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	Commerce raiding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Commerce raiding or guerre de course is a naval strategy of attacking an opponent's commercial shipping rather than contending for control of the seas with its naval forces.
		However, Germany also used merchant raiders and warships to attack allied shipping — the geographical enclosed position of Germany and the strength of the Royal Navy, later aided by the United States Navy, meant that it was difficult to deploy warships.
		Although raider warfare was not entirely strange to them, they could not build on the vast amount of experience as the Germans did, and as a result, their ships were far less effective.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commerce_raider (446 words)

	Falkayn.com - Julian Protectorate Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Commerce raiding is a strategic weapon, not a tactical or operational one.
		While the real assault on Britain's seaborne commerce had to await the fall of France and the construction of more submarines, it became apparent that the march of technology and advances in doctrine had improved the submarine far more than it had improved her opponents.
		Commerce raiding delivered this benefit by forcing your opponent to divert resources into commerce defense and away from his offensive war effort, all at a relatively small cost to you.
	www.falkayn.com /traveller/jp/commerce.html (8435 words)

	Merchant raider - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Merchant raiders are ships which disguise themselves as noncombatant merchant vessels, whilst actually being armed and intending to attack enemy commerce.
		The most famous captain of a German merchant raider, Felix von Luckner, used a the sailing ship SMS Seeadler for his voyage during World War I.
		These commerce raiders were unarmoured and not well suited for combat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merchant_raider (285 words)

	Surdam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Aside from some commerce raiders and one ironclad warship, the CSS Stonewall (which never reached a Confederate port by the end of the war), the Confederacy was unable to augment its naval power with European-built warships.
		Although privateering and commerce raiding succeeded in driving many northern shippers to transfer their registries, the northern economy was not unduly disrupted, nor did the Federals detach many ships from blockade duties in pursuit of the commerce raiders.
		The failure of the privateers and commerce raiders to draw off blockading vessels was due to a dichotomy between vessels suitable for blockading in the shallow coastal waters and those suitable for “blue water” endeavors, such as pursuing commerce raiders.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2001/Winter/art7-w01.htm (9024 words)

	Hitler's Secret Pirate Fleet: The Deadliest Ships Of World War II
		The raiders stayed at sea for months (Atlantis for 622 days, five of the nine for over a year; in contrast a long U-boat deployment was 200 days), rendezvousing with supply ships and tanker U-boats, and sending prize crews and prisoners to Axis ports on captured ships.
		Since raiders jammed the distress calls of their victims, the British Admiralty instructed all merchantmen hearing a distress call being jammed to send their own position and the bearing to the jammed transmission.
		The raiders soon sent fake distress calls, jammed them, and then waited for the merchantmen in the vicinity to send their positions and bearings to the supposed distress call.
	www.8notes.com /books/detpage.asp?asin=0803266529&field-keywords=Couperin&schMod=music&type=&sb=s (949 words)

	German Commerce Raiders mine Australian waters during WW2
		German commerce raiders including the rogue German U-Boat U-862, operated off the Australian coastline during World War 2.
		The German Raider "Orion" placed dummy mines in the entrance to the port of Albany in Western Australia.
		In 1940, the German commerce raider "Pinguin" accompanied by a tender ship sailed through Bass Strait and laid mines along the Victorian Coast, including the area off Apollo Bay.
	home.st.net.au /~dunn/ozatwar/germanmines.htm (479 words)

	Pirate Event .com :: Arrr!ticles - Pirates, Piracy, Bucaneers, etc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Commerce raiders operated successfully during the American Revolution.
		During the American Civil War, the Confederacy sent out several commerce raiders, the most famous of which was the CSS Alabama.
		Since commissioned naval vessels were openly used, these commerce raiders should not be considered even privateers, much less pirates - although the opposing combatants were vocal in denouncing them as such.
	www.pirateevent.com /piracy (1040 words)

	Raiders Drum and Bugle Corps
		When the 2006 DCI season started, the Raiders Drum and Bugle Corps of Wayne, NJ started their first show of the season as the defending 2005 DCI Division 3 World Champions.
		The Raiders competitive run over the past 11 years has been very strong; the organization has been steady and consistent.
		The Raiders won a Bronze Medal in 2006, a Silver Medal in 2001 and Captured the DCI Gold Medal in 2005.
	www.raidersdbc.org (500 words)

	review_whittle_gainer_dec05.htm
		The story of the Confederacies’ commerce raiders is one of the great naval epics of the American Civil War.
		Commerce raiding is as old as naval history itself and Stephen Mallory—the Confederate Secretary of the Navy, as well as the only member of Jefferson Davis’ cabinet to hold his position throughout the entire course of the war—quickly realized its potential.
		One such vessel, indeed the last major commerce raider purchased by the then dying Confederacy, was the CSS Shenandoah.
	ijnhonline.org /volume4_number3_dec05/review_whittle_gainer_dec05.htm (757 words)

	The U.S.S. Kearsarge vs. the C.S.S. Alabama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rather than send the Kearsarge to aid with the blockade of Confederate ports, she was sent to European water to hunt for Confederate commerce raiders.
		While the Kearsarge continued to patrol European waters for Confederate commerce raiders, the Confederacy's chief naval agent in Europe, James Bulloch was purchasing a navy in England, in defiance of that country's neutrality laws.
		The Commerce raider Florida had left England by the time attention was brought to bear on another vessel being built by the Laird Brothers in Liverpool.
	www.hampton.lib.nh.us /hampton/history/ships/usskearsarge.htm (2069 words)

	MainStreetNews Sports
		Commerce was in command for the majority of the first half of the matchup but things see-sawed back and fourth over the final two quarters.
		Commerce, which held an 11-8 lead after a quarter and a 29-26 edge at intermission, went cold in the first two minutes of the third period, getting outscored 5-0 to fall behind 31-29.
		Commerce got into an early hole in the contest which got much deeper as the second half progressed as Madison County nearly doubled their first half scoring total.
	www.mainstreetnews.com /Arch/01/1226/Sports.html (2452 words)

	Battlefront.com Discussion Forums: German Commerce Raiders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As far as I know, commerce raiders were one of those concepts that caused the enemy some pain and diversion of resources, but in the long run, their activities were a mere pin prick.
		The primary purpose of commerce raiders was to attack commerce, not duel purpose built warships.
		And whilst it may have been disproportionate, you have to look at what your starting proportion is. The commerce raiders were neither numerous nor long-lasting enough as a program to really put much of a dent in the Allied war effort.
	www.battlefront.com /cgi-bin/bbs/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=next_topic;f=9;t=020053;go=newer (2524 words)

	CSS Alabama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Shortly after the start of the war, Confederate commerce raiders began roaming the seas to prey on Union merchant ships.
		The most famous of these raiders was the CSS Alabama, which was built for the Confederate government by the Laird shipyard of Liverpool, England, and was commissioned off the Azores on August 24, 1862.
		She was 220 feet long with a beam of 32 feet, was powered by two 330-horsepower engines that operated her double wheel, and also had a full complement of sails.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /ShipsBlockadesAndRaiders/cssalabama.html (379 words)

	On_the_high_seas
		Commerce raiders, or cruisers, were designed with one purpose in mind: to wreak havoc on Union merchant ships.
		Commerce raiders were very effective in damaging Union shipping.
		Perhaps the most famous commerce raider was CSS Alabama, captained by Raphael Semmes.
	home.sc.rr.com /cafe/On_the_high_seas.html (898 words)

	German , Nurnberg, Lutzow, Admiral Hipper, Graf Spee, Scheer, Tirpitz, Bismarck, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Graf, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		She was the first of nine active raiders, seven of which went out in 1940.
		Six of the original seven raiders were still at sea - "Orion" and "Komet" in the Pacific, "Atlantis" at the desolate island of Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, "Kormoran" in the central and "Thor" in the South Atlantic.
		No German raiders had been at sea since the previous November, and "Thor" was the first of three to break out in 1942.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsGermanWarships.htm (6940 words)

	Piracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Latin term pirata, from which the English "pirate" is derived, derives ultimately from Greek peira "attack, attempt", cognate to peril.
		By the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the Roman Empire.
		In some cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship and sail the ship to a port, where it is repainted and given a new identity through false papers, and/or the cargo is sold.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Piracy.htm (3266 words)

	Publishers Marketplace: Rights News and Offerings
		From 1940-1943, German commerce raiders disguised as peaceful cargo ships and flying the flags of neutral and allied nations, prowled the oceans searching for unsuspecting Allied shipping.
		And intelligence suggests that a tenth commerce raider – known only as Raider X - is now scouring the seas in search of hapless victims.
		Decker's mission is simple: travel on the most attractive merchant ship on the seas and when Raider X strikes, endure long enough to be taken captive on board.
	www.publishersmarketplace.com /rights/display.cgi?rights_no=3819 (891 words)

	Confederate Raider 1861-65 - by Angus Konstam
		One of the more successful solutions they adopted was the use of commerce raiders.
		This book describes the reasons which forced the Confederates to resort to commerce raiding, and outlines the way in which these craft were converted or specially built to perform their role.
		It details not only the way these craft were operated and manned, but also their brutal attacks, daring escapes and climatic battles against the large numbers of Union warships forced to hunt them down.
	www.motorbooks.com /ProductDetails_9979.ncm (186 words)

	The Alabama Claims
		Disguised as merchant vessels during their construction in order to circumvent British neutrality laws, the craft were actually intended as commerce raiders.
		The United States demanded compensation from Britain for the damage wrought by the British-built, Southern-operated commerce raiders, based upon the argument that the British Government, by aiding the creation of a Confederate Navy, had inadequately followed its neutrality laws.
		Charles Sumner, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, argued that British aid to the Confederacy had prolonged the Civil War by 2 years, and indirectly cost the United States hundreds of millions, or even billions of dollars (the figure Sumner suggested was $2.125 billion).
	future.state.gov /future/when/timeline/1861_timeline/alab_claims.html (499 words)

	[13.0] April 1862 (2): An Infinite Deal Of Mischief
		British involvement with blockade running and construction of rebel commerce raiders led to international intrigues and tensions.
		The Confederacy, attempting to cope with the setbacks in the West and threats of further setbacks along all fronts, passed a conscription act that was met by loud public protests.
		The blockade runners still continued to leak through, but the pressure applied by the blockade squadrons that made running the blockade so very profitable was by that same logic proving its worth: whatever goods the Confederacy bought, they were bought at grossly inflated prices, and with scarce hard currency.
	www.vectorsite.net /twcw_13.html (2687 words)

	Pirate Pirates Piracy
		In the North, the Vikings harassed the commerce of the Baltic Sea and the English Channel.
		Emerging in the 13th cent., the Hanseatic League succeeded in curbing the piracy of its era.
		Atlantic and Indian oceans, but since they used naval vessels, these commerce raiders were not even privateers, much less pirates.
	home.att.net /~dreadpirate/piratepiracy.htm (1159 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although only hit by four 6-inch shells from the cruiser, the raider was after all a converted freighter and not designed to survive a cruiser’s gunfire.
		On the obverse are the statistics and history of the raider in English.
		The great majority of the crews unlucky enough to be caught by the raider were rescued and treated humanely by Detmers and the crew of the raider.
	www.steelnavy.com /NNTKormoran.htm (4031 words)

	Between Fleet Scouts & Commerce Raiders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The problem took place under less than ideal circumstances from the boats’ perspective, with the attackers operated submerged, and the merchant ships’ destroyer and aircraft escorts imposing a high degree of caution on the submariners’ part.
		The U.S. Navy limited the results it might have obtained in commerce warfare during the first 18 months of the war in large measure because its submariners attacked other targets.
		Aßmann also emphasized the importance of aircraft in conducting commerce warfare, even though the German Luftwaffe committed fewer and fewer resources to that effort as the war transpired.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_27/scouts2.html (3321 words)

	Theodore Roosevelt and the Navy by The Theodore Roosevelt Association
		Bulloch's younger brother, Irvine, served as midshipman on the Alabama and, legend has it, fired the last shot in the famous fight with the Union corvette Kearsarge off Cherbourg, sticking to his post as the Alabama sank beneath him on 19 June 1864.
		He later crewed aboard the commerce raider Shenandoah, harassing New England whalers in the Bering Strait.
		The economic impact of the commerce raiders was significant, so much so that historian Philip Van Doren Stern considers James Bulloch's contribution to the Confederacy second only to that of Robert E. Lee.
	www.theodoreroosevelt.org /life/TRandNavy.htm (2235 words)

	Iroquois
		Arriving 15 June 1861 at New York, she was immediately sent to the Caribbean to search out and destroy southern commerce raiders.
		She also took part in the giant search for the Confederate raider Shenandoah, finally arriving Singapore in May 1865 after a long voyage around South America and across the Pacific.
		She was present at Osaka, Japan, when that port and neighboring Hiogo were opened to foreign commerce 1 January 1868; and she took part in the rescue operations following the overturning of Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell's boat in the harbor 11 January.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/i3/iroquois-i.htm (986 words)

	Fredericksburg.com - The voyage of the CSS Shenandoah
		The fear inspired by these raiders had an even bigger impact on American shipping, as ownership of vessels was transferred overseas to avoid capture by raiders and high insurance rates.
		Such was the case with the CSS Shenandoah, which began life in Glasgow, Scotland, as the auxiliary steamer Sea King in 1863, and had made one commercial voyage to New Zealand prior to its purchase by the Confederates in September 1864.
		The result was that the fledgling raider lacked many of the normal accoutrements of a warship, such as gun ports and cabin furniture.
	fredericksburg.com /News/FLS/2006/092006/09092006/219590?rss=local (641 words)

	Commerce-Raiders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Unlike the privateers, the commerce raiders were part of the Confederate
		Raiders built in foreign ports as ï¾“neutralï¾” ships were sailed to sea to
		Some of the more successful commerce raiders (with the tally of their prizes
	war-civil-usa.thetechonehome.com /Commerce-Raiders-3767182.html (601 words)

	Amazon.com: The Rebel Raiders: The Astonishing History of the Confederacy's Secret Navy: Books: James T. Dekay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The third is a thoroughly readable narrative of the raider Alabama and her capable, quirky captain, Raphael Semmes.
		These few raiders destroyed the American whaling fleet and ran insurance rates so high that the American mercantile fleet was driven from the seas (and suffers to this day).
		The Rebel Raiders recounts the Confederacy's efforts to build commerce raiders in Britain, and the American authorities' attempts, largely unsuccessful, to stop them.
	www.amazon.com /Rebel-Raiders-Astonishing-History-Confederacys/dp/0345431820 (2367 words)

	Auto Restorer On-Line Book Store
		With only one exception, the captains of the Kreigsmarine's Commerce Raiders were fine men.
		From 1940 to 1943 nine German surface raiders (Atlantis, Orion, Widder, Thor, Pinguin, Komet, Kormoran, Michel, and Stier) effectively used deception against both merchantmen and warships.
		Even well-informed students of the Second World War are largely unfamiliar with one of its most dramatic and deadly phenomeon, the Kriegesmarine's auxiliary cruisers disguised as Allied or neural merchantmen.
	www.autorestorer.com /bookstore/book.php?asin=0803266529 (1017 words)

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