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Topic: Common Scrambling Algorithm

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Encryption algorithm

DVB

DigiCipher 2

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List of cryptography topics

	CSA - known facts and speculations
		CSA is an abbreviation for "Common Scrambling Algorithm", which is employed in almost every scrambled digital-tv-channels so far.
		This seed normally is obtained by a second algorithm, this second algorithm is the common known scrambling standard of the channel.
		Knowing the actual code of the CSA may give us hints on weaknesses in it, to maybe beable to calculate or guess some bits (or bytes) of the seed (also referred to as the CW, which is short for control word).
	csa.irde.to /index.html (410 words)

	Algorithm
		Flooding algorithm A flooding algorithm is an flood.
		Gauss-Legendre algorithm The Gauss-Legendre algorithm is an π.
		Yarrow algorithm The Yarrow algorithm is a I Ching divination.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/algorithm.html (1894 words)

	Common Scrambling Algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Common Scrambling Algorithm (or CSA) is the encryption algorithm used in the DVB digital television broadcasting for encrypting video streams.
		CSA was specified by ETSI and adopted by the DVB consortium in May 1994.
		Like in other encryption algorithms a weak spot arises inasmuch that parts of the message are known or at least easily predictable, like MPEG headers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Scrambling_Algorithm (302 words)

	Analysis of the DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm (ResearchIndex)
		Analysis of the DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm (ResearchIndex)
		Analysis of the DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm (2004)
		The algorithm cascades a stream and a block cipher, apparently for a larger security margin.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /weinmann04analysis.html (308 words)

	.:: General Purpose Hash Function Algorithms - By Arash Partow ::.
		When algorithms which contain hash functions are analyzed it is generally assumed that hash functions have a complexity of O(1), that is why look-ups for data in a hash-table are said to be on average of O(1) complexity, where as look-ups of data in maps (Red-Black Trees) are said to be of O(logn) complexity.
		Mixing or scrambling of a bit sequence is one way of producing a common equality in the bit bias of a stream.
		An empirical result which demonstrated the distributive abilities of the hash algorithm was obtained using a hash-table with 100003 buckets, hashing The Project Gutenberg Etext of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, the longest encountered chain length was 7, the average chain length was 2, the number of empty buckets was 4579.
	www.partow.net /programming/hashfunctions (2479 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Common Scrambling Algorithm, approved by the Steering Board of the DVB Project., is comprised of the Common Descrambling System and Scrambling Technology.
		The Common Descrambling System will be licensed to manufacturers of Decoders and their components, and to providers, designers and other entities engaged in conditional access.
		DVB Common Descrambling System Licence and Non-Disclosure Agreement or the DVB Scrambling Technology Licence and Non-Disclosure Agreement have to be signed for receiving the confidential information.
	portal.etsi.org /dvbandca/DVB/DVBINTRO.asp (171 words)

	IBC 2002 Conference Papers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In most cases it is possible to re-use the original scrambled packets since the majority of the content that is transferred is exactly the same as was originally broadcast.
		Broadcast content is normally scrambled for a short period of time with one key, before the key is changed.
		The duration of scrambling by one key is generally referred to as the crypto-period, and DVB uses a system of “even” and “odd” scrambling to signal the transition (one period is signalled as odd, then next as even and so on).
	www.broadcastpapers.com /IBC2003papers/ibc03NDSPVRFree05.htm (1042 words)

	Broadcast engineering basics
		The algorithm that's used for this is proprietary to each CA vendor, although there are some open (but not publicly-known) algorithms such as the DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm.
		Manufacturers are understandably nervous about disclosing the algorithms they use, because the costs of having the algorithm cracked are huge - in some European markets, as much as 30% of subscribers were believed to be using hacked smart cards at one point.
		In the case of scrambled elementary streams, not all of the data is actually scrambled - the packet headers are left unscrambled so that the decoder can work out their contents and handle them correctly.
	www.interactivetvweb.org /tutorial/dtv-intro/dtv-transmission.shtml (3990 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The distribution arrangements for the Common Scrambling Algorithm are the result of a prolonged drafting and review process within the DVB Project.
		The four Companies which developed the algorithm were given the task of drafting the distribution agreements.
		The distribution process for each of the Common Descrambling System and the Scrambling Technology is comprised of two central documents: a custodian agreement and a licence agreement.
	portal.etsi.org /dvbandca/DVB/Explanatorynote.doc (1354 words)

	Date: 11 December 1996
		By using the Common Scrambling Algorithm system in conjunction with the standard MPEG data transport and selection mechanisms it is possible to incorporate in a DVB transmission the means to carry multiple messages which all enable control of the same scrambled broadcast but are generated by a number of different CA systems.
		Conditional Access is achieved by the service provider scrambling its available TV services, whilst providing subscribers with an Integrated Receiver Decoder (most commonly known as a "set top box"), that allows the subscriber to unscrambler the picture, if he or she has the correct smartcard available and has paid to receive the services.
		Scrambling is the process of rendering the sound, pictures and data unintelligible.
	www.une.edu.ve /~jduran/Dvb.htm (8625 words)

	Griffin CAS -> About
		Using the Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA) and a random Crypto Word (CW), the SimulCrypt Scrambler does the bulk of encryption.
		CW is randomly generated in the Scrambler periodically, with Crypto Period of 10 seconds being common.
		Once the scrambled signal is received in the STB, the relevant ECMs and EMMs are sent to a Griffin smart-card.
	www.griffincas.com (240 words)

	Conditional access systems
		Signal scrambling, or encryption, is the first of three components in a CA system.
		This algorithm is used to scramble transport-stream packets containing video, audio and data content.
		It is primed or seeded by a key or control word, which is generated by the CA head-end system and changed at a rate of about once every 10 seconds.
	broadcastengineering.com /beyond_the_headlines/cas (1085 words)

	User talk:Nikai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(As an aside, the most common argument contra electric vehicles I've heard is the inefficiency of power transfer, provided the power comes from a power plant far away, this means on the way to the car a significant percentage already gets lost.
		Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer.
		One possible way would be to run a spellchecker in a script across a copy of the database, and count the numbers of words which the spellchecker considers common spelling mistakes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User_talk:Nikai (1852 words)

	Haitham Cruickshank research interests - conditional access for broadcast satellites
		Scrambling can be applied to service components, either using a common Control Word or using separate Control Words for each component.
		There are several kinds of entitlements that match different means of subscribing to a service: subscription per theme, level or class, pre-booked pay-per-programme or impulse pay-per-programme, per service or per time.
		For more information on this topic see ETSI web pages, DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm and the security report published by ETSI working group called Broadband Satellite Multimedia (BSM) and follow the SES and BSM links).
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/H.Cruickshank/research_3.html (481 words)

	[No title]
		The decryption is the section of the access control system that receives reception entitlement messages from the MPEG transport stream, decrypts and processes them, manages the subscription activation status of this receiver and finally forwards to the descrambling part the control word necessary to descramble the next few seconds of the program.
		Although the Common Interface was primarily intended to allow plug-in decryption modules, it is not limited to that application.
		The existing standard for the Common Scrambling algorithm allows however also another approach: A broadcaster might provide the decryption data for its channel in the formats necessary for various decryption systems in the data stream.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /~mgk25/dvb.txt (4936 words)

	Video Demystified Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The decryption may be proprietary (such as Canal+, DigiCipher, Irdeto Access, Nagravision, NDS, Viaccess, etc.) or standardized, such as the DVB common scrambling algorithm and OpenCable.
		Overscan is common in TVs that use CRTs to allow for aging and variations in components, temperature and power supply.
		Depending on the scrambling mode, either the entire horizontal blanking interval is inverted about the +30 IRE axis, the active video is inverted about the +30 IRE axis, both are inverted, or neither is inverted.
	www.video-demystified.com /mm/glossary.htm (15270 words)

	Secure Online Backup: Offsite Data Storage: Encryption
		Encryption is the ciphering of data by applying algorithmic formulas to the text, thus converting it to "ciphertext." This means the data you backup with SureWest's offsite data storage is undecipherable to anyone without a secret decryption key.
		This notorious complex scrambling algorithm was written by Philip R. Zimmermann in 1991 and made public via the Internet at that time.
		To this day it remains the most common encryption method and ensures secure online backup of your data.
	www.surewest.com /backup/f&b/encryption.php (149 words)

	Elliptic Semiconductor - New Products
		The algorithm is based on the ISO 9979/0009 Algorithm Register Entry and supports ECB, CBC, OFB and CFB block cipher modes of operation as specified by NIST Special Publication 800-38A.
		The CSA cipher is used to protect MPEG-2 content in the European Pay-TV service used in Digital Video Broadcast applications.
		The algorithm implements a block cipher that produces a 64-bit output from a 64-bit input using a 128-bit key.
	feeds.feedburner.com /EllipticSemiconductor-NewProducts (637 words)

	Amazon.com: "channelisation codes": Key Phrase page
		As the chip rate is already achieved in the spreading by the channelisation codes, the symbol rate is not affected by the scrambling.
		In general, the channelisation codes are used to maintain orthogonality between the different physical channels originating from the same source.
		Scrambling and channelisation codes are specified in [26].
	www.amazon.com /phrase/channelisation-codes (350 words)

	TS News - New European Organization To Fight TV Hackers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Digital broadcasting will increase the number of scrambled services and the commercial target for piracy will grow.
		Moreover, new problems will arise because of standardisation of DVB consumer equipment and the launch of new media services beyond classic broadcasting." "Technical security measures - use of conditional access systems - are not enough.
		Adequate legislation and enforcement are necessary complements to scrambling and encryption," Carter Eltzroth added.
	www.sat-net.com /listserver/ts-news/msg00423.html (423 words)

	Feds snub open source for 'smart' radios \| TalkBack on ZDNet
		Some of the "secret" approaches in cryptography involve hardware based algorithms that are specifically designed to be extremely hard to emulate in software.
		The best known example of this is probably the Common Scrambling Algorithm developed by the DVB Project for PayTV systems in Europe.
		The CSA uses this very approach (secret hardware algo) and has resisted hacking attempts for about 15 years, an is only now being replaced with a new CSA (v3) which combines public (AES) and secret crypto tools.
	talkback.zdnet.com /5208-3513-0.html?forumID=1&threadID=35932&messageID=661700&start=0 (537 words)

	Catalog
		The common interface (CI) consists of two components, The transport Stream Interface and the Command Interface.Both share the same physical interface based on the PC Card standardEN50221.
		A Common Interface module is implemented as a variant of the 16-bit PC Card Electrical Interface.
		The MACDVB multimedia engine has a capacity of 64 for channel management, each of which can be de- scrambled with up to 32 Control Word pairs at TS or PES level at 68MBits/s.
	prgh.freehosting.net /catalog.html (406 words)

	Stream Chooses NDS Open VideoGuard Conditional Access To Secure TV Content
		The Common Scrambling Algorithm was designed to minimize the likelihood of piracy attack over a long period of time.
		Using the Common Scrambling Algorithm system in conjunction with the standard MPEG data transport and selection mechanisms it is possible to incorporate in a DVB transmission the means to carry multiple messages which all enable control of the same scrambled broadcast but are generated by a number of different CA systems.
		This 'Simulcrypt' technique allows both the delivery of one program to a number of different decoder populations that contain different CA systems, and also for the transition between different CA systems in any decoder population, for example to recover from piracy.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/04-05-2000/0001182809&EDATE= (1000 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive
		The algorithm uses a combination of a stream and a block cipher, apparently for a larger security margin.
		In this paper we present a fault attack on the block cipher which can be launched without regarding the stream cipher part.
		This attack allows us to reconstruct the common key and thus breaks the complete Algorithm.
	eprint.iacr.org /2004/289 (115 words)

	EBU scrambling system BISS-E tested ...
		Geneva, 21 November 2001 – The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) announced today it had successfully tested an upgraded standard scrambling system for TV contribution networks that can work with all makes of professional equipment used to transmit and receive television pictures by satellite.
		Based on the DVB common scrambling algorithm available through the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (www.etsi.org), the system is proposed for standardisation by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) later this year.
		Activities include operation of the Eurovision and Euroradio networks; the exchange of news, sport and cultural programming; coordination of co-productions; technical research; training; legal advice; and the defence of public service values.
	www.ebu.ch /news/press_archive/press_3301.html (206 words)

	[No title]
		MPEG describes a form of compression for digital data where the data represents moving images of a TV like-nature.The standard also allows for audio datastreams sync'd with the video.MPEG1 is common on IBM PC's (& other platforms) using *.mpg files.
		For broadcast use,less tendency to pixellation or "blockiness" was desired with fewer "artefacts" -technical/marketing term for unwanted material on the screen (that's a bit like calling a software bug an "anomaly" !!).Now what the satellite industry wanted was to squeeze more channels into the bandwidth taken up by a satellite transponder.
		DVB was set up by the EBU (European Broadcast Union) to set the standards for digital video transmission.They have published these via ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) who also set standards for devices such as GSM telephones.
	newdata.box.sk /2000jun/digifaq.txt (1764 words)

	Tik-111 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Support the Common Interface, the physical, link and transport layers are specified in IEEE 1394.
		The additional Common Interface, the TS interface must be able to operate with different input and output rates, and even with an input or output rate equal zero.
		The descrambler unit is based on the common scrambling algorithm as specified by DVB.
	www.tml.hut.fi /Opinnot/Tik-111.550/1998/Esitelmat/IRD/Ird.htm (5924 words)

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