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Topic: Commitment scheme

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	[No title]
		Whether, assuming the procedures by which petitioner was committed were otherwise constitutionally adequate, he must nonetheless be released upon the expiration of the maximum sentence he could have received if he had been convicted on the criminal charge, unless he is recommitted in a new civil commitment proceeding.
		Following a pretrial commitment to St. Elizabeths for a court-ordered competency examination, /14/ and waiver of his right to a jury trial, petitioner was acquitted by reason of insanity in a bench trial upon stipulated facts in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
		For instance prior findings support temporary commitment of insanity acquittees for evaluation (a practice uniformly approved by the courts), as well as limitations on the frequency of release applications, and assignment of the burden of proof on releasability to the committee, both of which are common features of civil commitment schemes.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/1982/sg820179.txt (14857 words)

	Commitment scheme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a commitment scheme or a bit commitment scheme is a method of sending hidden information such that it is verifiable in spite of possible later bias from either the sender or the receiver.
		A useful way to visualize a commitment scheme is to think of Alice as putting the message in a box, securing the box with a lock to which only she has the key, and giving the box to Bob.
		A commitment scheme can either be perfectly binding (it is theoretically impossible for Alice to alter her commitment after she has made it) or perfectly concealing (it is theoretically impossible for Bob to find out the commitment without Alice revealing it) but not both.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commitment_scheme (565 words)

	Commitment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Involuntary commitment, the practice of using legal means or forms to commit a person to a mental hospital, insane asylum or psychiatric ward against the will or over the protests of that person
		Physical commitment is information pledged about physical systems (that are situated at a particular place and time).
		Committed (2005 television series), a sitcom that aired on NBC in 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commitment (297 words)

	Kansas v Hendricks 117 S Ct 2072 _1997
		The court declared that in order to commit a person involuntarily in a civil proceeding, a State is required by "substantive" due process to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the person is both (1) mentally ill, and (2) a danger to himself or to others.
		Commitment proceedings can be initiated only when a person "has been convicted of or charged with a sexually violent offense," and "suffers from a mental abnormality or personality disorder which makes the person likely to engage in the predatory acts of sexual violence." Kan. Stat.
		Those persons committed under the Act are, by definition, suffering from a "mental abnormality" or a "personality disorder" that prevents them from exercising adequate control over their behavior.
	www.adoctorm.com /docs/hendricks.htm (6834 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The scheme envisages reimbursement of hospitalisation expenses to an individual/family, subject to specific sub-limits relating to room/bed expenses; specialist/nursing expenses; maximum reimbursement for a single illness, etc. The aggregate quantum of cover is Rs 30,000, subject to a sub-cap of Rs 15,000 for a single illness.
		The scheme also provides personal accident cover of Rs 25,000 for the contingency of accidental death of the earning head of a family; and provides a disability cover, by way of a per diem compensation to an earning head of family, during his hospitalisation on account of accident/illness, for a maximum of fifteen days.
		As a general commitment, the scheme envisaged governments’ own contribution of 1.16 per cent of the monthly wages of the enrolled workers, though this is in no sense related to the uncovered gap between the employer/employee contribution and the cost of the scheme.
	www.epw.org.in /showArticles.php?root=2004&leaf=07&filename=7411&filetype=html (6536 words)

	SELING V. YOUNG
		Generally, when it appears that a person who has committed a sexually violent offense is about to be released from confinement, the prosecuting attorney files a petition alleging that that person is a sexually violent predator.
		The Act, the court concluded, is concerned with treating committed persons for a current mental abnormality, and protecting society from the sexually violent acts associated with that abnormality, rather than being concerned with criminal culpability.
		The civil nature of a confinement scheme cannot be altered based merely on vagaries in the implementation of the authorizing statute.
	supct.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/99-1185.ZO.html (4055 words)

	Supreme Court Limits Review of Confinements under Sexual Predator Laws - Seling v. Young, 531 U.S. 250, 121 S.Ct. 727, ...
		Reasoning that actual confinement conditions could divest a facially valid statute of its civil label upon a showing by the clearest proof that the statutory scheme is punitive in effect, the court remanded the case for the District Court to determine whether the conditions at the Center rendered the Act punitive as applied to Young.
		The particular features of confinement may affect how a confinement scheme is evaluated to determine whether it is civil or punitive, but it remains no less true that the query must be answered definitively.
		A confinement scheme's civil nature cannot be altered based merely on vagaries in the authorizing statute's implementation.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /cases/psyc/seling_v_young.htm (7915 words)

	k
		Prior to September 13, 2000, the SVP statute provided merely that, “the person shall not be kept in actual custody longer than two years unless a subsequent extended commitment is obtained from the court incident to the filing of a new petition for commitment under this article.
		Section 6604 itself indicates that petitions for extended commitment are to be made “under this article,” and does not limit itself to the provisions of section 6604.1.
		That section permits an SVP to petition for conditional release from his or her commitment before the full two-year term expires if his or her mental condition dissipates to the degree that there is no longer a danger to others.
	www.californiacivilprocedure.com /Cal_Civ_Opinion_05_31_01_Cooly.htm (2138 words)

	How to Prove That a Committed Number is Prime
		In Camenisch and Michels's scheme, the main building block is a protocol to prove a committed number to be prime.
		The proof then is a set of protocols proving that the prover knows the secrets(elements) concealed in the commitments, the final output of the circuit is the desired number and relations between committed elements indeed correspond to the arithmetic circuit.
		As elements all are concealed in commitments, in order to demonstrate that some elements are prime, the prover must be able to show that committed numbers are prime.
	ww2.cs.fsu.edu /~hoang/tmp/HTMLtest (1846 words)

	USCA1 Opinion 04-1792
		This is because involuntary commitment is not a function that is or has been reserved exclusively to the state in Puerto Rico, and therefore, Appellees, in pursuing or otherwise participating in Estades' commitment, could not have performed a public function within the meaning of this test.
		Because involuntary commitment is a function that is and has been routinely performed by private parties in Puerto Rico, Estades' public function argument as it relates to involuntary commitment fails.
		Moreover, the scheme does not coerce or encourage psychiatrists to issue the aforementioned certificates or hospitals (or their employees) to pursue or otherwise participate in an involuntary commitment.
	www.ca1.uscourts.gov /cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=04-1792.01A (3913 words)

	Rural Adjustment Scheme - 09/09/1993 - QWN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		New South Wales agreed to participate in the new scheme only on the basis that the Commonwealth gave a commitment that recipients of subsidies under the 1988 scheme would continue to be supported.
		The Commonwealth's commitment was confirmed in a letter from Mr B. Scott, of the Department of Primary Industries and Energy, to the New South Wales Rural Assistance Authority on 23rd November, 1992.
		When their loans come up for review we will have no option but to tell many of them that, even though they have made commitments and may have budgeted on the basis of promises made to them by the Federal Government, we will not be able to honour that commitment because it has been withdrawn.
	www.parliament.nsw.gov.au /prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19930909022 (871 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this paper, we show that there is indeed a relation between unconditionally secure commitment schemes and unconditionally secure authentication schemes, and that an unconditionally secure commitment scheme can be built from such an authentication scheme and an unconditionally secure cipher system.
		This parallel is then used to analyse a new attack against commitment schemes that is the counterpart of the impersonation attack in an authentication system.
		Then, a proof is given that the resolvable design commitment schemes are a composition of an authentication system and a cipher system and the conclusion follows that this is the case for all optimal commitment systems.
	eprint.iacr.org /2006/410 (322 words)

	[No title]
		Since the commitment trial is held after the inmate has completed serving the original sentence, the conduct that was the basis of the conviction is the last record of the inmate's interaction with the outside community.
		Because the Court accepted the civil commitment paradigm for its analysis, it failed to note that the statute, though arguably formalistically indistinguishable from civil commitment statutes, was similarly indistinguishable from continued criminal incarceration.
		Although the Court stated that "due process requires that the nature of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual is committed,"[137] suggesting a rational relationship test, the Court invalidated the statute because it was not "sharply focused," nor "carefully limited,"[138] suggesting heightened scrutiny.
	www.law.fsu.edu /journals/lawreview/frames/262/prestxt.html (7364 words)

	UPC - MAK - Seminar 2001-2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This new scheme is information-theoretically private, and computationally binding (this property holds under the assumption that the RSA function with exponent $N$ is hard to invert).
		Up to now, all the proposed schemes consider only threshold access structures, that is, the tolerated subsets of corrupted players as like as the subsets of players who can recover the secret information are determined according to their cardinality.
		Threshold versions of these schemes have also been proposed, in which the power of the proxy signer is distributed among a group of players, in such a way that any subset with a minimal number (threshold) of players can sign a message on behalf of the original signer.
	www-ma4.upc.es /mak/sem0102.html (3796 words)

	RLE :: Quantum MURI
		Bit commitment involves the submission of evidence from one party to another so that the evidence can be used to confirm a later revealed bit value by the first party, while the second party cannot determine the bit value from the evidence alone.
		It is widely believed that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment is impossible due to quantum entanglement cheating, which is codified in a general impossibility theorem.
		Two variants of a bit commitment scheme utilizing anonymous quantum states and decoy states are presented.
	www.rle.mit.edu /QuantumMuri/abstracts/how.htm (192 words)

	Psychiatry and the Law
		We ought to be doubly vigilant when this disadvantage is tied to a physical or mental "condition" of the individual, for this ought to recall shameful epochs in our history when such "differences" were the bedrock on which legal disadvantage of all sorts was justified.
		Sex offender commitment laws seek to protect the public from sexual violence by extending the incarceration of "dangerous" sex offenders who are about to be released from prison.
		Dissident political beliefs were defined as disordered and their proponents declared mentally ill, committed to hospitals, and subjected to intrusive mental health treatment to change their beliefs.
	www.law.harvard.edu /academics/registrar/exams/1999-00/html/ston01.html (1401 words)

	Bucks CC - Race Equality Scheme - Our Commitment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Buckinghamshire County Council is committed to achieving equality of opportunity as an employer of people, provider of services, educator and community leader.
		As part of this commitment the Buckinghamshire County Council has developed and produced a Race Equality Scheme.
		The Scheme explains how the County Council aims to meet the statutory requirements laid down under the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 which places a general duty on public authorities to promote race equality.
	www.buckscc.gov.uk /diversity/commitment.htm (166 words)

	No title
		It follows from the hiding property of the commitment scheme that Aux0 is computationally indistinguishable from Aux1q (otherwise we can use the distinguisher to tell a commitment to 0 apart from a commitment to a random value.) Similarly Aux1 is computationally indistinguishable from Aux1q.
		Notice that since the commitment scheme is perfectly binding, then choosing y'' at random effectively induces a uniform probability distribution on y_{not c} = y'+y'', and B(f^{-1}(y_{not c})) is computationally unpredictable.
		Since the commitment is perfectly binding, in order to get both (y_0,y_1,q) and (Y_0,Y_1,q) in L it must be y_0 - y'' = Y_0 - Y'' or y_1 - y'' = Y_1 - Y'' (or both).
	www-cse.ucsd.edu /classes/fa02/cse208/lec5.html (1249 words)

	NCPCA Update Newsletter Volume 15, Number 3, 2002
		Crane.2 The issue for the Court was whether the Kansas civil commitment scheme requires proof of a volitional impairment to the extent that the offender is completely unable to control his behavior.
		It is modeled primarily after the SVP statute from Washington State.5 The statute allows for the civil commitment of persons who, due to a “mental abnormality” or “personality disorder” are likely to engage in future acts of sexual violence.
		Because evidence showed that appellant suffered from a ‘personality disorder,’ which by definition did not include a volitional impairment, and because the jury was not instructed to find that appellant suffered from a volitional impairment”7, the court held that appellant was entitled to a new trial.
	www.ndaa-apri.org /publications/newsletters/update_volume_15_number_3_2002.html (1435 words)

	Citebase - Secure Classical Bit Commitment using Fixed Capacity Communication Channels
		Bit commitment involves the submission of evidence from one party to another so that the evidence can be used to confirm a later revealed bit value by the first party, while the second party cannot determine the bit value from the evidence alone.
		Unconditionally secure two-party bit commitment based solely on the principles of quantum mechanics (without exploiting special relativistic signalling constraints, or principles of general relativity or thermodynamics) has been shown to be impossible, but the claim is repeatedly challenged.
		However, we, and independently Mayers, showed that all proposed quantum bit commitment schemes are, in principle, insecure because the sender, Alice, can almost always cheat successfully by using an Ei...
	www.citebase.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:quant-ph/9906103 (1361 words)

	The Courier: Taking you to the heart of Tayside and Fife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But at question time he defended the amount of Executive cash made available for flood prevention schemes and said it was for local councils to ensure that adequate defences were in place.
		Earlier the MSP for Ochil, Presiding Officer George Reid, said that the £500,000 flood prevention scheme being put in place in the village of Milnathort was inadequate.
		“The introduction of those flooding schemes has to be brought forward by the local authorities, it is their statutory responsibility.
	www.thecourier.co.uk /output/2006/12/15/newsstory9073497t0.asp (405 words)

	RSA Laboratories - A Fuzzy Commitment Scheme
		Like a conventional cryptographic commitment scheme, our fuzzy commitment scheme is both concealing and binding: it is infeasible for an attacker to learn the committed value, and also for the committer to decommit a value in more than one way.
		In a conventional scheme, a commitment must be opened using a unique witness, which acts, essentially, as a decryption key.
		By contrast, our scheme is fuzzy in the sense that it accepts a witness that is close to the original encrypting witness in a suitable metric, but not necessarily identical.
	www.rsa.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2048 (328 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		What Hudson rejects is an approach not taken by respondent--one that bypasses this threshold question in favor of a dispositive focus on the sanction actually imposed on the specific individual.
		United States, 522 U. (1997), courts may never look to actual conditions of confinement and implementation of the statute to determine in the first instance whether a confinement scheme is civil in nature.
		In response to my dissent, the Court has made it clear that it is simply holding that respondent may not prevail if he merely proves that the statute is punitive insofar as it has been applied to him.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/000/99-1185.html (8038 words)

	Sexual Predator Confinement
		Initially Young was successful at the federal level when he argued that the law and his subsequent commitment violated the double jeopardy and ex post facto provisions of the U.S. Constitution.
		Hendricks, that a similar commitment scheme under Kansas’ Sexually Violent Predator Act was constitutional.
		Further, a confinement scheme’s nature should not be allowed to change from civil to punitive merely based on poor implementation by the state authorities.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/criminal_law/58887 (417 words)

	NSPCC inform - Staying Safe Commitment Scheme: Protecting children and young people in organisations
		The Staying Safe Commitment Scheme offers recognition and support to organisations that have taken the first steps to introduce measures to protect children and young people from harm or abuse.
		The scheme is underpinned by the NSPCC Safetycheck standards.
		The scheme is open to organisations in England and Wales, from voluntary and commercial sectors, who provide activities or services for children and young people, such as:
	www.nspcc.org.uk /commitmentscheme (370 words)

	NTT Progress Report
		The scheme utilizes both a trusted third party and private channels between all pairs of parties to achieve this result (without some such extensions, the result was known to be unachievable).
		Selective security of an encryption scheme means that if a group of cleartexts is encrypted, and if the adversary asks to see the cleartexts of half of them, all information about the remaining cleartexts remains hidden.
		The first scheme is based on blind digital signatures, and the second is based on a group signature scheme.
	www.ai.mit.edu /projects/ntt/documents/biannual0006/9807-12-26/report.html (1343 words)

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