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Topic: Comma

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	Using Commas
		Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.
		Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/grammar/g_comma.html (1123 words)

	Rules of Usage. Strunk, William, Jr. 1918. Elements of Style
		This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however, or a brief phrase, is or is not parenthetic.
		are always preceded by a comma, and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one.
		Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence.
	www.bartleby.com /141/strunk.html (1707 words)

	Comma Usage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		However, a comma is not necessary after a short introductory prepositional phrase unless it contains a verb form, unless omitting the comma would cause misreading, or unless the phrase is a transitional expression or an absolute phrase.
		Use commas to set off a word, phrase, or clause that interrupts the main thought of a sentence and is not essential to the meaning or the grammatical completeness of a sentence.
		Use commas to set off a word or a group of words that is not essential to the meaning of a preceding noun or pronoun, such a word or group of words is a nonrestrictive appositive.
	www.wvup.edu /jcc/pam/commas.htm (2278 words)

	Comma Rules
		Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives (descriptive words) BEFORE a noun if the word order of the two could be reversed and the word "and" could be substituted for the comma.
		Non-essential phrases or clause - Use commas to set off and enclose nonessential phrases or clauses (participial phrases or dependant clauses which are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.) Generally, nonessential phrases or clauses serve to provide extra information or clarification.
		Consider the comma as hooks; the clause "who is an honor student" could be unhooked and dropped out of the sentence because it is not necessary to identify which student studied all week.
	www.montanalife.com /writing/Comma_Rules.html (696 words)

	UNC Writing Center Handout \| Commas
		Commas help your reader figure out which words go together in a sentence and which parts of your sentences are most important.
		Two commas can be used to set off additional information that appears within the sentence but is separate from the primary subject and verb of the sentence.
		These commas help your reader figure out your main point by telling him or her that the words within the commas are not necessary to understand the rest of the sentence.
	www.unc.edu /depts/wcweb/handouts/commas.html (980 words)

	ENG121 Notes on Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Comma splices, also known as run-on or fused sentences, occur when you join two separate sentences together without the appropriate punctuation or grammatical structure.
		Comma Splice My dog pulled the bread bag down off the counter, she darted behind the couch, where we couldn’t get her, to devour it.
		For those of you who may have many comma splices in your paper, reducing the number you have in each subsequent essay is a worthwhile and attainable goal.
	www.ccaurora.edu /eng121/commaspl.htm (474 words)

	Punctuation Made Simple: Guide to Using Commas
		Some writers can tell where a comma is needed by reading their prose aloud and inserting a comma where there seems to be a clear pause in the sentence.
		In the past, it was considered improper to omit the final comma in a series, but modern writers believe that the conjunction (and, but, or) does the same thing as a comma: it marks the place between two items in the set.
		In that case, you would not want to put commas on either side of the component so that the reader knows that those words are absolutely important to the meaning of the sentence.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~olson/pms/comma.html (1730 words)

	Comma Rules
		The best idea for determining when to use a comma is that if you cannot give a reason for using it--a reason based on a rule or a particular stylistic need--then don't use a comma.
		Use commas to separate non-restrictive words, phrases, or clauses from the rest of the clause.
		Do not use a comma between the subject and verb, except when two commas are necessary to mark nonrestrictive sentence elements.
	www.northland.cc.mn.us /owl/comma_rules.htm (1884 words)

	Comma Magic
		One of the legal dialing 'digits' is a comma which has a special meaning to your modem: wait 2 seconds*.
		By placing 1 or more comma's at the end of the phone number to dial, your modem will not finish dialing until the time defined by the comma's has ended.
		By placing 1 or more comma's at the beginning of the phone number to dial, your modem will not start dialing until the time defined by the comma's has ended.
	modemsite.com /56k/comma.asp (317 words)

	Xymbol -- XML::Comma
		Comma is written mostly in Perl, and its target demographic is the Perl programmer who must build customized, complex systems that handle very large amounts of dynamic content.
		Comma's core assumption is that the fastest, most efficient and most flexible way to specify something, or to transform something, or to keep track of something, is usually to write a little bit of Perl code.
		Comma lets you choose which database should sit behind your system: the API abstracts the difference between the two for all sorts of common operations, and allows you to drop down to SQL when you need database-specific expressiveness.
	xml-comma.org (1333 words)

	The Case of the Serial Comma--Solved!
		The recommendation here is that [writers] use the comma between all members of a series, including the last two, on the common-sense ground that to do so will preclude ambiguities and annoyances at a negligible cost.
		You say in reply to an inquiry about the use of serial commas that you wonder where the notion got started that there shouldn't be any comma before the conjunction joining a string of words or phrases to the very last one in the series.
		Dropping the serial comma seems to be (1) a journalism peculiarity (and the source of Harry Shaw's dictum) and (2) a British option (hence Carey and Gowers).
	www.swcp.com /info/essays/serial-comma.htm (1898 words)

	FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They are joined by the "and." If you leave out the final comma in the series, you are actually coordinating the final two units and creating a new entity.
		In some writing, the ampersand (and) is used in place of the "and." The ampersand is a clear signal that marks the end of a series and can be seen as equivalent to comma+and, but it is seldom seen in formal writing.
		Ask for proof from the grammar of English that the comma is not necessary.
	www.punctuation.org /faq_1.htm (520 words)

	LLRX.com -- Grammar Goddess: Comma Sense
		The comma is the least emphatic, most humble, and yet most utilitarian of punctuation marks.
		Commas are used before conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) that join two complete sentences (independent clauses).
		You wouldn’t use a comma in the sentence “Robert spoke and sang” for the same reason.
	www.llrx.com /columns/grammar9.htm (1102 words)

	WC Comma Splices
		A comma splice is an attempt to join what could be two complete sentences with an incorrect device, the comma.
		A comma is "a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a separation of ideas or of elements within the structure of a sentence." That is a separation within one sentence.
		Here is an example of a comma splice, followed by five ways of repairing it: Writing a first draft quickly may result in comma splices, which can be fixed in revision.
	www.csuohio.edu /writingcenter/sentcomsplice.html (389 words)

	Quick Grammar Review--Comma Splices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In some respects comma splices are minor, and yet many people consider them an indication of serious weakness in an author's writing.
		The comma can be replaced with a period, as in the first example.
		Often comma splices fall into this pattern, although a sentence may have several correctly used commas and only one that creates the splice.
	www.northwestcollege.edu /id/koellinr/grammar/commasplices.htm (410 words)

	Comma Splices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Notice that in both cases, the part (clause) that comes before the comma can stand alone as a sentence, and the part that comes after the comma can also stand alone.
		There are five ways to combine and work with independent clauses; unfortunately, simply inserting a comma between the two is not sufficient.
		Here are some sample sentences with comma splices and one or more possible ways to fix them.
	www.unlv.edu /Colleges/Liberal_Arts/English/Writing_Center/Comma_Splices.htm (584 words)

	Comma Rules
		The comma serves many different purposes and is the most widely used of all punctuation marks.
		Use a comma or commas between coordinate adjectives which modify their nouns equally.
		In direct quotations, a comma or commas need to be used to separate the tag--an indication who is speaking--from the actual direct quote.
	www.taft.cc.ca.us /newTC/Academic/LiberalArts/OWL/COMMAS.HTML (601 words)

	Comma Press - A New Generation In Fiction
		This autumn, Comma launches a new set of books celebrating the 'short story sequence' - that interlocking daisy-chain of narrative produced when stories knit together to form a continuum of character or theme.
		Cheques should be made payable to 'Comma Press' and sent with a note specifying which titles and a return address to: Comma Press, 2nd Floor, 24 Lever Street, Northern Quarter, Manchester M1 1DW.
		Comma Press is part of Index, The Writers and Publishers Network, North West.
	www.commapress.co.uk (662 words)

	Online Writing Lab - Comma Splices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A comma splice is a type of run-on whereby two independent clauses—or complete sentences—are incorrectly joined by a comma.
		Grammatical Error: This comma splice has two independent clauses or complete sentences joined incorrectly by only a comma.
		There are three ways to correct a comma splice, and they are similar to the three ways of correcting a run-on.
	depts.dyc.edu /learningcenter/owl/comma_splices.htm (174 words)

	The Comma
		Comma usage is in some respects a question of personal writing style: some writers use commas liberally, while others prefer to use them sparingly.
		Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause and, often, after an introductory phrase (unless the phrase is very short):
		A non-restrictive modifier is a phrase or clause that does not restrict or limit the meaning of the word it is modifying.
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/comma.html (894 words)

	The New Yorker: The Critics: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Doubtful, distracting, and unwarranted commas turn up in front of restrictive phrases (“Naturally we become timid about making our insights known, in such inhospitable conditions”), before correlative conjunctions (“Either this will ring bells for you, or it won’t”), and in prepositional phrases (“including biblical names, and any foreign name with an unpronounced final ‘s’ ”).
		The book also omits the serial comma, as in “eats, shoots and leaves,” which is acceptable in the United States only in newspapers and commercial magazines.
		And she admits that her editors are continually removing the commas that she tends to place before conjunctions.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/books?040628crbo_books1 (2559 words)

	Encyclopedia: S-comma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Romanian Ș (ș) seemingly resembles the Turkish s cedilla, but it is actually a A comma (,) is a punctuation mark.
		Unicode distinguishes COMBINING COMMA BELOW from COMBINING CEDILLA, and encodes S WITH CEDILLA for use in Turkic languages and S WITH COMMA BELOW and T WITH COMMA BELOW for use in Romanian.
		Ogonek (Polish for “little tail”) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in Polish, Lithuanian, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua and Tutchone.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/S_comma (2582 words)

	comma_explainer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In both cases, there is a comma separating the first two items, but there is no comma before the conjunction.
		The lack of a comma before the conjunction is the biggest difference between AP style rules on commas and standard English grammar.
		Rule No. 7: Use commas to set off participial modifiers that come at the beginning of a sentence or after the verb.
	www.uwosh.edu /faculty_staff/maguirem/explainer.html (1294 words)

	Hamilton College - Writing Center - Comma Rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Use a comma after an introductory phrase or clause.
		Use commas before and after a parenthetical phrase or clause.
		Use a comma to separate two independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, for, nor, or, so, yet).
	www.hamilton.edu /academics/resource/wc/commarules.html (211 words)

	STAR 2002: Help on Comma Separated (CSV) Research Files
		Comma Separated files are structured so that each field is separated by the comma (',') character.
		The complete Comma Separated file can be downloaded from the links at the left.
		Below are the listed Comma Separated partial data sets; click on the file(s) you wish to download.
	star.cde.ca.gov /star2002/help/ResearchCSV.asp (370 words)

	330 Grammar: Using Commas
		The comma is one of the most important punctuation marks in English, but it is often used wrongly.
		There are commas after coffee and sandwiches, to separate the items.
		In this case (and ONLY in this case), a comma can be used to join the two clauses together.
	web2.uvcs.uvic.ca /elc/studyzone/330/grammar/comma.htm (352 words)

	United Church News: December 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		UCC public relations and marketing manager Ron Buford wants to let you know that the 'comma' is catching on—with the help and creativity of local churches.
		As widely known as the Nike "swoosh"—that's Ron Buford's hope for the UCC "comma." And, given the way the comma is catching on with UCC members' imaginations, maybe Buford isn't just wishing on a star.
		Varcho then designed a red-and-fl poster with the oversized comma that was distributed to every UCC church.
	www.ucc.org /ucnews/dec03/dose.htm (733 words)

	Comma
		Here the best reason for using a comma is because you might want the second part of the sentence to be delayed a bit, as if you were speaking and wanted to withhold the last bit of information a moment longer.
		But these parentheses commas don't come without a responsibility: whenever they are used, it means that you could delete the words between the commas, and the sentence would still be grammatical--though less informative.
		To leave out the "geographical comma," though, is to imply that the name of the state is information that belongs with the second half of the sentence.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/Strasse/2854/comma.html (4291 words)

	A Dash of Comma Spice - The Daily WTF
		Otherwise, there would be no such thing as the "comma operator", and for() could also have been designed more simply.
		Someone seemed to be implying that the use of the comma operator might prove problematic when order of operations becomes relevant.
		Use of the comma operator involves a sequence between the evaluation of its operands (similar to the
	thedailywtf.com /ShowPost.aspx?PostID=31288 (1192 words)

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