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LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORP. v. BORLAND INTERNATIONAL INC., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995). (LOISLAW) Borland included the Lotus menu command hierarchy in its programs to make them compatible with Lotus 1-2-3 so that spreadsheet users who were already familiar with Lotus 1-2-3 would be able to switch to the Borland programs without having to learn new commands or rewrite their Lotus macros. We think that abstracting menu command hierarchies down to their individual word and menu levels and then filtering idea from expression at that stage, as both the Altai and the district court tests require, obscures the more fundamental question of whether a menu command hierarchy can be copyrighted at all. The Lotus menu command hierarchy is different from the Lotus long prompts, for the long prompts are not necessary to the operation of the program; users could operate Lotus 1-2-3 even if there were no long prompts. www.law.cornell.edu /copyright/cases/49_F3d_807.htm   (7250 words)

The Command Hierarchy   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Every member of the military has a formal rank, a single commanding officer, and any number of members he commands, except that the president of the military does not have a commanding officer, and those members of lowest rank do not command any members. Command over soldiers of this nation can under no circumstances be assigned to anyone not a soldier of this nation, except that the president of the military is commanded by the national legislature. Soldiers of this nation can be incorporated into a modified combined multinational command hierarchy provided any soldier of any nation that participates in the hierarchy has the authority to accept or reject instructions issued by anyone who is a soldier of another nation. www.mega.nu:8080 /webconst/section_The_Command_Hierarchy.html   (273 words)

NWCR article, Autumn 1996: Bodnar & Dengler   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) A hierarchy can act in a coordinated manner beyond direct-communication distance because components need to be able to communicate with their immediate superiors rather than with all other counterpart components. Fourth, commanders need to balance their dual roles--at the command level of their own units, and at the reflex level of the larger grouping of which their units are a part. Command networks have been around (if not by that name) in the American military for a long time, and the best leaders knew how they operated when they were majors or lieutenant commanders. www.nwc.navy.mil /press/review/1996/autumn/art6-a96.htm   (5075 words)

Reusable Hierarchical Command Objects Command objects can be attached to widgets either by writing code or by using an interactive tool like an Interface Builder, which might display a menu of built-in and programmer-defined commands. The final hierarchy used by command objects is for situations where multiple widgets are used to construct a single operation, such as with dialog boxes. The commands are described by their type, the name or a picture of the object modified (if any), and the value of the command (such as the resulting color for a change-color command). www.cs.cmu.edu /~amulet/papers/commandsCHI.html   (6233 words)

Hierarchy - Psychology Wiki A hierarchy (in Greek: Ιεραρχία, it is derived from ιερός-hieros, sacred, and άρχω-arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. The first appearance of "hierarchy" in the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1380, where it was used in reference to the three orders of three angels as depicted by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. Most evolutionary biologists assert a hierarchy extending from the level of the specimen (an individual living organism -- say, a single newt), to the species of which it is a member (perhaps the Eastern Newt), outward to further successive levels of genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Hierarchy   (1490 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Borland included the Lotus menu command hierarchy in its programs to make them compatible with Lotus 123 so that spreadsheet users who were already familiar with Lotus 123 would be able to switch to the Borland programs without having to learn new commands or rewrite their Lotus macros. The Lotus menu command hierarchy does not merely explain and present Lotus 1 23's functional capabilities to the user; it also serves as the method by which the program is operated and controlled. Highlighting the "Print" command on the screen, or typing the letter "P," is analogous to pressing a VCR button labeled "Play." Just as one could not operate a buttonless VCR, it would be impossible to operate Lotus 123 without employing its menu command hierarchy. www.utexas.edu /courses/tiller/lotusborland.doc   (1540 words)

iwidgets::hierarchy Boolean flag which tells the hierarchy widget weather or not each refresh of the display should be via a new query using the command value of the -querycommand option or use the values previous found the last time the query was made. Specifies a command to be executed upon user selection via mouse button one of any additional icons given in the values returned by the command associated with the -querycommand option. Since the hierarchy is based on the scrolledtext widget, it includes options to control the method in which the scrollbars are displayed, i.e. www.math.ucla.edu /computing/docindex/iwidgets-man-74.html   (2410 words)

Lotus Development v. Borland In this appeal, we are faced only with whether the Lotus menu command hierarchy is copyrightable subject matter in the first instance, for Borland concedes that Lotus has a valid copyright in Lotus 1-2-3 as a whole* and admits to factually copying the Lotus menu command hierarchy. Borland argues that the Lotus menu command hierarchy is uncopyrightable because it is a system, method of operation, process, or procedure foreclosed from copyright protection by 17 U.S.C. º 102(b). The Lotus menu command hierarchy does not merely explain and present Lotus 1-2-3's functional capabilities to the user; it also serves as the method by which the program is operated and controlled. www.csulb.edu /~jvancamp/362/lotus.html   (2434 words)

Hierarchy Diagram Hierarchy diagrams are a useful for understanding the top-level structure of an unfamiliar design and make a great addition to top-level design documentation. Hierarchy diagrams can also be generated using the hierarchy command entered in the GUI Command Entry box or on the command line in command-line mode. The hierarchy representation in a Hierarchy Diagram is straightforward. www.x-tekcorp.com /docs/xamin/chap3_7_4.html   (418 words)

First Circuit Court of Appeals: Lotus v. Borland   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Although Borland copied Lotus's menu command hierarchy, and although the menu command hierarchy was original, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found no infringement because Lotus did not have a valid copyright on the menu command hierarchy. The Court reasoned that as the means by which users control and operate Lotus 1­2­3, the menu command hierarchy is a method of operation and is therefore not subject to copyright protection, according to the Court. The Court distinguished the menu command hierarchy from the presumably copyrightable source code of Lotus 1­2­3, stating that the source code is an expression separable from the method of operation of Lotus 1­2­3, as demonstrated by the fact that Borland duplicated the method of the program with distinguishable source code. www.computer.flabar.org /2_spring96/lotus.html   (492 words)

Class Hierarchy Viewer The class hierarchy is drawn as a tree-structured graph in which each frame is a node in the graph, and directed edges are drawn from classes to subclasses and instances. This command presents a menu of all slots in the KB and allows you to choose which slots should be included in the node labels. When this command is invoked, the user is presented with a dialog, allowing the user to specify the name of the file the report should be written to(the default is "kbName.txt"). bioinformatics.ai.sri.com /ptools/gkb-editor/hierarchy.html   (3756 words)

Lotus and Borland Lotus responded to this innovation with a copyright infringement action against Borland claiming a proprietary interest in the Lotus 1-2-3 command hierarchy. Quattro Pro's developers arranged these commands in the same hierarchical fashion, using more than 50 menus and submenus, as the hierarchy found in the Lotus program. The court reasoned that the commands, and their hierarchical ordering, constitute the electronic operation of the software program, and that constitutes a method by which the computer is operated. www.benedict.com /Digital/Software/Lotus/Lotus.aspx   (370 words)

Lotus v. Borland Borland included the Lotus menu command hierarchy in its programs to make them compatible with Lotus1-2-3 so that spreadsheet users who were already familiar with Lotus 1-2-3 would be able to switch to the Borland programs without having to learn new commands or rewrite their Lotus macros. In this appeal, we are faced only with whether the Lotus menu command hierarchy is copyrightable subject matter in the first instance, for Borland concedes that Lotus has a valid copyright in Lotus 1-2-3 as a whole5 and admits to factually copying the Lotus menu command hierarchy. We think that abstracting menu command hierarchies down to their individual word and menu levels and then filtering idea from expression at that stage, as both the Altaiand the district court tests require, obscures the more fundamental question of whether a menu command hierarchy can be copyrighted at all. digital-law-online.info /cases/34PQ2D1014.htm   (7344 words)

Firefighter Communication System Therefore, our system is designed to enhance the personal safety of individual firefighters, to be transparent to the command structure and allow it to operate smoothly and efficiently, to easily enable necessary communications and disable unnecessary ones, to offer functions appropriate to the role each individual firefighter plays, and to be robust and stable. The reason that we chose the half-duplex structure based on the command hierarchy is to reduce communication clutter throughout the crisis team. Another hierarchy misunderstanding that made it’s way into design was the believe that all communication was vertical, units talked to their superior officers or to the men under them, never to other groups at the same level. www.cc.gatech.edu /classes/AY2000/cs6750a_fall/projects/Team9B/part2.html   (7404 words)

Digital Law Online: Methods of Operation The reason that a data structure describing the command hierarchy of 1-2-3 is needed by any program that interprets 1-2-3 macros is that a particular letter may have different meanings depending on what letters preceded it in the macro, since first letters mean different things in different submenus. It appears that the court thought that there must be some reason why the menu command hierarchy — at least as used by Borland’s Key Reader, where it is not displayed to the user and is stored in a very different form — should not be protectable by copyright. When one understands that the data structure reflecting the Lotus 1-2-3 command hierarchy is something that is required by any program that interprets 1-2-3 macros, then it is clear that the data structure would be filtered during the abstraction-filtration-comparison test of the Second and Tenth Circuits, because it is dictated by external factors. digital-law-online.info /lpdi1.0/treatise23.html   (2619 words)

WLST Command and Variable Reference This command is useful when the prompt becomes too long due to the length of the path. When you open a template or domain, WLST is placed into the configuration bean hierarchy for that domain, and the prompt is updated to reflect the current location in the configuration hierarchy. When you open a domain template, WLST is placed into the configuration bean hierarchy for that domain template, and the prompt is updated to reflect the current location in the configuration hierarchy. e-docs.bea.com /wls/docs92/config_scripting/reference.html   (4672 words)

Cisco - IOS Tutorial Command syntax help can be used to obtain a list of command, keyword, or argument options that are available based on the syntax the user has already entered. Commands and keywords can be abbreviated to the minimum number of characters that identifies a unique selection. To remove a command from the configuration, simply navigate to the proper location and type "no" followed by the command to be removed. www.cisco.com /warp/cpropub/45/tutorial.htm   (2000 words)

Eschaton Eschaton: Chain of Command is a multiplayer combat game that seamlessly combines real time strategy and first person action. In Eschaton: Chain of Command, players simply substitute for the AI and are free to join in or drop without disrupting the flow of the battle. Chain of Command goes further by using a command hierachy to control assignment of units, allowing numerous commanders to share management in a battle. www.cocommand.com /gameplay.html   (326 words)

Terrorism - Homeland Defense - Northern Command The U.S. Northern Command, the military's new unified command charged with defending the continental United States from attack, is moving towards formal establishment, which is scheduled to occur on Oct. 1 at the command's new headquarters at Colorado Springs, Colo. The Northern Command, or NORTHCOM, is somewhat different from the rest of the regional unified commands that control military operations around the world — the European and Southern Commands, for example. Steven Blum, former commander of the National Guard's 29th Infantry Division, has been assigned as the new command's chief of staff; and, depending on how the Guard's role develops within the command, a guardsman could be given the deputy commander's position in the future. www.cdi.org /terrorism/northern-details.cfm   (1023 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) +- Currently there is not central army command of the previous Afghan National Army. Afghan army was disintegrated after the coup in Kabul which toppled Najeeb's regime and then under the provisions of the Itelaf-e-Shamal a major portion of the army was divided basically between the members of the Itelaaf-e-Shamal. Hiearchy of Command within the army (As it was previously) www.afghanhero.com /FAQNEW/ARMY~1.HTM   (227 words)

Colonial hierachy, council of 12, Colonial Warriors, Adama, inmates After the great holocaust that destroyed human civilization a new command hierarchy for humanity began to take place. Because of the immediate threat of annhilation from further cylon attack, the Council gives Commander Adama of the only Battlestar they have a status as defacto leader. Baltar is even arrested when he comes aboard the Galactica under a universal sign of peace to talk about the mysterious lights in the sky during the War of the Gods episode. www.movieprop.com /tvandmovie/Battlestar/colonialcommand.htm   (271 words)

Ashtar Space Command. Angelic Hierarchy. Great White Brotherhood. High Self The Spiritual Brotherhoods, the Galactic Federations, the Space Commands, the Angelic Hierarchies, the Mystery Schools.. Suffice it to say, the necessary prerequisite for all this is that we as humans be willing to fully participate in our "souls' agenda", or.. However, where the Angelic Hierarchy only exists in close proximity to (surrounding) the God Source... roswell.fortunecity.com /deva/62/index.Brotherhood.Members.htm   (1821 words)

Cylon Raider, picture, centurion, robot, cyborg, red eye The Cylon society is composed primarily of combat Centurians, Gold Commander Centurians, IL Series Droids, and the Imperious Leader. Its voice is deeper, and its armor is gold so that vocally or visually other Cylons can quickly tell the Command Centurian that is in charge. Gold Centurains command crews of two onboard Cylon Raider attack craft and often lead Centurians in quests to subjugate and control world's of Cylon dominion. www.movieprop.com /tvandmovie/Battlestar/cyloncommand.htm   (409 words)

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