the Japanese and brokers when they were forced to take the job.
	vikingphoenix.com /public/JapanIncorporated/1895-1945/twcomfw.htm (2481 words)

	Sex slaves for the Emperor: Japan's "Comfort Women"
		Postwar, the women suffered not only from the disease, sexual dysfunction, and trauma that had been inflicted upon them by the Japanese military, but also from the social stigma of their families and villages--if indeed they were able to go home.
		While most Japanese comfort women were repatriated in September 1944, there was no return trip for the Koreans, Chinese, and others who had been sent to the far reaches of the empire.
		She was interned until February 1944, when a Japanese officer ordered all women in the camp over the age of 17 to parade for inspection.
	www.warbirdforum.com /comfort.htm (1101 words)

	Comfort Women Links
		WWII Comfort Women in Burma Extract from Burma: The Longest War, J.M. Denton & Sone, 1984.
		Discusses Japanese atrocities, Nanjing, and comfort women to contrast with Japanese suffering at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
		Mayumi Yamamoto Abstract of paper on Comfort Women, 1996 Association for Asian Studies, Session on World War II and its aftermath in Japan.
	online.sfsu.edu /~soh/cw-links.htm (886 words)

	U.N. Speech on Comfort Women
		Violence against women is a direct result of complete inequality of women in every area of life: civil, political, economic, social and cultural.
		Of course today, because of increased pressure by women, war- time rape in the territory of the former Yugoslavia and in Rwanda is under serious scrutiny at the international tribunals established to address war crimes in those areas.
		As indicated by the rapporteur, as many as 200,000 girls and women were part of the Japanese programme of "comfort women" or jugun ianfu.
	www.webcom.com /hrin/parker/c95-11.html (1002 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 77
		The euphemism "comfort women" (ianfu) was coined by imperial Japan to refer to young females of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who were forced to offer sexual services to the Japanese troops before and during the Second World War.
		It is largely the Korean women's movement that spearheaded the international effort to obtain recognition and compensation for the comfort women survivors.
		Since the AWF is a compromise measure to deal with the issue of compensating comfort women survivors, the organization is composed of supporters from opposing camps ranging from conservative neo-nationalists to progressive intellectuals.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp77.html (3937 words)

	American University Library - Voices of "Comfort Women"
		"Comfort Women" is a euphemism for the thousands of girls and women forced to serve as sex slaves for Japanese soldiers during the Second World War.
		It is estimated that 80% of the "comfort women" came from Korea.
		Thanks to the response that the "Voices of 'Comfort Women'" exhibit received at the American University Library, it was installed during September 2002 at the Martin Luther King, Jr.
	www.library.american.edu /about/exhibits/comfort_women.html (2361 words)

	MOFA: On the Issue of Wartime "Comfort Women"
		It is virtually impossible to determine the total number of comfort women, as no document has been found which either indicates their total number or gives sufficient ground to establish an estimate.
		Pressed by the growing need for more comfort women stemming from the spread of the war, these recruiters resorted in any cases to coaxing and intimidating these women to be recruited against their own will, and there were even cases where administrative/ military personnel directly took part in the recruitments.
		When the recruiters had to transport comfort and other women by ship or other means of transportation, the then Japanese military approved requests for their travel by such means as regarding such women as having a special status similar to its civilian personnel serving in the military, and the Japanese Government issued certificates of identification.
	www.mofa.go.jp /policy/postwar/issue9308.html (948 words)

	Latest News :: Honda Testifies in Support of Comfort Women
		Additionally, Japan attempted to provide monetary compensation to surviving comfort women through the Asia Women’s Fund, a government initiated and largely government-funded private foundation whose purpose was the carrying out of programs and projects with the aim of atonement for the Comfort Women.
		The Asia Women’s Fund is to be disbanded on March 31, 2007.
		Most important, the failure of Japan to successfully resolve their culpability and responsibility toward the Comfort Women casts doubt upon Japan’s commitment to human rights, violence against women in war and UN leadership.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/press/ca15_honda/comfortwomentestimony.html (1156 words)

	Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues Inc
		Euphemistically called "Comfort Women," these women were enslaved in "comfort stations" set up throughout East Asia by the Japanese military from 1932 until the end of the war.
		There young women, most of them Korean, were lured by the promise of jobs or were kidnapped by the Japanese.
		Upon their arrival at these comfort stations, they were subjected to repeated rape and beating for resisting sex.
	www.comfort-women.org /faq.html (509 words)

	Talkin' Broadway Off-Broadway - Comfort Women - 10/28/04
		When her granddaughter brings two “comfort women” in town for the 1994 UN protests to visit her, the reactions between the four women shatters the delicate balance the grandmother has worked so hard over the years to preserve.
		The more vocal of the two comfort women, it is her impassioned cries and urgent remembrances that make the history of this horrible time that much more believable.
		Comfort Women is a very powerful way to learn, but it’s also a very emotionally draining method of learning.
	www.talkinbroadway.com /ob/10_28_04.html (732 words)

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