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Topic: Comma (punctuation)

	The Nemeth Punctuation Indicator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Punctuation Indicator complements certain functions of the Numeric Indicator and is used primarily to ensure that the six physical cells which can be used as either numerals or punctuation marks in the same context are correctly identified as punctuation marks when that is their intended meaning.
		When these punctuation marks are used in a text context, they generally leave the context as text and when used in a mathematical context, they leave the context as math.
		When any of the dual-use punctuation marks are used in a math context and would then be immediately followed by one of the six cells that can be used as both numerals and punctuation, an intervening PI is required if the cell is meant as a punctuation mark.
	www.dotlessbraille.org /piuse.htm (2025 words)

	Using Commas
		Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.
		Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/grammar/g_comma.html (1123 words)

	Comma (punctuation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is the origin of the concept of a comma, though the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated.
		The comma is often used to separate two independent clauses (a group of words that can function as a sentence) that are joined by a co-ordinating conjunction ("for", "and", "nor", "but", "or", "yet", and "so" when they are used to connect; the acronym FANBOYS can be used as a memory aid).
		The only punctuation mark is the decimal mark; a period in English text, a comma in all other languages (however ISO standards recommends the use of comma instead of points also in English speaking countries).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comma_(punctuation) (1992 words)

	Style Manual : University of Minnesota
		Use commas around the year when it follows a specific date; do not use commas around the year when it is used with the month or season alone.
		Use commas to set off a word, phrase, or clause that is in apposition to a noun unless it is necessary to complete the meaning of the sentence.
		The first letter of a quotation may be changed to a capital or lowercase letter and the final punctuation mark may be changed to make a quotation fit the syntax of the text in which it is being used.
	www1.umn.edu /urelate/style/punctuation.html (3336 words)

	Punctuation Made Simple: Guide to Using Commas
		Some writers can tell where a comma is needed by reading their prose aloud and inserting a comma where there seems to be a clear pause in the sentence.
		In the past, it was considered improper to omit the final comma in a series, but modern writers believe that the conjunction (and, but, or) does the same thing as a comma: it marks the place between two items in the set.
		Remember, punctuation is meant to help the writer and the reader, not to make their jobs more difficult.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~olson/pms/comma.html (1730 words)

	The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation
		Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state.
		A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period.
		It is preferable to use a comma, not a semicolon, before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items.
	www.grammarbook.com /punctuation/commas.asp (798 words)

	Ch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We have emphasised that punctuation cannot be regarded as a means of representing the prosodic properties of utterances, but there is no doubt that there is some significant degree of correlation between the use of delimiting commas and the likelihood that the constituent concerned would be set apart prosodically in speech.
		Punctuation outside the parentheses depends on the requirements of the containing sentence: it is the same as it would be if the parenthesised element were omitted.
		The omission of the comma in [4i] is simply a further case of the absorption of the second of a pair of delimiting commas into an indicator that marks a higher constituent boundary: the comma-delimited constituent for example in [3i] is part of the larger dash-interpolation.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /~nunberg/CGE.html (16120 words)

	Punctuation handout.html
		The terms "comma," "colon," and "period" were invented by the librarian in Alexandria in the 3rd century B.C., but the marks corresponding to these terms were different from the marks we use today, and they were not generally accepted.
		Writers use commas in either an open or closed style: "open" means using only the commas that are necessary; "closed" means using as many as are grammatically justifiable.
		The punctuation that indicates intonation (rising for a question mark, emphatic for an exclamation point) goes inside or outside of quotation marks depending on whether the intonation applies to the quoted words or the sentence of which the quoted words are part.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/copyXediting/Punctuation.html (4325 words)

	[No title]
		Most schemes for describing punctuation offer you a set of rules, rules which often relate to some unidentified grammar, and tell you how to use punctuation in relation to that grammar.
		Punctuation might be better understood if it is related to the categories used in linguistics.
		The comma and coordinator should be seen as a unit, a special signal, when used this way [, and ].
	www.punctuation.org /paradigm.htm (706 words)

	Tameri Guide for Writers: Punctuation
		The common error is to replace a period with a “weaker” form of punctuation, such as a comma or semicolon.
		However, we prefer a comma be used before the conjunction in all cases.
		When a phrase or clause is nonessential to the structure of a sentence, use a comma to mark the phrase or clause.
	www.tameri.com /edit/punctuation.html (1197 words)

	PUNCTUATION
		Punctuation marks are like traffic lights telling us to slow down and stop.
		What we would like to do here is to go over the typical punctuation mistakes of Turkish students and explain the rules for some punctuation marks.
		Another typical mistake may be thinking that oxford comma is wrong because having both a comma and "and" is grammatically incorrect in Turkish language.
	www.buowl.boun.edu.tr /students/punctuation.htm (1117 words)

	Punctuation (Vera Mello) I-TESL-J (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A comma ___ be used between a verb and its direct object or complement.
		When a comma is used ___ meaning is ___.
		In ___ all words and punctuation are enclosed by quotation marks.
	a4esl.org /q/h/vm/punctuation.html (165 words)

	Rules for Comma Usage
		We cannot say that the comma will always come before the conjunction and never after, but it would be a rare event, indeed, that we need to follow a coordinating conjunction with a comma.
		It is permissible to omit the comma after a brief introductory element if the omission does not result in confusion or hesitancy in reading.
		Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements, as in "The Founders Bridge, which spans the Connecticut River, is falling down." By "parenthetical element," we mean a part of a sentence that can be removed without changing the essential meaning of that sentence.
	grammar.ccc.commnet.edu /grammar/commas.htm (1956 words)

	Miscellaneous Comma Punctuation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Notice that in a normal English sentence, there will rarely be a single comma between the subject and the verb or between a verb and the object.
		Where commas occur in such cases, they will normally occur as a pair around some non-restrictive or parenthetic element (like a pair of brackets).
		Look out also for the correct punctuation of compound sentences (i.e., check that the punctuation between main clauses is correct, as you did in the previous two exercises).
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/grammar/commas.htm (1228 words)

	Paul Robinson, The Philosophy of Punctuation
		Punctuation absorbs more of my thought than seems healthy for a man who pretends to be well adjusted.
		A mania for punctuation is also an occupational hazard for almost any teacher, as hundreds of our hours are given over to correcting the vagrant punctuation of our students.
		At the opposite pole are two marks of punctuation that have grown increasingly obsolescent, the question mark and the exclamation point.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/721833.html (1743 words)

	English Grammar and Writing : English language courses, English Grammar Online
		However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or to emphasise an item, point or meaning.
		Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add 'breathing spaces' to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings.
		Most people will now use commas to ensure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop the comma if their meaning is retained in the sentence.
	www.edufind.com /english/punctuation/comma.cfm (335 words)

	AskOxford: Punctuation
		Commas used in pairs to mark an aside: But memories, she knew, must be painful for him.
		Comma used to mark off a subordinate claused: When our vital interests are challenged, we will act.
		Comma used to balance a sentence: The meeting is not cancelled, only postponed.
	www.askoxford.com /betterwriting/osa/punctuation (433 words)

	Comma — Infoplease.com
		punctuation - punctuation [Lat.,=point], the use of special signs in writing to clarify how words are used; the...
		Punctuation—The Semicolon: Love Child of the Comma and the Period - Punctuation The Semicolon: Love Child of the Comma and the Period Punctuation Punctuation Matters...
		Groove with a view: Comma transforms a characterless Gramercy apartment into a pleasure pad for a professional couple.(Brief Article)...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001605.html (531 words)

	English Grammar and Writing : English language courses, English Grammar Online
		Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.
		You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing.
		The most common of these are the period (or full stop in British English), the comma, the exclamation mark, the question mark, the colon and semi-colon, the quote, the apostrophe, the hyphen and dash, and parentheses and brackets.
	www.edufind.com /english/punctuation/index.cfm (227 words)

	Coffee Talk
		Only when you use the commas to set off the clause (in this case one name) does it mean that it is just "extra information." When there are no commas, then it means that it is necessary information, and without it you could not understand the sentence.
		The commas around the name (or clause) tell you that it is unnecessary information, and you can extract that clause from the sentence and throw it away and it still makes perfect sense.
		However, without the final comma, the grammatical construction made Mike and Sandy "one benefactor." Because of the lack of the comma, there were only two benefactors: (1) Frank and (2) Mike/Sandy.
	www.columbiaseminary.edu /coffeetalk/023.html (3053 words)

	Commas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Notice that when there are commas within the list items, you place a semicolon between the list items.
		These three punctuation errors, usually considered major errors in student writing, result from the failure to recognize a main clause.
		In dialogue, this fragment might be punctuated as a sentence if someone is portrayed as responding to a question like, "When can we go for a walk?" In other cases, it should be attached to a main clause and set off with a comma.
	www.engl.niu.edu /wac/commas.html (562 words)

	Rap for Teaching Punctuation
		The punctuation mark that we use the most is called a comma
		"I had bacon eggs cereal and juice for breakfast .
		Use commas in your address to separate the street from the city and the city from the state
	www.songsforteaching.com /earthtone/punctuation.htm (382 words)

	Style Guide \| University of Colorado at Boulder
		Do use a comma before and after the year if month, date, and year are used.
		With Introductory Phrases Omit commas after short introductory phrases, except if confusion might result or if the introductory phrase ends with a date or proper noun and the main clause begins with a date or proper noun.
		With question marks and exclamation points, it depends: If the punctuation is part of the quotation, put it inside the quotation marks; if it's not part of the quotation, put it outside.
	www.colorado.edu /Publications/styleguide/punctuation.html (1530 words)

	Correct Punctuation : The Comma (page 1)
		I did my best to protect the camp, but the bears were too aggressive.
		2) When and or or are used the comma is optional.
		The snake was brown, not green, and it was quite small.
	www.correctpunctuation.co.uk /punctuation-comma.htm (144 words)

	Punctuation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The following sections will help you understand and use different types of punctuation more effectively in your writing.
		This chapter begins with the comma, the punctuation mark which usually causes writers the most trouble, before turning to other types of punctuation.
		Written by Frances Peck Copyright © 1994, 1995 and 1996 by the University of Ottawa (Terms of use.)
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/punct.html (59 words)

	Comma (punctuation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For other articles with similar names, see Comma.
		It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text.
		This page was last modified 21:30, 6 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Comma_(punctuation) (1983 words)

	Punctuation Marks
		Each of the major punctuation marks now has a page of its own.
		Click here to visit the page for the PERIOD.
		Click here to visit the page for the COMMA.
	grammar.ccc.commnet.edu /grammar/marks/marks.htm (335 words)

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