| | A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --D-- |
 | | After periods as a socialist in the European Parliament (1979-81) and a left of centre finance minister in President François Mitterrand 's administration (1981-5), Jacques Delors became president of the European Commission in 1985 and, having had his office twice renewed, served until 1995. |
| | For example, his concept of a European Union in which powers would progressively be shifted from the intergovernmental sphere ('co-operation') to the Community sphere ('common action') surfaced later in the Maastricht Treaty 's 'pillar' structure and the one-way-traffic doctrine of the ' acquis communautaire'. |
| | Unlike Regulations and Decisions, which once issued pass directly into effect throughout the EU, Directives have first to be enacted nationally before obtaining legal force (although the Francovich case showed that failure to implement a Directive promptly can lead to remedy by the European Court of Justice). |
| www.euro-know.org /dictionary/d.html (105 words) |
