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	Commissar Order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commissar Order (German: Kommissarbefehl) was an order given by Adolf Hitler on June 6, 1941, prior to Operation Barbarossa, that any captured Soviet political officer be immediately shot.
		Field Marshal von Manstein in his memoirs, while acknowledging that he gave his written assent to the order, states that he, along with some other field commanders, instructed the units under his command not to follow it, despite the prevailing opinion among the German officer corps that the commissars were a species of war criminal.
		The commissar order has been of interest for historians of the Holocaust, as many believe that the order was gradually interpreted more and more broadly and eventually provided justification for the extermination of all Jews.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commissar_Order (216 words)

	Commando Order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commando Order was a top secret order issued by Adolf Hitler on October 18, 1942 stating that all commandos captured in Europe and Africa (but excluding seamen), should be immediately executed even if they attempted to surrender.
		He also knew the order would be unpopular with the professional military, in particular the part of the order that stated that the order would stand even if captured Commandos were in uniform (plainclothes commandos could be treated as insurgents or spies under International Law).
		The Commando Order was one of the specifications in the charge against Generaloberst (Colonel-General) Jodl, who was convicted and hanged.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commando_Order (1369 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Truth About Hitler's "Commissar Order" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		...The order had involved not only suspected politruks (army political commissars), but prisoners who for any reason whatever were a nuisance to their captors and guards, prisoners who were not considered worth feeding, such as Jewish soldiers, and soldiers who were desperately wounded or seriously ill...
		...the order was not to be construed by the soldier as license to act as he pleased toward civilians...
		...The genuine hunt for political commissars, as opposed to the mere reduction of the numbers of prisoners of war under the cloak of the Commissar Order, was naturally hottest in officer camps...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V28I1P13-1.htm (8261 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Red Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hitler's notorious Commissar Order implicated all the German armed forces in the policy of war crimes.
		In order to secure these Soviet interests in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings in the German Democratic Republic, Hungary and Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and 1960s.
		Tanks were sent into the streets of Moscow, but according to all the commanders and the soldiers, the orders were only to ensure the safety of the people.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Red_Army (2282 words)

	The German High Command Trial. Part III. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949
		Extermination of the Bolshevist Commissars and of the Communist intelligentsia.
		The evidence showed that the Commissar Order was received by the accused von Salmuth while he was Commanding General of the XXXth Army Corps.
		Numerous orders and reports established that thousands of so-called guerrillas, functionaries and Jews had been executed within his area according to the Commissar Order in circumstances which could leave no doubt that they were carried out with the knowledge, connivance or approval of the accused.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/ghctrial3.htm (5066 words)

	The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42
		In October 1945 the Tribunal ordered that notice be given to members of indicted Organizations of their right to apply to be heard by the Tribunal under Article 9 of the Charter.
		Orders of the RSHA were, according to the witness' opinion, first discussed with the military commander before being passed on to the Security.
		In Denmark orders to begin the deportation of the Jews were received from the Foreign Office and the RSHA in Berlin shortly after the institution of the office of Security Police in Copenhagen.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/naeve.htm (21289 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-21/tgmwc-21-200.04
		But here the orders under Figure 6 are concerned with the security of the rear areas, and the armoured corps which was ahead of the front line of the infantry army had nothing to do with these matters.
		The Commissar Order, after all, only affected the removal of those Soviet elements who, shall we say, were supposed to carry the war beyond the military into the ideological sphere and to urge their troops to fight to the death.
		Naturally, he considered the political commissars to be harmful and to be our enemies; and that was expressed by him in the Commissar Order.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.py?imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-21/tgmwc-21-200.04 (2201 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-22/tgmwc-22-212.10
		Archive/File: imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-22/tgmwc-22-212.10 Last-Modified: 2001/01/21 Thus, the military leaders achieved the result that the Commissar Order was not generally executed within the army groups and the armies.
		The order did not emanate from them, they did not pass it on, they did not execute it, they endeavoured to have it rescinded, and finally reached their objective.
		It is not sufficient, in order to ascertain guilt, that the prosecution explain what the defendants should not have done; at the same time they should tell us what they might and should have done, for any legal prohibition must also include a positive directive.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.py?imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-22/tgmwc-22-212.10 (2919 words)

	Red Army
		On November 2, 1940, the system underwent further modification with the abolition of functional ranks for NCOs and the introduction of the Podpolkovnik (sub-colonel) rank.
		On October 9, 1942 the authorities abolished the system of military commissars, together with the commissar ranks.
		The Red Army troops faced little resistance, partly due to an official order by the Polish Supreme Command not to engage in combat with the Soviet troops, and partly because many former Polish subjects viewed the advancing troops as liberators, welcoming them with flowers and “bread and salt”.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/re/red_army.html (4657 words)

	Prisoners of War in the Mauthausen concentration camp
		Before the invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler issued the Commissar Order under which all Communist Commissars in the Russian Army who were captured in battle would be brought to the Dachau, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps to be executed.
		On March 28, the order was issued as an adjunct to the Kugel Erlass.
		My knowledge of Aktion K [Operation Bullet, referring to orders to execute all prisoners of war discovered attempting to escape, excluding Americans and British] is due to the fact that I was head of the Hollerith service in Mauthausen, and consequently all the transfer forms from the various camps.
	www.scrapbookpages.com /Mauthausen/KZMauthausen/History/POWs.html (2180 words)

	War Crimes: American Prosecution of Nazi Military Officers
		Field commanders passed the order down to their subordinate units and were charged with actual or constructive knowledge of the reports documenting the death of political functionaries.
		In order to combat the partisans, the headquarters of the 2d Panzer Army was shifted from Russia to Croatia.
		Berlin ordered that Italian soldiers who desired to continue fighting should be permitted to retain their arms and should be provided the same rations and fifty percent of the compensation accorded to German combatants.
	www.codoh.com /trials/triamprosnazis.html (16353 words)

	Russian Archives Online > The Gallery > The Red Army
		Its founder was Leon Trotsky, with the title People's Commissar, which he lost in the power struggle against Stalin in 1924.
		In June, Marshall Tukhachevsky, first deputy commissar of war, who, despite his rich family background served the Soviet cause with much success from the beginning, and seven other generals were found guilty of plotting to betray the Soviet Union to Japan and Germany.
		When they retreated in flight, first the commissar, then the officer were shot.
	www.pbs.org /redfiles/rao/gallery/old/redarmy.html (832 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - The Barbarossa Jurisdiction Order (Text)
		But in considering this order it must be borne in mind that it was not solely applicable to guerrillas and that it is an obligation upon an occupying force to provide for the fair treatment of the civilians within the occupied area.
		With regard to the second aspect of this order, that is the obligation to prosecute soldiers who commit offenses against the indigenous population, this obligation as a matter of international law is considered doubtful.
		This order was apparently given wide distribution and it is considered not without merit that the military authorities in the issuance of this order had substantially limited section II of the Barbarossa Jurisdiction Order insofar as that order did away with the obligation to prosecute.
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=56057 (1779 words)

	Order of the Red Star to Commissar Colonel - Wehrmacht-Awards.com Militaria Forums
		This Order was awarded to Commissar Colonel Fedor Ivanovich Chertov 25 March 1943.
		Sometimes it took "lateral action"-- I had to cough up 98 dollars to "research" an Order of Alexander Nevsky serial number of the award I didn't have to get the service records of an air force general whose M1943 "1937" Red Banner replacement I had with his Orders Booklet.
		He has served in the Soviet Army since 1941, was wounded four times and had won the Order of Red Banner and the Order of the Red Star by the time the action took place that earned him the Order or Suvorov, 3rd Class.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /forums/showthread.php?t=8040 (1085 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - Himmler, Heydrich and the Fuehrer Order
		This order was shown to Wisliceny by SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer Karl Adolf Eichmann on a subsequent occasion, when Eichmann told Wisliceny that almost all of the Jews Wisliceny had deported to the East from Slovakia were dead.
		Ohlendorf made the claim that a specific order to exterminate Soviet Jews was conveyed to the Einsatzgruppen leaders before the start of Barbarossa by Bruno Streckenbach, both in his testimony at the IMT and at his own trial at NMT Case 9 (the Einsatzgruppen Trial).
		It does not have to have been a different order referring specifically to Jews, although at the end of the war person like Bradfisch and Bender might well have inyerpreted Himmler's words in retrospect in that way, given the interest that their interrogators were giving to the killing of Jews in particular.
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=24139 (9004 words)

	Nuremberg Trials Held by the United States of America UnderControl Council Law No
		An examination of the available evidence on the subject convinces us that hostages may be taken in order to guarantee the peaceful conduct of the population of occupied territories and, when certain conditions exist and the necessary preliminaries have been taken, they may, as a last resort, be shot.
		Unlawful orders initiated, drafted, distributed and executed by the defendants directed that certain enemy troops be refused quarter and be denied the status and rights of prisoners of war, and that certain captured members of the military forces of nations at war with Germany be summarily executed.
		The defendants committed War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, in that they were principals in, accessories to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, were connected with plans and enterprises involving, and were members of organizations and groups which were connected with, the commission of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/cntrl10_trials.htm (4419 words)

	order227
		The Order of the National Commissar for the Defense of the Soviet Union.
		It is impossible to tolerate commanders and commissars permitting units to
		This order is to be read in all companies, cavalry squadrons, batteries,
	www.stalingrad-info.com /order227.htm (1240 words)

	Guards cap tallies navy USSR ribbons Stepanov
		On 27 June 1947, by VMS Commander-in-Chief’s Order No. 124 all formations, units, and ships (except those displacing 500 tons or more, which kept their named inscriptions) that were part of a fleet or flotilla were to have tallies with the name of the fleet (flotilla).
		Such tallies were not addressed by any order, but we may suppose that this man served on a guards ships and was then transferred to one of the units directly under the headquarters of the Black-Sea Fleet.
		The Red-Banner Danube Military Flotilla of the Orders of Nakhimov and Kutuzov was abolished in 1960.
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/Ribbons.htm (3576 words)

	Extract from the Commissar's Order For "Operation Barbarossa," JUNE 6, 1941
		Extract from the Commissar's Order for "Operation Barbarossa," June 6, 1941
		In particular, the political commissars of all kinds, who are the real bearers of resistance, can be expected to mete out treatment to our prisoners that is full of hate, cruel and inhuman.
		1) Political commissars operating against our armies are to be dealt with in accordance with the decree on judicial provisions in the area of "Barbarossa." This applies to commissars of every type and rank, even if they are only suspected of resistance, sabotage or incitement to sabotage....
	www1.yadvashem.org /about_holocaust/documents/part3/doc170.html (241 words)

	The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War against the Soviet Union
		German military and police authorities intended to wage a war of annihilation against the Communist state as well as against the Jews of the Soviet Union, whom they characterized as forming the "racial basis" for the Soviet state.
		The Commissar Order issued by the German Armed Forces High Command ordered the shooting of all political commissars of the Soviet army who were taken prisoner.
		The Commissar Order was rescinded in May 1942 at the urging of field commanders, who had come up against much stronger Soviet resistance when the regular shooting of Soviet army political commissars became general knowledge.
	www.ushmm.org /wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007182 (554 words)

	The Holocaust
		September 1939 Himmler appointed Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of the German Race.
		Given the “Commissar Order”: told to execute Communist Party officials and “Jews in the service of the state and party.”
		SS officers interpret the order broadly, and some evidence that they were given oral orders to shoot all Jewish men.
	www.hist.umn.edu /~hist3633/lecture-outline-17.htm (331 words)

	einsatz3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is estimated that of the six million people killed by the Germans, a quarter of them were killed by the Einsatzgruppen.
		The Einsatzgruppen were given orders directly by Himmler and Heydrich on several occasions.
		The officers were later embodied in the "Commissar Order" issued by Heydrich Himmler and never revoked.
	www.fatherryan.org /holocaust/einsatzgrup/einsatz3.htm (142 words)

	Adolf Hitler
		June 6: In his Kommissarbefehl (Commissar Order) Hitler gives instructions for the liquidation of Soviet Political Commissars of the ´Red Army´.
		December: Hitler ordered the Systematic Assassination of European Jews.
		September 25: Hitler ordered that all German men between sixteen and sixty years old had to do military service in the ´Volkssturm´ (German territorial army) and had to defend the borders of the Reich.
	www.the-downfall.com /adolf-hitler.php3 (1691 words)

	Trotsky’s 1918-Volume 1, Military Writings Table of Contents
		Order by the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council and the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs to all units of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army fighting against the counter-revolutionary mutineers and their Czechoslovak allies, June 13, 1918
		Order by the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council and the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs to the Army and Navy Departments and to the Red Army and Red Navy, June 13, 1918
		Order by the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council and the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, August 8, 1918
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1918-mil/index.htm (2034 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Red Army
		This culminated, on December 18, in the issuing of ‘Directive No. 21 – Case Barbarossa’, which opened by saying “the German Armed Forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England”.
		In order to secure Soviet interests in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings in the German Democratic Republic (1953), Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968).
		According to the official commission (the Academy of Soviet Scientists) appointed by the Supreme Soviet (the higher chamber of the Russian parliament) immediately after the events of August 1991, the Army did not play a significant role in what some describe as coup d'état of old-guard communists.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Red_Army (5069 words)

	Trials of German Major War Criminals: Volume 22
		Thus, the military leaders achieved the result that the Commissar Order was not generally executed within the army groups and the armies.
		and their unanimity, and the handling of the Commissar Order is itself evidence of the most conclusive kind that the generals' attitude was beyond reproach.
		guided by the spirit of decent soldierly behaviour, they conducted the war in a chivalrous way, and knew how to prevent the practical execution of all orders of Hitler which were not in keeping with their own conceptions.
	www.nizkor.org /hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-22/tgmwc-22-212-10.shtml (2969 words)

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