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Topic: Commercial broadcasting

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Public broadcasting

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	UK Commercial Broadcasting On The Right Wavelength
		It was therefore necessary to reassess the purpose and principles of broadcasting regulation.
		Broadcasting will continue to be financed by advertising because television is an important medium for conveying advertising and advertising is an important source of finance for television.
		The criteria used by the IBA to award franchises and impose restrictions on commercial broadcasters should be clearly stated, and those criteria that cannot be specifically justified should be removed.
	www.cepr.org /pubs/bulletin/MEETS/327.HTM (998 words)

	Media and Democracy: The Emergence of Commercial Broadcasting in the United States, 1927-1935 \| Robert W. McChesney \| ...
		Critical scholars have argued that commercial broadcasting was inevitable in the United States due to the domination of U.S. society by huge corporations and the ideology of corporate capitalism (8).
		Broadcasting histories heretofore, mainstream and critical, have emphasized that the establishment of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company’s WEAF in 1922, with its formal commitment to time sales as its basis of support, was the first step in the inexorable march toward network-dominated, advertising-supported broadcasting.
		Nonetheless, the commercial broadcasters were able to defuse the threat to the status quo posed by the newspaper industry through a series of skillful and brilliant maneuvers.
	www.oah.org /pubs/magazine/communication/mcchesney.html (5001 words)

	Self-regulation and the broadcast media
		Commercial broadcasters are bound by certain minimum standards with regard to balance and the expression of pluralism of views.
		Commercial broadcasters intending to broadcast nationally, or to a limited geographic area (state, region or local) must be licensed by the LMAs having jurisdiction over the area(s) for which the licence is sought.
		Broadcasting is an electronic media sector in which technological progress brought increased levels of complexity to a relatively stable licensing scheme, and policy changes have been in part responding to those changes.
	www.selfregulation.info /iapcoda/0405-broadcast-report-dl.htm (4746 words)

	AllRefer.com - broadcasting (Film) - Encyclopedia
		By 2003, 4,804 commercial radio stations were operating in the original AM (amplitude modulation) broadcast band.
		Commercial broadcasting on the FM (frequency modulation) band began in 1941.
		The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established in 1968 as a not-for-profit, nongovernmental agency to finance the growth of noncommercial radio and television; by 2003 the network served more than 200 television and nearly 800 radio stations.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/broadcas.html (505 words)

	BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT 1992
		Commercial radio broadcasting licences to provide analog or digital commercial radio broadcasting services 37.
		Limitation on control of commercial radio broadcasting licences and restricted datacasting licences during the digital radio moratorium period Division 3--Limitation on directorships Subdivision A--Television and radio 55.
		Broadcasting or datacasting taken to be publication in permanent form 207.
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/legis/cth/consol_act/bsa1992214 (3037 words)

	Public service broadcasting
		Commercial broadcasters also claim that with the shift to multi-channel, on-demand broadcasting offered by digitalisation, the market would be able to cater for all needs and therefore would also fulfil the public service obligations currently assigned to public broadcasting institutions.
		Revenue from the broadcasting fee is stable and secure, predictable, less volatile than other means of funding; it reduces dependence on advertising revenue and on state allocations; the broadcasting fee establishes an additional link between public broadcasting organisations and viewers and listeners; in most countries, public acceptance of the broadcasting fee is relatively high.
		Public service broadcasters often see this as an additional burden, and an imposition, but it is also true that if the PSB regulatory framework is to form an exception to the general market- and competition-oriented media regulation, then there must be a clearly defined conception of such broadcasting.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/EDOC10029.htm (12255 words)

	The Mythology of Commercial Broadcasting and the Contemporary Crisis of Public Broadcasting
		Morgan emphasized that commercial broadcasting had relegated public affairs and education to the margins and that the existence of the U.S. broadcast reform movement was "inescapable evidence of dissatisfaction" with the status quo.
		In the United States, the notion that commercial broadcasting is the superior system because it embodies market principles is closely attached to the notion that the market is the only "democratic" regulatory mechanism, and that this democratic market is the essence of Americanism, patriotism, and all that is good and true in the world.
		Broadcasting, in particular, offered the most hope for those who wished to see a First Amendment committed to democratic media, since the limited number of possible channels meant that there was no escaping that the government would determine who would broadcast and who would not, and the terms under which they would broadcast.
	www.ratical.com /co-globalize/RMmythCB.html (21016 words)

	ipedia.com: Public broadcasting Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The original British Broadcasting Corporation, widely trusted even by citizens of the Axis, was widely emulated throughout the former British Empire and later Commonwealth: the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Australian Broadcasting Corporation are simple applications of that model.
		While commercial broadcasters often use the word as if it were a category one could observe directly, public broadcasters are forced by their very mandate to justify their use of the word - the BBC at one point claimed it would label no one a "terrorist" as they considered it a political term.
		Public broadcasting sometimes serves simply to put voices or languages on the air that may otherwise be completely ignored, and sometimes due to a lack of voice, obliterated.
	www.ipedia.com /public_broadcasting.html (999 words)

	The Broadcasting Commission -- Broadcasting Laws: The Broadcasting & Radio Re-Diffusion Act
		"commercial matter" means matter of any description which is broadcast with the intention of influencing listeners or viewers thereto to engage or abstain from engaging in commercial relations with any person;
		(4) Every exclusive commercial sound broadcasting licence shall authorize the holder thereof during such period as such licence remains in force to engage in commercial broadcasting to the exclusion of all other persons except as otherwise provided in subsection (5) and subsection (6).
		(b) specify the type of broadcasting to which it relates; and subject to section 22, be valid for such period as may be specified in the licence.
	www.broadcastingcommission.org /broadcastinglaws/brrdaact.htm (5191 words)

	Articles - BBC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Television broadcasting was suspended from September 1, 1939 to June 7, 1946 during the Second World War.
		BBC 2 was broadcast in colour from July 1, 1967, and was joined by BBC 1 and ITV on November 15, 1969.
		The BBC's commercial subsidiary BBC Worldwide is also part of a joint venture with Flextech in the TV company UKTV, and provides various channels for overseas markets, such as BBC World, BBC Prime, BBC America, BBC Canada and BBC Kids (in Canada), and BBC Japan.
	www.techize.com /articles/BBC (3606 words)

	Robert McChesney lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		From the democratic standpoint, a broadcasting system that is controlled by a handful of enormous private firms that make their money by selling advertising to other large private firms seems disconnected and irrelevant to the needs of a democratic society.
		Public broadcasting systems also face a direct and constant threat from capitalist forces that seek to exploit the commercial potential of broadcasting, and who regard public broadcasters as a barrier to their ambitions.
		Commercial broadcasters and their ideologues concede that this First Amendment may not seem pretty, but theirs is simply an "absolutist" interpretation.
	www.com.umontreal.ca /spry/spry-rm-lec.html (20381 words)

	Current Online \| Commercial broadcasting dereg, 2003
		There’s hope for public broadcasting in the upwelling of citizen opposition to FCC deregulation of commercial TV, broadcast historian Robert McChesney said in a keynote address at the PBS Annual Meeting June 7.
		We cannot exist as a public service island in a sea of conglomeration and commercialism.” In the past, both in the United States and abroad, pubcasting’s quality has risen and fallen in tandem with commercial broadcasting’s, he said.
		McChesney said it would be dangerous for public broadcasting to take on commercial broadcasters as opponents, but that it helped bring dereg to public attention by covering the policy debates, as few commercial media did.
	www.current.org /pb/pb0311dereg.html (835 words)

	[AT] Commercial Broadcasting Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The study examines the fundamental question of whether the dual broadcasting system, ie the introduction of commercial radio, has been beneficial for the various market players.
		The results of the investigation into whether consumers consider that commercial radio in particular enhances the variety of programmes and opinions represented, and whether advertisers have embraced the new market, will be used to draw up a list of requirements for the future structure of the corresponding legal framework.
		The authors conclude that, despite some progress noted in the report, the dual broadcasting system is not yet as balanced as it should be.
	merlin.obs.coe.int /iris/2003/6/article8.en.html (222 words)

	European Commercial Broadcasting Satellite
		The company's revenue is generated by leasing satellite transponders--effectively the equivalent of channel slots--to broadcasting organisations who pay annual rentals reputedly as high as £5 million per transponder.
		The system was subsequently augmented by the launch of ASTRA 1B in March 1991, while 1C followed in May 1993 and 1D in November 1994--all co-located at the same orbital position and with an active life-span of ten to twelve years.
		A considerable number of German broadcasting interests also migrated early to ASTRA and SES's evolving system was soon enabling diverse programme services in a wide variety of languages, ushering in a new era of themed private television and radio channels as alternatives to the general entertainment models commonly associated with terrestrial broadcasting.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/E/htmlE/europeancomm/europeancomm.htm (1066 words)

	Current.org \| "Omnibus"
		Others held that cooperation between commercial broadcasters and nonprofit organizations provided a more promising path: only the networks, with their production expertise, large budgets and economies of scale, would be able to produce educational programming of sufficient quality to draw a mass audience.
		Commercials were carefully rotated from one slot to another in successive programs, preventing sponsors from becoming associated with any one segment.
		He was the founding president of the Museum of Broadcasting in New York City, and served as the chief of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division of the Library of Congress, where it is possible to view archival videotapes of Omnibus programs.
	www.current.org /coop/coopomni.html (2529 words)

	An Alternate View of the Future of Public Television
		In its essence, public broadcasting must be available to all, instill democratic values, promote respect for all groups, and strive for fairness and accuracy in coverage of news and public affairs.
		While all broadcasters have lost viewers to cable, the commercial networks own their own competition and have been able to increase advertising and raise rates to maintain their revenue base.
		We believe that a bold new proposal for a trust to ensure and enhance public broadcasting’s contribution to culture and public affairs in a system dominated by rank commercialism, widespread indecency and neglect of public affairs would resonate with the public.
	www.cipbonline.org /JerrysAlternateView.htm (4121 words)

	ALM english version
		Commercial broadcasting stations have existed since the middle of the eighties.
		For this reason the organisation and monitoring of commercial broadcasting is regulated by individual state media laws.
		Commercial radio and commercial television broadcasting is thereby subject to legal programming requirements, the implementation of which is monitored by the independent state media authorities.
	www.alm.de /14.html?&ALM_PLAINTEXT=1 (315 words)

	Department for Culture Media and Sport - commercial broadcasting
		We ensure that the framework for commercial television services encourages the development of new channels and helps promote innovation and competition.
		Commercial television services include ITV, which consists of 15 regional services and GMTV, Channel 4, Five, Teletext and local television services on terrestrial television, and a wide range of cable, satellite and digital services.
		Within this framework, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) is responsible for licensing and monitoring commercial television.
	www.culture.gov.uk /what_we_do/Broadcasting/commercial_broadcasting (129 words)

	Commercial Broadcasting
		The commercial authorities would have expected all employees to exercise some form of control over what was said over the air, and particularly so in the years of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Broadcasting.
		Often the outline would contain only the questions and their running order, at other times strategic answers, or cues which served to remind the interviewee of pre-arranged answers, would also be sketched in.4 The format did allow for some ad-libbing but the technique was essentially carried over from that developed by the ABC.
		The system differentiated between the entrants, who were the apparent authors of the broadcast message, and the adjudicators who lectured the entrants, then screened, judged and authorised the entries.
	wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au /ReadingRoom/Richo/Commercial.html (2338 words)

	The 50th Anniversary of Commercial Broadcasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Commercial broadcasting in Japan began with radio broadcasting by the Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd. in 1951, and 2001 marks the fiftieth anniversary of commercial broadcasting.
		Two years later in 1953, Nippon Television Network Corporation, a commercial broadcasting company, began the first commercial television broadcasting in Japan.
		The stamp depicts the images of the microphone used when commercial radio broadcasting began, the first monochrome television camera used for commercial television broadcasting, and a television set up for street viewing.
	www.post.japanpost.jp /english/kitte_hagaki/stamp/tokusyu/2001/1115_50 (152 words)

	Broadcast History Resource Links
		Broadcasting In Chicago 1921-1989 An excellent overview of the early years of Windy City broadcasting, with an emphasis on NBC's Merchandise Mart studio complex.
		Library Of American Broadcasting Formerly known as the Broadcast Pioneers Library, this Maryland-based institution is an important repository of scripts and recordings of interest to the broadcast historian.
		Ed Reitan's Color Television History The evolution of color telecasting was a complicated process, with political obstacles almost as difficult to overcome as the technical obstacles.
	www.midcoast.com /~lizmcl/links.html (1345 words)

	Broadcasting Timeline
		The FCC creates the commercial broadcasting spectrum of 13 channels, and 130 applications for broadcast licenses follow.
		Fox Broadcasting is the first network to permit condom advertising on television.
		Broadcasters and television and PC manufacturers agree on a standard for HDTV (high-definition digital television).
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0151956.html (1452 words)

	AM Broadcasting History - Various Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Federal Radio Commission finds that while the broadcasting of music performed through the agency of mechanical reproductions, such as records or perforated rolls, is not in itself objectionable, the failure clearly to announce the nature of such broadcasting is in some instances working what is in effect a fraud upon the listening public.
		WCBS returned to the air broadcasting with a 10,000-watt transmitter in Long Island City, Queens, that was lent to it for the emergency by radio station WLIB.
		WJZ, the second licensed commercial broadcasting station in the United States, was established in Newark in 1921.
	members.aol.com /jeff560/am9.html (7158 words)

	Further information on 'First Commercial Broadcasting Licence'.
		If you wish to search for the term first commercial broadcasting licence, visiting Connected Earth's website should be rewarding.
		The experience is a completely multi-media one, where you can switch between clearly-written stories, more in-depth exploration, three dimensional pictures of objects, oral or written reminiscences from former telecommunications industry workers, movie sequences, and ingenious animations providing easy-to-understand explanations of the way that things work.
		Connected Earth is the site to further your study of the subject first commercial broadcasting licence.
	www.connected-earth.com /content/commercial_broadcasting.html (299 words)

	PINK MEDIA GROUP
		ABOUT US The Pink Media Group (PMG) is the largest, private commercial broadcast entertainment and media group in Southeast Europe.
		Pink International is the leading commercial radio (Radio Pink) and television (TV Pink) broadcasting company in Serbia, setting the standards for the broadcast market.
		Pink M is the leading commercial television broadcasting company in Montenegro.
	www.pinkmediagroup.net (249 words)

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