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Topic: Common Seal

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	Common Seal at Animal Corner
		Common Seals are known to prey primarily upon fish such as menhaden, anchovy, sea bass, herring, cod, whiting and flatfish and occasionally upon shrimp and squid.
		Common Seals are able to dive for up to ten minutes, reaching depths of 50 metres (approx 154 feet) or more, but average dives may be three minutes long at depths of about 20 metres (approx 66 feet).
		Common seals are not an endangered species, although their habit of staying in the same area for the majority of the year has meant that some local populations have disappeared.
	www.animalcorner.co.uk /marine/seals/seal_common.html (691 words)

	SEAL - LoveToKnow Article on SEAL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The movements of the true seals upon the ground or ice are very different from those of the eared seals, or Otariidae, which walk and run upon all four feet, the body being raised as in the case of ordinary quadrupeds.
		Although the true seals do not possess the beautiful under-fur (seal-skin of the furriers) which makes the skin of the sea-bears or fur-seals so precious, their hides are still valuable as articles of commerce, and together with the oil yielded by their fat, subject them to a devastating persecution.
		Other species of seals inhabiting the nothern seas, of which stragglers have occasionally visited the British coasts, are the small ringed seal or floe-rat of the sealers (Phoca hispida), the Greenland or harp-seal (Phoca groenlandica), the hooded or bladder-nosed seal (Cystophora cristata) and the bearded seal (Phoca barbata).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SE/SEAL.htm (1343 words)

	Seal - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
		The seal is commonly misconceived to be cute and innocent.
		The Seal is amongst the known preys of the vicious King Eagle, together with whales and drunk Norwegians.
		Seals are the only species known to have sexual relations with creatures outside their class, preferring penguins[1].
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Seal (944 words)

	SILNhtml
		Common or Harbour Seals Phoca vitulina L. have a well-known habit of exploring up rivers and in northern Canada permanent populations of Common Seals live in freshwater lakes 300 km inland from the sea (Mansfield, 1967; Hewer, 1974; King, 1983).
		The seal was identified as a Common or Harbour Seal Phoca vitulina by its head profile, with turned-up nose by its grey colour with fl spots and by its estimated length of 1.8m.
		The seal was seen in the river exit of Loch Ness at Lochend on four separate occasions (Dec. 1, Dec. 21, Jan. 13, Feb. 8) yet it did not descend the river to the sea.
	www.lochnessinvestigation.org /SILN.html (1645 words)

	COMMON - Definition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		{Common nuisance} (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large.
		{Common prayer}, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined to use.
		{Common because of} {vicinage or neighborhood}, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other's fields.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/common (1250 words)

	The sea calf or common seal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Common seals can live up to 30 years of age in captivity but in the wild their life expectancy does not exceed 20 years.
		Common seals are gregarious and sedentary and live in groups of a few hundred individuals.
		It recommends providing specific protection for the reproduction and rest zones of common seals (Phoca Vitulina), to strictly regulate their capture, to ban the capture of animals affected by the virus, to take necessary measures to reduce pollution and finally to undertake and intensify research concerning threats to the remaining populations.
	sea-river.com /95_4_gb.php (645 words)

	Hilbre Seals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Common Seals can be differentiated from Grey Seals by their shorter, rounder head and their distinctive ‘V’ shaped nostril.
		The largest colony/group of Common Seals in the UK, possibly the world, is at the Wash. This area has a large expanse of shallow tidal sandbanks and is fed by four large tributaries.
		Usually the commoner species of fish in the area are taken first with the seals diet varying according to the time of the year and the fish available.
	www.wirral.gov.uk /er/Hilbreseals.htm (1231 words)

	common seal (idea)@Everything2.com
		The "common seal" is a legal device used to execute a contract on behalf of a company in England, Ireland and most of the Commonwealth.
		A common seal is not necessary for a company to enter a contract: companies are generally bound by the signature of one authorized (or apparently authorized) agent.
		Common seals are still alive and well in most of the rest of the former British Empire (albeit generally in the form of signatures and not in the form of melted wax), and are a popular way to make a contract more ironclad than it would be by a single signature.
	everything2.com /?node_id=1942396 (522 words)

	common
		{Common chord} (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth {Common council}, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other municipal corporation.
		{Common nuisance} (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large {Common pleas}, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges.
		{Common prayer}, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined to use It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer.
	www.beetfoundation.com /words/c/common.html (1034 words)

	Seal installation
		The seal is operating with the wrong compression causing it to either overheat or open up prematurely as the faces wear.
		In a double ended pump conversion from packing to a mechanical seal it is common for the impeller to be positioned by sleeves that are not sealed at the impeller or sleeve inside diameter&emdash; causing leakage between the sleeve and the shaft.
		It should be noted that the normal mode of failure for this type of seal is for the rubber boot to experience a rupture or "blow&endash;out" causing a massive seal failure.
	www.mcnallyinstitute.com /05-html/5-10.html (2023 words)

	Seals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Common Seal was hunted the most partly due to the fact that the pups were found on easily accessible shorelines and also because until 1970 you did not need a permit to hunt Common Seal whereas you did for Grey Seals.
		The peak of mating in common seals is visible at haul-out sites such as on Mousa, there is a sharp rise in the incidence of mature males with fresh bloody scaring on their necks and hind-flippers.
		Common Seals begin moulting during July and finish during September, females and young animals moult first, followed by males and finally sexually mature males are the last to undergo the moult during September.
	www.nature.shetland.co.uk /seamammal/seals.htm (1584 words)

	The common seal and the grey seal in the Waddenzee and Delta area - Environmental Data Compendium
		The ban on the killing of seals that was implemented in the Delta area in 1961 and in the Wadden area in 1962 was followed by a recovery in the Waddenzee (Wadden Sea), but thereafter in both areas a decline set in and a new deep point was reached.
		In 2001 the total population of the common seal in the Dutch Waddenzee was estimated to be 5300 animals.
		Reijnders, P.J.H. On the extinction of the Southern Dutch harbour seal population.
	www.mnp.nl /mnc/i-en-1231.html (659 words)

	SCS: Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina)
		The harbour seal population in the Baltic Sea was severely depleted in the 20th century by hunting, pollution and the PDV virus.
		The report also recommended that authority be given to kill seals which pose a threat to public safety and property at locations such as docks and marinas, and that commercial fishermen be allowed to kill seals that destroy their catch or gear.
		Hokkaido seals appear to be the largest with an average length of 1.9m for adult males and 1.7m for adult females.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/harbour.htm (4139 words)

	Dead Seals in the North Sea, the Wadden Sea and the Kattegat/Skagerrak Area, December 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the present and definitively last seal report, you will find the final overview of documented dead common and grey seals in the area, which was affected by the pdv epizootic over the entire time of the pdv epidemic between May 2002 and February 2003.
		Common Seals in the Wadden Sea in 2001.
		The first report of a pdv positive seal in that area was given by the Zoological Department of the National University of Ireland, Galway, on the 08.10.02, which was one of four common seals found dead on 21.09.02 on the Aran Islands, Republic of Ireland.
	cwss.www.de /news/news/Seals/01-seal-news.html (1546 words)

	Activities: The Mammal Society
		Common seals feed at sea but regularly haul out on to rocky shores or inter-tidal sandbanks to rest, or to give birth and to suckle their pups.
		Common seal pups used to be hunted for their skins, particularly in Shetland and in the Wash. This probably over-exploited populations in some areas and led to the seals being protected.
		Similar epidemics have periodically affected common seals in the past, suggesting that the 1988 plague was a natural phenomenon and that little could have been done to prevent it.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /mammal/common_seal.shtml (716 words)

	Common seal - Made for living in the water
		Common seals prefer regions, where rivers flow into the sea, because these waters are permanently ice-free even in the northern part of their distribution range.
		Common seals inhabit the European coasts of the Atlantic, the North sea and the Baltic sea as well as the Atlantic coast of the northern part of North America and North America's Pacific coast.
		Seals (Phocoidea) are even better adapted to living in water than the second group of Pinnipeds, the Sea lions (Otarioidea), represented by the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), for example.
	www.thewebsiteofeverything.com /weblog/pivot/entry.php?id=46 (1182 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Common seal, harbour seal
		Common seals are the most widely distributed pinniped, and there are thought to be about 400,000-500,000 individuals.
		Common seals are gregarious, although they do not tend to gather in such large groups typical of other pinnipeds.
		Common seals are not endangered, although their habit of staying in the same area for the majority of the year has meant that some local populations have disappeared.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/167.shtml (358 words)

	common_seal_species_description
		Common seals are usually found on sandy shores and estuaries around Northern Ireland.
		They are smaller than the grey seal and are generally grey/brown in colour, made up of a mottle of dark spots on a lighter background.
		Seal pups can swim and dive from birth, and are good swimmers by the time they are weaned during late July.
	www.habitas.org.uk /nimars/pvitulinasd.htm (284 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Seal
		Later the seal served as an authentication and was attached to the face of the document.
		During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly "bulls", were in common use both in East and West, but except in the case of the papal chancery, these leaden authentications soon went out of favour in western Christendom and it became the universal practice to take the impressions in wax.
		In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of William of St. Carileph, Bishop of Durham (1081-96) and of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (1093-1109).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13649a.htm (610 words)

	Exploris - The Northern Ireland Aquarium, Open Sea Aquarium, Strangford Lough PortaferryCommon Seal
		Common seals are grey/brown coloured and have an all over pattern of fine spots.
		Common seals favour sheltered rocky shores and sandbanks.
		Common seal pups are born in June and July in shallow water or on land.
	www.exploris.org.uk /tour_of_exploris/nie_seal_sanctuary/seal_information/common_seal (361 words)

	Common Seal -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Common or Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) are (Any of several seals lacking external ear flaps and having a stiff hairlike coat with hind limbs reduced to swimming flippers) true seals of the (The hemisphere north of the equator) Northern Hemisphere.
		Local populations have been reduced or eliminated through outbreaks of disease and conflict with (Any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae) humans, both unintentionally and intentionally.
		Resting sites may be both rugged, rocky coast such as that of the (A group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland) Hebrides, or sandy intertidal zones; some seals may also enter (Click link for more info and facts about estuaries) estuaries.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/common_seal.htm (522 words)

	SMRU (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Twiss, S.D., Pomeroy, P.P. and Duck, C.D. Grey seal pup mortality is not explained by local breeding density on the Island of North Rona, Scotland.
		Prevalence of morbillivirus antibodies in Scottish harbour seals.
		Seals (includind sea lions, fur seals and walrus).
	smub.st-and.ac.uk /CurrentResearch.htm/publications.htm (5002 words)

	Harbor seals
		Named common seal throughout Europe, this seal frequently observed around Long Island lives along the shores of eastern Canada, New England and in the winter, as far south as the Carolinas in a variety of habitats.
		Unlike many other seal pups, harbor seals are able to swim from birth, although they are dependent on care and milk from the mother for 3 - 6 weeks before they venture out on their own.
		While tending their young, harbor seal mothers are very protective and will sometimes push the pup beneath the surface or carry it on her shoulders to avoid danger.
	www.cresli.org /cresli/seals/hbrseals.html (542 words)

	K A T T E G A T C E N T E R (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The common seal is the commonest seal is Denmark.
		The seal uses its rear flippers to propel itself forward while its front flippers are used to steer.
		Seals are predators and normally eat up to 5 kg of fish each day.
	www.kattegatcentret.com /UK/Exibitions/Seals/Spaettet_seal.asp (219 words)

	Basic information for Phoca vitulina (Common or Harbour seal)
		Common seals have a rounded head with eyes equidistant between the nose and the ears.
		The main threat to seals in the UK and Ireland is organochlorine compounds that may interfere with reproduction (SMRU, 2004).
		Common seals in Europe belong to a distinct sub-species.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /species/Phocavitulina.htm (602 words)

	SEAL - Online Information article about SEAL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")
		FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf.
		bladder-nosed seal (Cystophora cristata) and the bearded seal (Phoca barbata).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SEAL.html (2274 words)

	The potential effects of fishing on Grey and common seals
		The two species of seal found in UK waters (grey seal and common seal) are both listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive.
		Seals have been caught in mobile fishing gear but in most cases they are associated with static gears.
		Common seals are more likely to stay in the vicinity of breeding sites although they can switch to other sites.
	www.ukmarinesac.org.uk /activities/fisheries/f2_1.htm (529 words)

	The sensitivity of grey and common seals to recreation pressure
		In general, it is the habitats for grey and common seals in which they are found that are to be protected under the Habitats Directive.
		Common seal, phoca vitulina: The UK holds some 28,000 common seals, approximately 50% of the EC population.
		The resilience of the seal population on the Wash has been closely monitored over the last decade following an outbreak of a serious virus in 1988 which was reported to have killed 50% of the population.
	www.ukmarinesac.org.uk /activities/recreation/r01_08.htm (776 words)

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