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	commodification
		Commodification, in other words, is a process of abstraction in which objects are removed from the physical, emotion and relational settings in which they are fabricated and redefined in new terms.
		Whereas the coffee bean might be processed by the picker as one glance-and-grab in the thousands that make up his day, and by the dock worker as a weight to be born, all these physical experiences drop away during semiotic reconstitution, just like my hissing pronunication of Sammy the Snake.
		Having considered the processes of aestheticization and commodification, we are now in a position to approach ideology, the most important concept in cultural studies.
	www.uwm.edu /People/wash/commodification.htm (3362 words)

	Commodification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Commodification is the transformation of what is normally a non-commodity into a commodity, to assign economic value to something that traditionally would not be considered in economic terms, for example, an idea, identity, gender.
		A criticism of commodification is that it ignores indivdual agency, and the indivduals ability to resist the spread of the never-ending spread of the market.
		Commodification itself became popular during the rise of critical discourse analysis in semiotics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commodification (145 words)

	COMMODIFICATION AND ADVENTURE IN NEW ZEALAND TOURISM. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Commodification, therefore, is negotiated by actors in particular places to meet particular situations and requirements and as a consequence differs in form and content from place to place.
		Commodification may be seen in these terms as one of a number of processes at play in the creation of place that must be investigated in specific time-space locations at the intersection of the global and local.
		Commodification of place in simple terms therefore means the organisation of a pay-as-you-enter, or pay-as-you-play, attraction.
	www.ggy.bris.ac.uk /staff/information/ggpjc/commodification.htm (11316 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Co
		The power of commodification lies in the benefits of division of labour; the contradictory nature of commodification arises from the fact that commodification is essentially socialisation, but, because of the dominant position of capital, socialisation, at the moment, means commodification.
		The result of commodification is the break-up of the nuclear family, the demise of the welfare state, the fall of academia from its ivory tower, the break-up of bureaucratism in both public and private enterprises, the professionalisation of caring and the mechanisation of fantasy and play.
		The continued expansion of capitalism and commodification of wider and wider domains of life, combined with several rounds of traumatic destruction of capital by means of world war, have allowed capitalism to continue while concentrations of capital of almost unimaginable magnitude have been built, overshadowing whole nations.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/c/o.htm (14830 words)

	[No title]
		Commodification It is probably fair to say that a common claim among radical pedagogists is that environments of formal education (classrooms, lecture theatres, examination halls, schools, universities etc. etc.) are sites where we learn to accept and reproduce the increasing commodification of our experience.
		Commodification (also commoditization) is a popular word among mainly left-wing thinkers, due to Karl Marx’s enthusiasm for the term “commodity” as part of his anti-capitalist arsenal in Das Capital.
		I would further suggest that to consider commodification as primarily or solely an economic issue is further to diminish its usefulness as a concept in the analysis of areas such as education by making commodification in educational contexts invisible.
	www.beyondthecommons.com /crys2003.doc (4460 words)

	Esping
		The problem of commodification lay at the heart of Marx’s analysis of class development in the accumulation process: the transformation of independent producers into propertyless wage-earners.
		A hallmark of conservative ideology is its view that the commodification of individuals is morally degrading, socially corrupting, atomizing, and anomic.
		To socialism the commodification of labor is an integral element in the process of alienation and class; it is the condition under which workers abandon control over their work in return for wages; the condition under which their dependence on the market is affirmed, and, therefore, also a key source of employer control.
	www.lse.u-net.com /EspingAnderson.htm (8205 words)

	Impression 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Commodification of housing was not among Deng's initial Four Modernization, but as early 1980 Beijing reformers announced tentative steps toward re-commodifying urban housing.
		In the short term, commodification has bolstered the financial position of parents near or at retirement whose stagnant wages or uncertain pensions had begun to put them in a more dependent, financial position vis-a-vis their adult children.
		Considering the repeated government declarations since 1980 that commodification of urban housing was an urgent task, twenty years of reform appear to have had less than revolutionary impact.
	china.tyfo.com /int/literature/impression/990816literature-right.htm (4611 words)

	Cons in the panopticon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Commodification occurs when, through a deliberate or non–deliberate process, a non–commodity e.g., an idea, a propensity, a desire, an intellectual curiosity, identity, or gender, is transformed into a commodity.
		Media monopolies and full–fledged commodification of intellectual artifacts challenge the milieu that has long been characterized by a global free flow of information, discursive dialogues, dissemination of knowledge, and freedom of speech on the Web.
		Jürgen Habermas (1962) notes that the public sphere is a phenomenon that emerged after the breakdown of religious hegemony and the rise of the middle class in the eighteenth century.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue9_9/rajagopal (13253 words)

	NewsForge \| 'Creative destruction' and the future of the software industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Commodification exists in every market, and its tenets are practiced daily by successful businesses.
		The most exciting part of the commodification process is that each cycle of disruptive change is usually accompanied with a tremendous market expansion.
		Commodification means that the overhead costs for a type of product (Inital marketing, RandD etc) have been paid back in revenue and the cost for the product closes in to the value of production for each item sold.
	software.newsforge.com /software/04/07/20/2053223.shtml (3383 words)

	Monthly Review March 2002 David F. Noble
		The commodification of education requires the interruption of this fundamental educational process and the disintegration and distillation of the educational experience into discrete, reified, and ultimately saleable things or packages of things.
		In the first step toward commodification, attention is shifted from the experience of the people involved in the educational process to the production and inventorying of an assortment of fragmented “course materials”: syllabi, lectures, lessons, and exams (now referred to in the aggregate as “content”).
		At the same time, they are recognizing that faculty represent the last line of defense against the wholesale commercialization of academia, of which the commodification of instruction is just the latest manifestation, and that their fight is of a piece with the larger effort to preserve and enhance public higher education.
	www.monthlyreview.org /0302noble.htm (4402 words)

	Art & Ideas Magazine - Spring/Summer 05
		But it is obvious that the process of commodification needs to be clarified or, to put it differently, that economic commodification fails to capture the crucial cultural force of what happened to art and, as we will see, to the culture at large.
		So there was a market, and there was commodification in the economic sense, when medieval bishops went looking for a master builder to design and to begin erecting a cathedral—a market, at any rate, for artists if not also for art.
		Cultural commodification, then, can be defined as the detachment of a thing or a practice from its context of engagement with a time, a place, and a community.
	www.artandideasmagazine.com /article3.html (2845 words)

	Digital Diploma Mills - Part III / David Noble
		Like education, the word commodification (or commoditization) is used rather loosely with regard to education and some precision might help the discussion.
		The commodification of education requires the interruption of this fundamental educational process and the disintegration and distillation of the educational experience into discrete, reified, and ultimately saleable things or packages of things.
		In the first step toward commodification, attention is shifted from the experience of the people involved in the educational process to the production and inventorying of an assortment of fragmented "course materials": syllabi, lectures, lessons, exams (now referred to in the aggregate as "content").
	communication.ucsd.edu /dl/ddm4.html (7728 words)

	Commodification and the Southern African sangoma cult
		On the one hand, from a commodification perspective one might be tempted to suggest that the Francistown sangoma cult represents an eroded, commodified, cosmopolitan form of a ritual tradition which elsewhere, in remote rural areas of Southern Africa, would be far more intact, and less polluted by the desire for money.
		If commodification has to be brought in, it is -- as I shall argue at length -- a something whose effects the cult confronts, even though it has to a certain extent pervaded the cult itself.
		As a minor point, the idea of the cult as a celebration of commodification is scarcely in line with the actual experience of adepts who are faced with the task of fulfilling their sacrificial obligations though the market.
	www.shikanda.net /general/gen3/research_page/weinmone.htm (11261 words)

	Commodification Gone Cuckoo, Dara Molloy
		Before the onset of commodification, all the necessities of life were produced locally without the need for money or shops.
		The commodification process which continues to swallow up more and more in modern society is part of a wider all-encompassing belief-system in which it is hard not to be immersed, no matter what part of the world one lives in.
		The cuckoo religion of commodification is responsible for the cataclysmic reduction of diversity in the modern world.
	myhome.iolfree.ie /~daramolloy/Writings/commodification.html (1932 words)

	Communitarianism and Commodification - Mises Institute
		Etzioni's first fallacy is his use of the word "commodification," which in economic parlance truly is meaningless.
		The word is supposed to denote the seizure by unscrupulous business people of what should be a "free" good; thus having the good in their possession, the new owners then slap a price on it, thus creating artificial scarcity.
		Those who favor commodification draw on those social sciences, especially neoclassical economics, that tend to assume that people's preferences (or tastes) are fixed.
	www.mises.org /fullstory.asp?control=1174 (1738 words)

	Commodification
		Partly in response to this commercial drift toward a pound-based literary tradition, critics like John Dryden began to write essays to persuade readers that literature had intrinsic qualities that could be judged on their own merits, and effects upon readers that could be evaluated for other than commercial motives.
		Though all of these works of literature appear to be "about" different topics, a deep suspicion of the commodification of words, labor and people might be a common thread uniting them all.
		As in the case of Modernity's headlong embrace of change as a cultural value, its interest in commodification of words, labor and people also is a well-documented generalization, but it can be used to develop insights of your own for papers.
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng211/commodification_and_modernity.htm (1443 words)

	Terra Nova: GOM Off-line
		Since world creators can't stop commodification -- yes, they may be able to reduce it, but there is no evidence that they can stop it -- there is tremendous harm by pretending to block it and forcing it into fl and gray markets.
		I do not believe that commodification is a basic feature of virtual worlds, as evidenced by the fact that it doesn’t happen in, oh let’s be generous, 90% of the VWs listed on the MUDconnector.
		When commodification comes a VW's way, the VW is either going to be able to cope with it or it isn't.
	terranova.blogs.com /terra_nova/2004/06/gom_offline.html (18016 words)

	A brief analysis of Esping-Anderson's "The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism"
		The focus of this paper is to apply the theoretical aspects of Esping Anderson's study of welfare regimes to the contemporary condition of social policy in order to measure labor commodification.
		I will then proceed to suggest that whilst it has proved to be a useful tool of analysis (such as the one presented here) it ultimately lacks human sentiment which accompanies accounts of people who rely on welfare.
		Indicative of its historical beginnings the conservative approach to social policy, welfare, and the decommodification of labor is based upon stratification along class lines and the maintenance of a hierarchical society.
	tiss.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de /webroot/sp/spsba01_W98_1/denver1.htm (2232 words)

	The Commodification of Water, Social Protest and Cosmopolitan Citizenship - Cultures of Consumption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As this increases, social protests against the commodification of water have multiplied in both developed and developing countries.
		Commodification of water is occurring in an emerging 'global field' of water policy via the spread of privatised water delivery mechanisms in specific national and local contexts, and the expansion of the remit of international trade regimes.
		By exploring particular disputes in city sites in both industrialised OECD countries and less well-resourced developing countries, the research seeks to clarify the political salience of water-related consumption practices, as well as to understand better the governance context of water as a global policy issue.
	www.consume.bbk.ac.uk /research/morgan_full.html (1183 words)

	Representations of Global Capital
		It turns out that people are most sensitive to the effects of commodification in the cultural arena.
		This is much different than commodity advertising, which often uses the strategy of falsified metacommunication or makes claims to authenticity in an attempt to deny their participation in the commodification of social relations.
		Here the market dominates and all social relations are subjected to the process of commodification without apology.
	www.lclark.edu /~goldman/global/pagescapital/commodification.html (437 words)

	Times & Seasons » Mormonism and Commodification
		The reason is that in the priesthood context the prohibition is explicitly directed against commodification, against — to use your term — the inducement.
		The 30-second version of Radin is that she focuses quite a bit on the harm of commodification of certain things, such as self-ownership.
		My point (I think) was that commodification is a concept that is generally used by academics and others to refer to the process whereby something is given a price so that it can be bought and sold on a market.
	www.timesandseasons.org /index.php?p=286 (5473 words)

	The Synthesist - commodity_software
		I often used the phrase "the commodification of software" to represent what I believe is the critical force behind the rise of open source software.
		This short note explores the concept of commodification in a historical context while also seeking to discover lessons that might be applied to contemporary open source business efforts.
		Corporate giants such as Microsoft who vigorously defend their proprietary turf without adapting their business models to exploit commodification will lose influence, while other more adaptable corporate giants such as IBM are likely to gain considerable power by controlling the forms that commoditized software will take.
	www.synthesist.net /writing/commodity_software.html (2712 words)

	Rereading Lyotard: Knowledge, Commodification and Higher Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Collectively, these passages provide a summary of Lyotard's ideas on the commodification of knowledge, the logic of performativity, and the impact of computerisation on teaching and learning.
		Observing that this trend has been under way since at the least the end of the 1950s, Lyotard goes on to predict that knowledge -- which has become the major force of production in recent decades -- will increasingly be translated into quantities of information, with a corresponding reorientation in the process of research.
		Several phases in the commodification of knowledge can be identified: the development of standardised units for trading qualifications (and parts of qualifications); the concentration on skills and information in curriculum policy; and, most importantly, the redefinition of the concept of 'education' itself.
	www.sociology.org /content/vol003.003/roberts.html (7429 words)

	Commodification
		It is, moreover, a genuinely historic place and a living and lived-in town, the home of The College of William and Mary.
		Commodification is, however, an interesting concept and one I would like to hear other's opinions about.
		It is, I suggest, useful to unpack these several dimensions of commodification and examine them separately.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~ideas/archives/disthread/commodification.html (1102 words)

	democ.htm
		While these issues may be addressed from a number of standpoints, only some them are able to assess the full extent of what is at stake in the new communications technology at the cultural level of identity formation.
		If questions are framed in relation to prevailing political structures, forces and ideologies, for example, blinders are being imposed which exclude the question of the subject or identity construction from the domain of discussion.
		The issue of commodification also affords a narrow focus, often restricting the discussion of the politics of the Internet to the question of which corporation or which type of corporation will be able to obtain what amount of income from which configuration of the Internet.
	www.humanities.uci.edu /mposter/writings/democ.html (6280 words)

	The Internet Aesthetic and On-Line Publications of Poetry
		This commodification of art is even more prevalent in the culture of the Internet, where the aesthetic principles that most effectively sell a product, a service or just the site are privileged.
		It is most important to be easily accessible, to be "candy." Most probably without being aware of it, the writers of The Net parodies the politically committed aesthetic of the early twentieth century by using the lingo while being resolutely apolitical in their glorification of technology and its potential for selling commodities.
		While the Modernists were frustrated by the inherent commodification of their art, these web poets try to sell their work and cannot.
	mh.cla.umn.edu /goransso.html (3935 words)

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