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	Common
		Common Buzzard Buteo buteo (1758) The Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) is a Asia.
		Common Teal The Common Teal or Teal (Anas crecca) is a common and widespread Green-winged Teal, Anas carolinensis, wit...
		Common Whitetail Libellula lydia (1770) The Common Whitetail or Long-tailed Skimmer, Libellulus lydia is a common North...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/common.html (3090 words)

	Parrot Crossbill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The crossbills are characterised by the mandibles crossing at their tips, which gives the group its English name.
		The Parrot Crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of Scots pine.
		Some pine-feeding populations currently assigned to Common Crossbill in southern Europe may possibly be better referred to either this species or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parrot_Crossbill (300 words)

	CROSSBILL - LoveToKnow Article on CROSSBILL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The common crossbill of the Palaearctic region (Loxia curvirostra) is about the size of a skylark, but more stoutly built.
		The young (which on leaving the nest have not the tips of the bill crossed) are of a dull olive color with indistinct dark stripes on the lower parts, and the quills of the wings and tail dusky.
		Depending mainly for food on the seeds of conifers, the movements of crossbills are irregular beyond those of most birds, and they would seem to rove in any direction and at any season in quest of their staple sustenance.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CROSSBILL.htm (816 words)

	The Common Crossbill
		The Crossbill lives in flocks, composed apparently of several families, and is an extremely gentle and social bird.
		I have presented you with a flock of these Crossbills, composed of individuals of different ages, engaged in their usual occupations, on a branch of their favourite tree, the hemlock pine.
		Crossbills appeared in large flocks, in the winter of 1832, in the pine woods near Fresh Pond, and with them two or three White-winged Crossbills.
	www.audubon.org /bird/BoA/F15_G13a.html (1218 words)

	Common Crossbill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
		Plumage distinctions from Parrot and Scottish Crossbills are negligible.
		Some large-billed, pine-feeding populations currently assigned to this species in the Mediterranean area may possibly be better referred to either Parrot Crossbill or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Crossbill (456 words)

	sh: Woodland Wildlife - Brooke Bond Tea Cards
		Common habitat: Beech woods in the south and south-east.
		Preferring woods with little undergrowth it is most common in the north and west and likes beech woods in the south - The population of wood warblers could be affected if its favourite habitat became too overgrown.
		Common habitat: Dense woodland in the south - west and parts of the north of England.
	www.whom.co.uk /squelch/woodland_wildlife.htm (3118 words)

	Common crossbill - Loxia curvirostra: More Information - ARKive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Scotland, the common crossbill is replaced by the Scottish crossbill, a bird intermediate between the common and the parrot crossbill of northern Scandinavia.
		The UK population of common crossbills is believed to have increased considerably in recent years through large-scale afforestation in both lowland and upland areas.
		The common crossbill is recorded as a Schedule 1 bird on the Wildlife and Countryside Act (as amended), along with all species of crossbill on the UK list.
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/birds/Loxia_curvirostra/more_info.html (611 words)

	Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
		Crossbills are thirsty birds-doubtless on account of their diet of pine seeds-and these rarities have been watched drinking at carpark puddles.
		In parts of their range, crossbills breed in every month of the year, their ability to withstand a cold climate enabling them to breed whenever there is a good cone crop.
		It will be most interesting to record the numbers of crossbills remaining to breed in the Breckland Forest rather than returning to the dark and distant fir forests of Scandinavia.
	www.birdsofbritain.co.uk /bird-guide/crossbill.htm (428 words)

	Wildlife Radio Spot Script - Forest Service, Alaska Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The red crossbill is distinguished from the white-winged crossbill by the lack of white wing bars.
		Crossbills require large areas of mature forest, for in a given year cones may be produced in only a limited area.
		For example, for the Western Hemlock Crossbill, the width of the palatal groove is adapted to the specific seed it removes from the cone of the hemlock tree.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/ro/educators/radio_shows/red_crossbill.html (375 words)

	Trees for Life - Species profile: Scottish crossbill
		The Scottish crossbill is confined to the Highlands of Scotland, where it occurs in the pinewood remnants of the Caledonian Forest, and in conifer plantations which are 100 years or older in age.
		The common crossbill, which feeds mainly on spruce seeds contained in relatively small cones, has a slender bill, whereas the parrot crossbill has a much larger bill for opening the tougher cones of Scots pine.
		The crossbill feeds on pine seeds either by pulling a cone off a branch and then holding it with its feet while it uses its bill to extract the seeds, or it acrobatically moves around the cone, extracting the seeds without removing the cone from the branch.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /tfl.crossbill.html (1541 words)

	Scottish crossbill - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		The Scottish crossbill was originally thought to be a sub-species of the common crossbill.
		Sonograms of the calls of crossbills of known bill size (and, therefore, putative identity) have shown that the three crossbill species have different calls, with the common crossbill having three call types.
		Thus, the smallest birds (common crossbills) gave types A, B and E, whilst the large billed birds (parrot crossbills) gave type D. Birds with intermediate sized bills, and hence classed as Scottish crossbills, gave type C. It is likely that calls are learned from parents and should remain constant within the species.
	www.rspb.org.uk /science/Ecology/2001/scottish_crossbill.asp (658 words)

	White-Winged Crossbill
		The comparatively small number that spend the year in Maine and the British Provinces adjoining, may be forced to do so by wounds or other accidents, as in general I have found them moving toward the north as soon as the chill blasts of winter were tempered by the warmer rays of the vernal sun.
		The oesophagus, [b c d e], is 2 inches and 8 twelfths long, when dilated forms a crop of vast size, [c d], which lies chiefly on the right side of the neck, but also passes behind so as to appear on the left side.
		This form occurs equally in the Common Crossbill, and seems to be peculiar to this genus.
	www.audubon.org /bird/BoA/F15_G13b.html (1261 words)

	British Garden Birds - Crossbill
		The Crossbill is a heavily built finch, a little larger than a Greenfinch, with a larger, thicker bill with mandibles that cross at the tip.
		The female Crossbill lays and incubates eggs that are smooth, glossy and pale blue with sparse purplish markings at one end.
		Crossbills have not been seen in our neighbourhood, but they are an irregular breeder in coniferous areas in and around Sheffield.
	www.garden-birds.co.uk /birds/crossbill.htm (361 words)

	Type 2 Crossbill
		In the Pacific Northwest, this crossbill is found mainly on the drier east side of the Cascades, but it also occurs along the Pacific coast of Oregon and California (including San Francisco's Presidio and Golden Gate Park).
		It is perhaps the most common crossbill in the Sierra Nevada and other California ranges, as well as the Mogollon Rim of Arizona and various mountains of New Mexico.
		Occasional crossbills in southern pine forests, from east Texas and Mississippi to the Carolinas, are likely to be of this form.
	research.amnh.org /ornithology/crossbills/Type2.html (406 words)

	Crossbill Natural History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Crossbills are closely related to goldfinches and canaries, and like them, have elaborate and melodious songs.
		Crossbills are found primarily in association with conifer trees that have cones on them; they use their unusual bills to pull out tiny pine nuts from between cone scales.
		Birdwatchers know that if crossbills can be found in a place one year, chances are that there won't be crossbills there again until years later, when the local conifers produce another crop.
	research.amnh.org /ornithology/crossbills/nathist.html (409 words)

	BirdForum - Scottish Crossbill
		Common Crossbil are known in Norway as Spruce Crossbill as they prefer spruce and not the mature Pine trees like those in Speyside (Parrot are known as Pine Crossbill, this has been stated by Mr Frankis.
		Also at that time of year Common Crossbill should be nearing the end of their breeding season (a couple of months ahead of the other 2 sp.) and are found in their prefered trees, the Spruce.
		Common Crossbills will feed quite happily on Scots Pine; the crunch appears to be that although they can utilise Scots Pine to feed themselves, they probably can't open the cones fast enough to get sufficient seed to raise a large brood of chicks, maybe fledging just one or two young instead of four or five.
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?p=78325 (2307 words)

	All About Birds
		A stocky finch of mature coniferous forests, the Red Crossbill is dependent on the seed cones that are its main food.
		A bird's biting muscles are stronger than the muscles used to open the bill, so the Red Crossbill places the tips of its slightly open bill under a cone scale and bites down.
		The Red Crossbill shows a great deal of variation in bill shape and voice, and it may in fact be composed of several different species.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Red_Crossbill.html (383 words)

	Forestry Commission - Common Crossbill
		The Crossbill is a thick-set finch, larger than a greenfinch, with an easily distinguishable bill.
		This means the crossbill does not have a defined pattern of migration, they are more nomadic in their behaviour, searching out large forests for productive conifers.
		The common crossbill normally nests high in conifer trees in a small cupped nest constructed by the female from conifer twigs, moss, lichen, and grass, and lined with finer grasses, hair and wool.
	forestry.gov.uk /website/oldsite.nsf/byunique/INFD-5XLDG6?Open&... (301 words)

	Common Crossbill -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(Finches: goldfinches; bullfinches; chaffinches; siskins; canaries; cardinals; grosbeaks; crossbills; linnets; buntings) Fringillidae
		This (Finch with a bill whose tips cross when closed) crossbill is mainly resident, but will regularly (Click link for more info and facts about erupts) erupts south if its food source fails.
		The crossbills are characterised by the mandibles crossing at their tips, which gives the group its (An Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the Commonwealth countries) English name.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/common_crossbill.htm (417 words)

	Parrotx
		The bird was tentatively identified as a Parrot Crossbill as it had a head and bill which seemed to be totally out of proportion to the rest of its body.
		The bird's measurements indicated that it was certainly too large to be a Common Crossbill, which was the only other species it could have been.
		As the bird was being processed, John Hollyer arrived and was given the bird in a bag and asked what he thought as he had experience of the species in the wild.
	www.kentos.org.uk /articles/Parrotx.htm (392 words)

	MIGRATION - LoveToKnow Article on MIGRATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For instance, when the common toad, which is a strictly terrestrial creature, wanders every spring to a frequently distant pool in order to spawn there, this is a true migration.
		For instance, the common eel ascends the rivers as an elver in its youth; years after it returns to the sea, there to breed and to die, whilst other fishes come and go, year after year.
		The food of these birds consists mainly of the seeds of conifers, and as its supply in any one locality is intermittent or precarious, we may not unreasonably guess that they shift from place to place in its quest, and may thus find an easy way of accounting for their uncertain appearance.
	www.87.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MI/MIGRATION.htm (7190 words)

	* Redpoll - (Bird): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both common and hoary redpolls are found in Ohio.
		6-7:, Common Redshank, Reed Bunting, Siberian,, Middedorff's Grasshopper Warbler
		Flocks are common outside of the breeding season, and American Goldfinches often flock with redpolls and Pine Siskins.
	www.bestknows.com /bird/redpoll.html (356 words)

	Plate No. 201 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The southward migration of this Crossbill, as well as of the other, is extremely irregular.
		The habits of the White-winged Crossbill are in general similar to those of our common species.
		The twigs represented in the plate are those of a species of alder common in Newfoundland.
	www.audubonhouse.org /audubon/octavo/detail.cfm?image_id=0201 (1292 words)

	Birds of Nova Scotia - Red Crossbill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For an unknown number of years prior to 1920, the Red Crossbill was seasonably regular in the Annapolis Valley and presumably over the province generally, particularly during late May and early June, apparently attracted by the elm seeds which ripen at that time.
		By 1972 the Red Crossbill was common in small flocks provincewide and, during Christmas Bird Counts that year, 138 were counted at Broad Cove, Lunenburg County, 36 in Cape Breton Highlands National Park and 48 in the Dartmouth area.
		The Red Crossbill displays plain dark wings, but the wings of the White-winged Crossbill, as its name suggests, are conspicuously marked with double bars of white.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0404.htm (989 words)

	Loxia curvirostra
		The Crossbill is something of a Parrot of the Pine Forests.
		Their stout build, clumsy looking beaks and habits of sidling along branches or pecking at pine cones while they hold them in one foot are all distinctly parrot-like.
		Crossbills are slightly bigger but distinctly fatter-looking than, say, Chaffinches, and have big bills with pointed mandibles crossed at the tips.
	www.birdguides.com /html/vidlib/species/Loxia_curvirostra.htm (312 words)

	Dalarna.se (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The parrot and the red crossbill are common when the pines and spruces have lots of cones.
		When pine cones are abundant, the parrot crossbill is common on the mountain; but the red crossbill is present only in small numbers.
		Spruce cones open and spread their seeds during February-March, and pine cones during April-May. It is during those periods that the crossbills begin to nest; they can produce several broods per season.
	www.dalarna.se /template/NewsPage____9468.aspx (292 words)

	BirdForum - Scottish Crossbill
		I am sure I have seen it argued in some research on crossbills that all 4 (common, scottish, parrot and two-barred) could all be regarded as one species.
		No. I have seen Crossbills in Scotland in varying habitats but there is no way I can be sure of the ID in the field.
		When I asked the staff about it they answered that they didn't know which Crossbills were around there, because you would have to catch them to measure their bills, and because they thought that the Common or Parrot was also around there.
	www.birdforum.net /printthread.php?t=9413 (996 words)

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