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Topic: Common Agricultural Policy

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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Common Agricultural Policy
		The CAP was a cornerstone of the European Economic Community (EEC) established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which aimed to progressively create a common market and harmonize the economic policies of the then six member states.
		The objectives of the CAP for ‘the six’ as stated in Article 39 of the Treaty were to (i) increase agricultural productivity; (ii) ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community; (iii) stabilize markets; (iv) provide certainty of food supplies; and (v) ensure that those supplies reached consumers at reasonable prices.
		Radical proposals for policy reform were made as early as 1968 with the Mansholt Plan to provide financial incentives to encourage about half of the farming population to leave the sector during the 1970s and to take at least five million hectares of land out of production.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/Stead.CAP (1303 words)

	Common Agricultural Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The CAP recognised the need to take account of the social structure of agriculture and of the structural and natural disparities between the various agricultural regions and to effect the appropriate adjustments by degrees.
		The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was born in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the founding members of the EU had just emerged from over a decade of severe food shortages during and after the Second World War.
		The CAP has always been a difficult area of EU policy to reform; this is a problem that began in the 1960s and one that continues to the present day, albeit less severely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy (3812 words)

	Agricultural policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Agricultural policies may be used to support domestic producers as they gain domestic and international market share.
		Opponents point out that most agriculture in developed nations is produced by industrial corporations (agribusinesses) which are hardly deserving of sympathy, and that the alternative to exploitation is poverty.
		This position is particularly popular in competitive agricultural exporting nations in both the developed and developing world, some of whom have banded together in the Cairns Group lobby.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agricultural_policy (2016 words)

	ERS/USDA Briefing Room - European Union: Policy
		Agriculture and transportation are the only two sectors of the European Union (EU) where there is a common policy.
		Agricultural policy is proposed by a supranational authority—the European Commission, agreed to or amended by agricultural ministers of EU member nations, and reviewed by the European Parliament.
		CAP reforms have affected the grain regime mainly by requiring grain farmers to remove a percentage of their arable cropland from production in order to receive direct (coupled) payments in compensation for reduced price supports.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Briefing/EuropeanUnion/PolicyCommon.htm (3683 words)

	Common Agricultural Policy
		The objectives of the CAP were outlined in the Treaties of Rome (1957): to increase agricultural productivity, to provide a fair standard of living for farmers and their employees, to stabilize markets, and to assure the availability of supply at a price that was reasonable to the consumer.
		The policy, applied to most types of agricultural product, was evolved and introduced between 1962 and 1967, but was later amended to take account of changing conditions and the entry of additional member states.
		The CAP remains one of the most important EU policies, with agricultural expenditure accounting for half of the 90 billion euros allocated towards the annual budget of the European Community in 2002.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0037992.html (424 words)

	Common Agricultural Policy - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		The CAP rules are common to all the Member States of the EU* and cover a wide range of aspects, from granting financial support to farmers, to production methods, marketing and ruling the overall quantities of food that can be produced by different agricultural sectors.
		The CAP is one of the most criticised common policies of the Union because of the evident links between its application and the loss of birds and other wildlife.
		The Common Agricultural Policy is financed by the taxpayers of the European Community and half of the total budget of the EU is devoted to it - over £30 billion each year.
	www.rspb.org.uk /countryside/farming/policy/CAP/index.asp (556 words)

	EUROPA - Agriculture and Rural Development - The Common Agricultural Policy and the Lisbon Strategy
		The guiding principles for the contribution of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to the Lisbon Strategy were set by the European Council in Göteborg in 2001 and confirmed in the Lisbon Strategy Conclusions in Thessaloniki in June 2003: "Strong economic performance" that goes hand in hand with "the sustainable use of natural resources".
		Agriculture and forestry are the main land users and play a key role in the management of natural resources in rural areas and in determining the rural landscape.
		These amounts are necessary to achieve the declared objectives of rural development policy, to permit innovation and diversification outside traditional agri-businesses, and to be able to respond to society's expectations for a competitive agricultural, forestry and food sector which is environmentally sustainable and underpins the socio-economic fabric of EU rural areas.
	ec.europa.eu /agriculture/lisbon/index_en.htm (1485 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Q&A: Common Agricultural Policy
		EU member states agreed in 2002 that expenditure on agriculture (though not rural development) should be held steady in real terms between 2006 and 2013, despite the admission of 10 new members in 2004.
		Agricultural expenditure declined slightly in 2004, as compared with 2003 but has jumped in 2005 as a result of the admission of 10 new members.
		Until 1992, most of the CAP budget was spent on price support: farmers were guaranteed a minimum price for their crop - and the more they produced, the bigger the subsidy they received.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4407792.stm (1452 words)

	EUROPA - Agriculture - CAP leaflet: The common agricultural policy – A policy evolving with the times
		The CAP is also aimed at helping farmers, via rural development measures, to adjust their businesses and land management methods to changing agricultural practices, and to society's demands.
		From the mid 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the CAP developed and financial assistance was provided for the restructuring of farming, for example by aiding farm investment, aiming to ensure that farms developed in size and in management and technology skills so that they were adapted to the economic and social climate of the day.
		The CAP was very successful and, by the 1980s, the EU had to contend with almost permanent surpluses of the major farm commodities, some of which were exported (with the help of subsidies), others of which had to be stored or disposed of within the EU.
	ec.europa.eu /agriculture/publi/capleaflet/cap_en.htm (4454 words)

	Agriculture - Simplifying the CAP
		As a fully integrated common policy, the CAP obviously replaces a large quantity of national legislation which would otherwise exist.
		Agricultural and rural development policies are by nature complex, reflecting the need to meet a wide range of agricultural conditions and administrative traditions, and both internal and external policy objectives.
		For this reason, the concept of "technical simplification" aims at complementing the agricultural reforms by focusing on revision of the legal framework, administrative procedures and management mechanisms to achieve streamlining and greater cost effectiveness, without changing the underlying policies.
	www.ec.europa.eu /agriculture/simplification/index_en.htm (510 words)

	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (CAP) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Common Agricultural Policy, European Integration and International Division of Labour, Bonn, 1987.
		Clout, A Rural Policy for the EEC, London: Methuen, 1984.
		Agricultural Policy Formation in the European Community, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.
	www.fredonia.edu /department/polisci/CAP.htm (596 words)

	Agriculture and Rural Development policy - Frequently asked questions
		The CAP is the set of legislation and practices adopted by the EU to provide a common policy on agriculture.
		The policies that have been developed in both these areas have substantial financial implications and therefore it is only to be expected that the proportion of the EU's budget that is spent on each one is significant.
		Since 1992, the CAP has increasingly been adapted to better serving the aims of sustainability by means of a fundamental reform process designed to move away from a policy of price and production support to a policy of direct income aid and rural development measures.
	ec.europa.eu /agriculture/faq/index_en.htm (6811 words)

	The EU common agricultural policy \| World news \| guardian.co.uk
		The common agricultural policy, better known as the CAP, is a system of subsidies paid to EU farmers.
		Common attempts to put the finances into some sort of perspective include examples along the lines of it adding £9 onto a family of four's weekly food bill (based on DTI figures), or that the annual income of an EU dairy cow exceeds that of half the world's human population.
		The CAP is politically loaded, particularly in France, which has been the biggest beneficiary and is therefore least in favour of changes.
	www.guardian.co.uk /world/2003/jun/26/eu.politics1 (909 words)

	The costs of the Common Agricultural Policy
		CAP creates a double cost for the countries of the developing world in the dumping of surplus goods on their markets causing great damage to agriculture and trade restrictions preventing the export of goods.
		Agriculture has the potential to contribute to poverty reduction, but is constrained as a result of CAP and the behaviour of developed countries.
		Agriculture is now driven by the market and the consumer, environmental damage has been lessened by the use of less intensive methods, the rural population has remained stable and economic growth in the agricultural sector has outpaced all other sectors of the New Zealand economy.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/doc05/EDOC10649.htm (11441 words)

	WynGrant's Common Agricultural Policy page
		A common complaint was that the timing of the offer was poor and that it represented a tactical error since it meant that the EU had put its cards on the table before trading partners had done the same.
		Agriculture and rural development will account for 45 per cent of the total EU budget, a reduction on the days when it was over 70 per cent, but still a large amount for countries which include some of the most urbanised in the world.
		In fact, however, all agricultural policy is affected by the age old tensions between technology; market organisation and structure; and consumer demand, all of which are drivers of change which public policy then has to deal with.
	members.tripod.com /~WynGrant/WynGrantCAPpage.html (22330 words)

	European Union, tax, Common Agricultural Policy - Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
		The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was introduced by the European Union in 1962, at a time when agriculture was the principal focus of the Common Market.
		The initial aims of the policy were to prevent widespread food shortages in post-war Europe and to ensure that farmers were encouraged financially to continue to farm and subsequently receive fair prices.
		But the Common Agricultural Policy has remained and still consumes more than 40% of the EU budget –; although this is in itself an improvement on the 62% reached in 1988.
	www.deloitte.com /dtt/article/0,2297,sid=18634&cid=39417,00.html (348 words)

	EU Common Agricultural Policy
		The CAP stabilised agricultural markets and regulated prices so that farmers could be assured there would be a market without huge fluctuations in the prices they received for their annual output.
		Common price systems were established and agricultural incomes were supported by market mechanisms that kept the prices at agreed levels.
		In November 1997, the EU Agriculture Council defined the European model of agriculture as having a multi-functional role including maintaining the countryside, conserving nature, contributing to the vitality of rural life, responding to consumer demands and concerns regarding food quality and safety, protecting the environment and safeguarding animal welfare.
	www.business2000.ie /cases/cases_8th/case22.htm (2175 words)

	Teagasc - Agri-Food - Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
		The CAP was established in the 1960's, before Ireland's entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) the original title of the European Union, in 1973, to secure Europe's food supply and to stabilise prices to the benefit of both producers and consumers.
		The CAP remains the single biggest common policy in the EU.
		The first CAP Reform in 1992 coupled with the inclusion of agriculture for the first time in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forced a major change in European farm support systems.
	www.teagasc.ie /agrifood/cap.htm (598 words)

	CNN.com - Row looms over EC farm shake-up - July 10, 2002
		Proposals for the biggest reform in European agriculture in 40 years were initially approved by European ministers on Wednesday.
		CAP was created on the principles of increasing production, ensuring a fair standard of living for farmers and stabilising markets.
		Reservations about the new CAP proposals exist among the prospective new members unhappy that they are being offered just a quarter of the agricultural subsidies given to farmers in the existing EU.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/07/10/eu.cap (690 words)

	SCADPlus: Reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP)
		The aim of the new CAP reform is to deepen and widen the 1992 reform by replacing price support measures with direct aid payments and accompanying this process by a consistent rural policy.
		agricultural support is distributed somewhat unequally between regions and producers, resulting in poor countryside planning: a decline in agriculture in some regions and overly intensive farming practices in others, generating pollution, animal diseases and poorer food safety;
		A simplified and comprehensive agricultural policy can now make it clear that the expenditure it involves is justified by the services which society at large expects farmers to provide.
	europa.eu /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l60002.htm (2081 words)

	Financing the common agricultural policy - CAP - Agriculture and Rural Development - EUROPA
		Council Regulation (EC) No 1290/2005 of 21 June 2005 on the financing of the common agricultural policy [pdf] applies since 1 January 2007.
		In order to attain the objectives of the common agricultural policy defined by the Treaty and finance the various measures falling under it, including rural development, a European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and a European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) are set up by this regulation.
		The European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), set up by Regulation No 25 of 1962 on the financing of the common agricultural policy (as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 728/70) consumes a large part of the general budget of the European Union.
	ec.europa.eu /agriculture/fin/index_en.htm (1090 words)

	Defra, UK - Farming - Policy - CAP reform
		The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy provides financial support to farmers for a range of farming environmental and rural development activities as well as controlling EU agricultural markets.
		On 20 May 2008 the Commission published legislative proposals for the next round of CAP reform, the so called CAP Health Check covering elements outlined in the Commission’s Communication of 20 November 2007.
		Although important progress has been achieved recently in reforming the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), it remains the most visible and expensive common policy of the EU, but is increasingly out of step with the need for Europe to respond to the challenges of globalisation.
	www.defra.gov.uk /farm/policy/capreform/index.htm (426 words)

	Common Agricultural Policy
		The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the most controversial European Union policies.
		The CAP was created in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome and started operating in 1962.
		The CAP increases poverty in poor countries by competing unfairly with local farmers.
	www.civitas.org.uk /eufacts/FSPOL/AG3.htm (688 words)

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