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Topic: Comitative

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Comitative case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the Estonian language comitative is formed by adding the suffix '-ga' to the genitive in case of singular: The Estonian language (eesti keel) is spoken by about 1.
		In the Estonian language comitative is also used to denote when something is used as an implement - kirvega (with axe / using an axe) or as a means of transport laevaga (by boat).
		In the Finnish language, the comitative is rare and not used in spoken Finnish.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Comitative-case (1885 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.198: Comitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nominal comitative By comitative I mean the meaning 'together with'; I'm interested primarily in nominal modifiers with this meaning, be it case affixes, adpositions, particles etc. Comitative markers express the role of a secondary participant of a situation: it is a person involved in the situation together with the main participant (e.g.
		Comitative case markers usually develop, as expected, from adpositions, but it still remains unclear if these are always adpositions with comitative meaning, and what may be the origin of such adpositions themselves.
		Comitatives in the Avar-Andi group Among the Nakh-Dagestanian languages (East Caucasian), comitative as a grammatical case is attested in Ingush, Dargwa, Rutul, Tsakhur, Archi, Budukh, and Khinalugh.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/11/11-198.html (1337 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		Like reciprocals, comitatives also have two NPs which appear one as subject of clause and the other as an oblique object introduced by the preposition na with the suffix -an- on the verb or these two NPs appear as conjoined subjects or collapse into one subject if it is a group of individuals.
		Whereas comitatives and reciprocals are marked by both the suffix -an- and the preposition na, manners use either the na preposition or the suffix but not both of them at the same time.
		The comitative suffix like other grammatical verbal extensions come historically from full verbs (Givón) and synchonically they are understood by many structuralists to be verbs since they have their own complements as opposed to the complement of the base verb.
	www.kimenyi.com /comitatives-reciprocals.php (4615 words)

	Comitative case - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The comitative case is the case that denotes companionship, and is used where English would use "in company with" or "together with".
		In the Estonian language comitative is formed by adding the suffix '-ga' to the genitive in case of singular:
		In the Finnish language, the comitative is rare and not used in spoken Finnish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comitative_case (361 words)

	Comit Systems :: Company
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	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=comitative&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.comit.com/&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-9FD2B825-30E4-CE51-09B1-9111572BA707-ym (252 words)

	[No title]
		I argue that the comitative construction results from adjoining an adjunct phrase headed by a functional head to the DP chain which receives the Agent theta role.
		Comitative Construction The comitative construction involves associating two nominals that are discontinuous.
		Lubukusu Coordination: (15) Papa nende mayi xe-ba-p-an-a (not comitative) Father with mother aux-SM-hit-recip-fv (16) Papa nende mayi xe-a-p-an-a (not comitative*) Father with mother aux-SM-hit-recip-fv In (15), the verb agrees with a plural subject.
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/rby2/homework/ResearchWorkshopPaper.doc (4841 words)

	Comitative conjuncts vs
		Contrary to example (1), the comitative PP in (2) is adjacent to the subject pronoun and both precede the verb.
		We claim that the construction in (2) differs radically from that in (1) in that the comitative phrase in (2) has to be considered not an adjunct, but a conjunct coordinated with the nominative NP it immediately follows.
		In her analysis, comitative coordination is an asymmetric single-headed construction with the comitative PP adjoined to an NP-head, since the first NP always varies in case according to its syntactic position, whereas the second NP is invariably in the instrumental case, being governed by the preposition (cf.2).
	www.univ-paris3.fr /recherche/sites/edll/student/stas/article.htm (3865 words)

	comit - how to comit suicide
		It, and many other cases, how would you comit suicide are found comit farm in the Finnish language, the Hungarian language, and the Estonian language.
		In comit a perfect murder the Estonian language comitative is formed by adding comit farms the suffix '-ga' to the genitive in case of singular:
		In committee bienfaisance changed comit the Estonian language comitative bit comit is also used to denote when something is used as an implement - kirvega (with axe / using an axe) or as a means of transport laevaga (by boat).
	www.infotechloco.com /Inf-Programming-C---E/COMIT.html (388 words)

	NP Coordination in Medival Chinese By Hongyin Tao (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The distinction between coordination and comitatives is maintained through a comparison of a cluster of discourse properties such as anaphora, topicality and empathy, as exhibited in the NPs of the two constructions.
		Examples (14) and (15) contain comitative constructions where the comitative preposition is preceded by an adverbial or a negative.
		Below are comitatives which have zero anaphora in different positions with regard to the comitative preposition.
	pears.lib.ohio-state.edu /China/np-med.html (4697 words)

	Unresolved syntactic topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Comitative singular and locative plural are homonymous in Northern Sámi.
		Nickel describes comitative in object or adverbial position with two main connotations: instrumental and relational (sociative).
		There are illative verbs, comitative verbs, locative verbs and verbs that have variants with different subcategorization frames.
	www.divvun.no /doc/lang/sme/sme-syn-open.html (1273 words)

	Zhyler Noun Cases
		The comitative is basically the case you use to say "with", in the sense of companionship, not instrumentation.
		Another specialized use of the comitative is that a noun that's the object of a verb of similitude is put into the comitative case.
		The state or condition, in Zhyler, is expressed with the nominative case, and the object (that is, the one who's left in that state) is expressed with the comitative.
	dedalvs.free.fr /zhyler/ncases.html (4416 words)

	Inclusory Pronominals [1]. \| Oceanic Linguistics (June, 2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One type is a noun phrase with the inclusory pronoun as its head and the lexical noun phrase as its modifier.
		In one, the construction is said to involve some kind of coordination; in the other, it is said to be of a comitative nature.
		In explicit inclusory constructions, the marker of the relation between the inclusory pronominal and the included NP is typically etymologically related either to the coordinate conjunction 'and' or to the comitative marker in the language.
	www.accessmylibrary.com /coms2/summary_0286-1900470_ITM (1617 words)

	Meadow Mari Grammar - Cases - Comitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The comitative in Meadow Mari is always stressed and can be used either as the subject or as the object.
		?There is no set order when the possessive suffixes are used with the comitative; they can come before the comitative or after it.
		The comitative is used when the noun is a countable noun (e.g.
	www.uta.fi /~km56049/mari/comitative.html (159 words)

	Morpheme Meanings and Constructional Meanings — relevance for building GOLD
		The comitative construction is an exemplar of the type of relationship between morphemes and constructions that is assumed by a morpheme–level approach.
		Firstly, the comitative construction is relatively uniform cross-linguistically (Stassen 2000).
		The syntactic distinction between the two constructions is that agreement with a comitative construction is with one of the referents but agreement with a conjunction construction is with both of the referents.
	emeld.org /workshop/2005/papers/singer-paper.html (5127 words)

	Komitativ-Projekt (English) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The relation between comitative and instrumental, appearing in most European languages in a syncretistic shape (although this is not the classical case for the vast majority of the world’s languages) is the main subject of our research.
		On syncretism and the typology of instrumentals and comitatives.
		Stolz, Thomas (i.Dr.): On Circum-Baltic instrumentals and comitatives: To and fro coherence.
	www.fb10.uni-bremen.de /komitativprojekt/english.htm (438 words)

	[No title]
		One is a language which does not allow a comitative construction with singular pronominal conjuncts as in Russian (2).
		In contrasts, Ionin & Matushansky (2003) proposed that all of the comitative structures are based-generated as adjuncts to an argument DP.
		In the first part of the paper, I try various syntactic tests in order to draw a distinction between adjunction and coordination and propose that PCC actually can be analyzed as a coordination construction.
	www.indiana.edu /~sls2006/Abstracts/KimSLS.doc (490 words)

	Finnish Grammar - Means cases
		The abessive suffix is -tta/-ttä in both the singular and in the plural.
		The comitative suffix is -ne in the plural.
		The comitative does not occur in the singular, but plural forms are used instead, even if the meaning is singular.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijattapaen.html (75 words)

	forendar
		There will be a number of pre-inflectional affixes that can precede case inflections with nouns and adjectives; these will include genitive and comitative.
		More about these later.) Finally a word can be augmented by one of a set of post-inflectional affixes (more about these later as well).
		Comitative -sa Like the genitive, the comitative affix forms a stem that functions as an adjective and must agree with the head noun which it qualifies.
	www.graywizard.net /Conlinguistics/forendar/forendar.htm (1150 words)

	Finnish Grammar - Comitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The comitative ending is -ne in the plural.
		The comitative plural is formed using the strong-grade plural stem.
		The comitative ending is added directly to this stem.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/komitatiivien.html (75 words)

	Definition of comitative - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "comitative " and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "comitative " instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "comitative " in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.webster.com /dictionary/comitative (41 words)

	The comitative reciprocal construction in German
		An equivalent construction to the comitative reciprocal one is coordinative, and here, with the particular verb used for illustration, both reflexive
		Some speakers accept the coordinative construction with both the reflexive and the reciprocal marker, the latter accompanied by the comitative preposition:
		And then there is a range of verbs where there is a great deal of variation among native speakers as to the permissibility of specifically the comitative reciprocal construction — to illustrate:
	www.philologie.fu-berlin.de /~gast/ltrc/plank (217 words)

	comitative case Information Center - comitative case
		The Comitative case is used where English would use "in company comitative case with" or "together with".
		The suffix -ne is used alone only when it's an attribute of another word, otherwise additional possesive suffix must be added, such as -ne+en, e.g.
		Some dialects do have such a form, however.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_A_-_Co/comitative_case.html (302 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.1784: Core lexical items, Comitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By comitative I mean a (nominal) meaning 'together with', usually expressed by a special case or an adposition.
		Are there typological works investigating the range of meanings which comitative markers (cases, adpositions) usually have?
		Does anyone know examples when a comitative marker appeared as a result of reanalysis of a clause dependency marker?
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/10/10-1784.html (322 words)

	IngentaConnect Alles is fleurich, ik bin it mei: On the comitative particle
		IngentaConnect Alles is fleurich, ik bin it mei: On the comitative particle
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		Alles is fleurich, ik bin it meiþ: On the comitative particle" title="post to CiteUlike">Post to CiteUlike
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/jbp/avt/2004/00000021/00000001/art00013 (94 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		The volume contains two papers that center around the coding of semantic relations by syntactic relations and the grammatical reflection of the arrangement of participants in a situation, called participation.
		Lehmann and Shin take the onomasiological perspective and treat the linguistic representation of diverse instrumental and comitative relations as expressed in a number of languages (English, German, Hmong, Japanese, Kambera, Kayardild, Khmer, Kolyma Yukaghir, Korean, Lezgian, Mandarin Chinese, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese, Yidin and Yucatec Maya).
		They present a comprehensive framework for the typological investigation of the functional domain of concomitance, distinguishing between a number of more specific participant relations, viz.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=17620 (252 words)

	CiteULike: Alles is fleurich, ik bin it mei: On the comitative particle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CiteULike: Alles is fleurich, ik bin it mei: On the comitative particle
		Alles is fleurich, ik bin it mei: On the comitative particle
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	www.citeulike.org /article/26014 (108 words)

	Finnish - Grammar - Comitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		You are here: Home > Grammar > Comitative
		The comitative is rare and not used in spoken Finnish.
		It often corresponds with "in company of" or "together with".
	www.chiugate.fi /komitatiivi.htm (51 words)

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