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Topic: Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation

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Zhuyin Fuhao

Standard Mandarin

Bopomofo

MPS II

Mandarin Promotion Council

Mandarin (linguistics)

Mandarin Chinese

Chinese language

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Taiwanese language

Hakka dialect

Political divisions of China

Chinese input methods for computers

Communist Party of China

Lienchiang

	Standard Mandarin Encyclopedia Articles @ OfficialTexts.com (Official Texts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elite, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects, Classical Chinese, was a written standard, not a spoken one.
		It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialect became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the capital, Beijing.
		Zhuyin is used as the method for teaching pronunciation of characters and compounds in schools.
	www.officialtexts.com /encyclopedia/Standard_Mandarin (3379 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Received Pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Received Pronunciation (RP) is a form of pronunciation of the English language, sometimes defined as the "educated spoken English of southeastern England".
		It is the accent of English English most often taught to non-native speakers, and represented in the pronunciation schemes of most British dictionaries.
		Earlier, Received Pronunciation was sometimes referred to as BBC English (as it was traditionally used by the BBC).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Received_Pronunciation (995 words)

	Zhuyin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 13, created a system called Guoyin Zimu (國音字母 "National Pronunciation Letters") or Zhuyin Zimu (註音字母 or 注音字母 "Sound-annotating Letters") which is based on Zhang Binglin's shorthands.
		(For differences with the Zhang system, see Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation#Phonetic symbols.) A draft was released on July 11, 1913 by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until November 23, 1918.
		Besides being a pronunciation notation, pinyin is used widely in publications in mainland China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhuyin (1469 words)

	Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (讀音統一會 Pinyin : Dúyīn Tǒngyī Huì) was established in Republic of China (then still based in Nanjing) from 1912 to 1913 to select an ancillary phonetic symbols Mandarin (Zhuyin was the product) and set the Guoyu pronunciation of basic Chinese characters.
		It was decided in a draft on August 7 1912 a month after a conference led the Cai Yuanpei in July 10 that a set phonetic symbols were to be used for purposes.
		The Commission ended on May 22 A later similar organization that still exists headed by Woo Tsin-hang for a while is the Mandarin Promotion Council.
	www.freeglossary.com /Commission_on_the_Unification_of_Pronunciation (505 words)

	learningchinese
		In 1913, the Ministry of Education convened a Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation to establish a standard national tongue.
		It embodies the pronunciation of Peking, the grammar of the Mandarin dialects, and the vocabulary of modern vernacular Chinese literature, but features of various local dialects were also incorporated.
		For example, there is a 23% discrepancy in standard pronunciation between the 3,500 most commonly used characters in the 'Xinhua zidian' of the mainland and 'Guoyu cidian' of Taiwan.
	www1.esc.edu /personalstu/jli/learningchinese.html (1257 words)

	Standard Mandarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As late as the 19th century the emperor had difficulty understanding some of his own ministers in court, who did not always try to follow any standard pronunciation.
		A Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation was convened with delegates from the entire country.
		When the medial, nucleus, and coda combine into a final, their pronunciations may be affected.
	www.pleasantoncaus.com /info/Putonghua (3912 words)

	Free information of Zhuyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 1913, created a system called Guoyin Zimu (國音字母 "National Pronunciation Letters") or Zhuyin Zimu (註音字母 or 注音字母 "Sound-annotating Letters") which is based on Zhang Binglin 's shorthands.
		These phonetic symbols sometimes appear as ruby characters printed next to the Chinese characters in young children's book s, and in editions of classical texts (which frequently use characters that appear at very low frequency rates in newspapers and other such daily fare).
		Bopomofo symbols are also mapped to the ordinary Roman character keyboard (1 = bo, q = po, a = mo, and so forth) used in one Chinese input methods for computers for inputting Chinese text when using the computer.
	www.qcat.org /en/Zhuyin (1448 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The need to establish an official national language was felt as early as the 17th century when the Ching dynasty established a number of "correct pronunciation institutes" to teach standard Beijing pronunciation, particularly in the Cantonese and Fujianese-speaking southern provinces.
		In 1913, the Ministry of Education (MOE) ±Ð¨³¡ convened a Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation Åªµ²Î¤@·
		Topics such as establishing a norm for local pronunciation, developing a compatible romanization system for all local languages, remodeling programs for overseas Chinese, and taking into account non-linguistic elements were all discussed at the conference.
	www.roc-taiwan.org /taiwan/5-gp/yearbook/2002/chpt03-1.htm (1043 words)

	Everything about Denmark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The most important EU institutions are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.
		One of the first proposals for peaceful unification through cooperation and equality of membership was made by the pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851.
		Following the catastrophes of the First World War and the Second World War, the impetus for the founding of (what was later to become) the European Union greatly increased, driven by the determination to rebuild Europe and to eliminate the possibility of another war.
	wikimiki.org /en/Denmark (11415 words)

	Mandarin
		In 1913, the Ministry of Education (MOE) convened a Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation to establish a standard national tongue.
		Delegates from different linguistic backgrounds, headed by Wu Jing-heng (also known as Wu Jhih-huei), a philosopher and one of the founders of the ROC, successfully created a national language that transcended locality and dialect, and which is today known to English speakers as Mandarin.
		In April 1919, the MOE established the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language, making Mandarin the required language of instruction in elementary and middle schools.
	www.taiwan.com.au /Soccul/Language/Dialects/report02.html (383 words)

	A history of taekwondo - Budosport Capelle Taekwondo Boxing
		It was during the Korean war that the first serious efforts were made in the R.O.K. to organize the various styles of kongsudo (Korean karate-do) under a single national organization.
		The first conference to discuss unification took place in 1946, but it was not until the 1950s that the Korea Kongsudo Association was formed.
		National unification of t'aesudo was accompanied by a drive for its internationalization.
	budosport.mavnet.org /gesch.html (6826 words)

	The National Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In April 1919, the Ministry of Education formally established the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language.
		The tonal system used was basically that of the Peking dialect, but originally a fifth tone marker for words pronounced in the "entering" tone of Middle Chinese (i.e., syllables ending in a -p, -t, or -k stop) was added, based on the Nanking dialect.
		Wade-Giles is currently the de facto standard in Taiwan, despite official use of the Postal Standard by the Directorate General of Posts under the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and occasional utilization in the public and private sectors of spellings based on other Romanization standards.
	lib.dyu.edu.tw /eref/YB1999/ch03_2.htm (950 words)

	Standard Mandarin
		The basic rules controlling the surface pronunciation of a final plus are as follows:
		Coda is deleted, but the syllable becomes nasalized.
		Some evidence for this comes from standard Beijing pronunciation, where and are simple vowels but "" is actually a complex diphthong, pronounced approximately as -- a combination of the vowels in Standard American "put" and "putt"}}.)
	articles.gourt.com /?article=Standard+Mandarin (4256 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In April 1919, the MOE formally established the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language.
		The tonal system used was basically that of the Beijing dialect, but originally a fifth tone marker for words pronounced in the "entering" tone of Middle Chinese (i.e., syllables ending in a -p, -t, or -k stop) was added, based on the Nanjing dialect.
		Concerns were voiced that this might add to the woes of Taiwan's foreign tourism industry and slow the globalization of the ROC.
	www.roc-taiwan.org /taiwan/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt03-3.htm (1093 words)

	Zhuyin Did You Mean zhuyin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 13, created a system called Guoyin Zimu (????
		instead of ?); other than this, one seldom sees these symbols used in mass media adult publications except as a pronunciation guide (or index system) in dictionary entries.
		The tone symbols in that system were identical with the zhuyin tone symbols, except that they were not in Regular Style calligraphy, but in a Western font face and so resemble the tone symbols used in pinyin.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Zhuyin.html (1160 words)

	POW! Mixed Martial Arts
		The earliest known reference to swordsmanship in Japan is AD 789, when sword exercise was part of education for the sons of noblemen.
		With the unification of Japan in the 16th century, however, the need for highly skilled swordsmen diminished because the country was at peace.
		Modern kendo is the result of ryu-ha-kenjutsu, or the academic study in the late 19th and early 20th centuries of swordsmanship pursued by the samurai class.
	www.powkickboxing.com /about.asp (8832 words)

	Useful Vocabulary
		Most Chinese speak one of the Mandarin dialects, which are largely mutually intelligible.
		The need to establish an official national language was felt as early as the 17th century when the Qing dynasty established a number of "correct pronunciation institutes" to teach standard Peking pronunciation, particularly in the Cantonese and Fukienese-speaking southern provinces.
		After several previous attempts to write Chinese using the letters of the roman alphabet, pinyin, a 58-symbol writing system was finally adopted in 1958.
	www.chinahighlights.com /travelguide/useful_vocabulary.htm (352 words)

	Language - The Rusyns - Rusyn.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		But Nikolai Durnovo supported the position of the Moscow dialectological commission (1915), which, while emphasizing their affinity with west Ukrainian dialects, regarded them as a separate dialectal group.
		(6) The vowel ŷ is markedly labialized, especially after labials, and its pronunciation is close to o: bŷla, mŷ, vŷ, rŷba.
		Functioning in geographic isolation from the European homeland and surrounded by an English-language environment, Rusyn immigrant speech became steadily americanized or canadianized and in most places in both the United States and Canada it tended to disappear, especially with the death of the early immigrants in the decades after World War II.
	www.rusyn.org /?root=rusyns&rusyns=lang (6752 words)

	Zhuyin - Chinese Alphabet - Chinese
		The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 191313, created a system called Guoyin Zimu (國音字母 "National Pronunciation Letters") or Zhuyin Zimu (註音字母 or 注音字母 "Sound-annotating Letters") which is based on Zhang Binglin's shorthands.
		Bopomofo symbols are also mapped to the ordinary Roman character keyboard (1 = bo, q = po, a = mo, and so forth) used in one Chinese input methods for computers
		【】represents the pronunciation when combining with consonants or vowels.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Zhuyin (1282 words)

	ERB LIFELINES BIO: 1940-1950
		Ed admits to fictionalizing Tarzan as such a person raised by apes would probably be quite disagreeable to have around and would probably suffer from athlete's foot, halitosis, BO and a multitude of junge diseases and bad habits.
		He also discusses his publishing history and successes, saying that his biggest problem as an author is being typecast as a Tarzan and tall tales writer and being not able to sell other types of material.
		He goes on to recommend the unification of all the American forces into a single United States Armed Force.
	www.erbzine.com /bio/years40.html (14521 words)

	[No title]
		This includes composite characters that are canonical equivalents to a combining character sequence of an alphabetic base character plus one or more combining characters: letter digraphs; contextual variant of alphabetic characters; ligatures of alphabetic characters; contextual variants of ligatures; modifier letters; letterlike symbols that are compatibility equivalents of single alphabetic letters; and miscellaneous letter elements.
		The positive result of this was that many fewer code points were needed to represent Han; the negative result of this was that characters that people who write the three languages think are different have the same code point.
		There is a great deal of disagreement on the nature, the origin, and the severity of the problems caused by Han unification.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3536.txt (7547 words)

	Recommended Books for Christians - Bible Bulletin Board
		He provides you with great material to argue against the debunked theory of evolution and explains where you fit in with God’s eternal plan.
		Among cults and religions included are: Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormonism, New Age Cults, the Unification Church, Baha’i Faith, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and more.
		Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God - The mystery and seeming paradox between evangelism and God's sovereignty has been causing disagreements and confusion among Christians since the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.biblebb.com /recbooks.htm (9786 words)

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