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Topic: Common property resources

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Communities of Circumstance

	Unasylva - No. 180 - Common property forest resource management - Common property resources and dynamics of rural ...
		Common property resources and dynamics of rural poverty in India's dry regions
		The ultimate consequence of common resource degradation may be the permanent disruption or elimination of vital biophysical processes, of nature's regenerative activities (energy and material flows, etc.), inside the common property area and in the surrounding areas as well (Jodha, 1991).
		The dependence of the poor on common properly resources and the vicious circle of poverty and the degradation of such resources are important aspects of the dynamics of rural poverty.
	www.fao.org /docrep/v3960e/v3960e05.htm (2908 words)

	OSS Workshop Ethiopia - Marquardt: Chapter 7.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Common property resources are those resources whose accessibility and use are shared by members of a community.
		Common property regimes are one of four general property regimes which an be described as a continuum from state property regimes, to private property, common property, and to open access (non-property regimes).
		The changing conditions with respect to common property resources are often a result of population growth, changing economic opportunities, a growing mobility of society, and the inability of a community to restrict the access of outsiders to resources they used to control.
	www.mekonginfo.org /mrc/html/oss/mar7_2.htm (310 words)

	Local Government and Rural Development in the Bengal Sundarbans: An Inquiry in Managing Common Property Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Common pool resources, such as fish in a public pond, are also available to all, but their use does diminish them.
		Common property (as opposed to common pool--the distinction should be kept in mind) resources can move from one cell of the table's bottom row to another, as their use and abuse changes over time.
		For one thing, clearly a crucial factor in the success of local management of CPRs is that the resource has been in long-term use by local people and is, thus, something that they think of as a fundamental part of their immediate social and cultural as well as economic environment.
	www.smartoffice.com /tiger/id39.htm (6421 words)

	MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL TREE RESOURCES
		These outputs from existing common property resources are also often a major component of the overall agricultural system - filling crucial gaps in the resource and income flows from other resources, and providing complementary inputs often critical to the continued functioning of agricultural and household systems.
		In a major study of common property resources in the dryland areas of India, it was found that the poor obtained the bulk of their fodder and fuelwood - and from 14% to 23% of their income - from common property resources.
		As common lands diminish, and the natural resources on them recede or are degraded, farmers everywhere have sought to shift the production of outputs of value on to their own land by protecting, planting and managing trees of selected species.
	www.fao.org /docrep/u5610e/u5610e06.htm (2634 words)

	Visualizing common lands - Eugene Martin
		Common lands and their management are one such variety of resource relationships that warrants investigation in the pursuit of understanding GIS use in other cultures.
		Data bases for land resources supported by GIS are capable of one to one relationships that are typical of western views on land: One owner has control and access to all resources present on their land.
		Common property is characterized by the exclusion of other users and joint use involves the subtraction of welfare from the members as a whole.
	students.washington.edu /~ewmartin/papers/viscom.htm (2463 words)

	[No title]
		Common Property Resources Common property institutions are one of the most important institutions for poor and marginalized section.
		Common Property Resources in Theory and Practice Common property resources henceforth (CPRs) are also termed as common property institutions, common property regime, and open access resources in the literature.
		Common property resources of various kinds (to be explained later on) are very important for rural poor especially tribal, dalits and backward castes because of their little or no private property.
	www.gdnet.org /fulltext/1153133678_caste_and_collective_action.doc (3460 words)

	Common-pool resource - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Their core resource being vulnerable, common-pool resources are generally subject to the problems of congestion, overuse, pollution, and potential destruction unless harvesting or use limits are devised and enforced.
		Her observations are partly in contradiction with the assumption that common-pool resources would eventually face destruction in the long run due to collective action problems leading to the overuse of the core resource predicted by the tragedy of the commons.
		Common property regimes typically protect the core resource and allocate the fringe through complex community norms of consensus decision-making facing the difficult task to devise rules that limit the amount, timing, and technology used to withdraw various resource units from the resource system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common-pool_resource (1107 words)

	Aquatic Resources as Common Property
		A common property resource (CPR) is broadly defined as a natural resource in which a group of people has common user rights (not necessarily ownership rights).
		It is common for the resources of lakes, rivers, estuaries and marine areas to be considered as CPRs.
		Management of common resources often occurs at different "scales" (local, municipal, national and regional) and the regulations at these different levels are sometimes conflicting.
	www.iirr.org /aquatic_resources/p3c01.htm (741 words)

	Common Pool Resources as a Source of Environmental Income
		Common pool resources are forests, fisheries, reefs, waterways, pastures, agricultural lands, and mineral resources that no individual has exclusive rights to.
		Or common property resources may be leased out to private enterprises in the form of fishing or timber concessions.
		Degraded common lands undoubtedly make up a large part of the 75-130 million hectares of India's land that has been classed as “wasteland”—land that is both unproductive and ecologically depleted (Chopra 2001:25, 29).
	forests.wri.org /pubs_content_print.cfm?ContentID=3763 (1251 words)

	Sangati
		The exact definition of CPRs depends on the context of its applicability, but the broad definition requires that the community be well-defined and large enough, than say, a single household or family unit.
		Common property resources (CPRs) can be broadly defined as those resources in which a group of people have co-equal use right, specifically rights that exclude the use of those resources by other people.
		CPR product collection are an important source of income especially during periods when other types of jobs are not available.
	www.saanet.org /sangati/cpr/overview.htm (2466 words)

	COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION
		First, while many studies present evidence that communal management is common among traditional societies, a strong theoretical basis is lacking to explain why individuals participate in monitoring and sanctioning efforts.
		In examining CPR settings involving fisheries, irrigation systems, and groundwater basins, we find that users of these resources pursue different strategies and design different institutional arrangements depending upon whether the resource is characterized by mobile flows and/or storage.
		While theoretical arguments have addressed whether state institutions must be involved in resource protection, or whether private incentives can be manipulated to achieve desired outcomes, this preoccupation with either public sector or private sector solutions to the problems of environmental conservation has caused a neglect of social values and community consensus.
	www.umich.edu /~infosrn/CICB/CICB_HTML/CICB_TH1.htm (1878 words)

	Common Property Resources
		Common Property Resources (CPR’s) are an endemic social dilemma.
		CPR’s are simple to characterize: they involve public goods that can be privately consumed and once consumed, they disappear.
		CPRs and Public Good problems are everywhere and the project will require that you identify and analyze such a problem in the Houston area.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~rkw/pls441/syllabus.html (772 words)

	Property (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Property is a general term for rules governing access to and control of land and other material resources.
		Some have argued that property rights in a market economy ought to be treated as resistant to redistribution and perhaps as insensitive to distributive justice generally except possibly at the moment of their initial allocation (see Nozick, 1974).
		So, under a system of common property, each commoner has an incentive to get as much as possible from the land as quickly as possible, since the benefits of doing this are in the short-term concentrated and assured, while the long-term benefits of self-restraint are uncertain and diffused.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/property (9239 words)

	Fisheries: Managing Property Rights
		This paper discusses what the theory of property rights might suggest for common resources such as fisheries, outlines the legislative basis of the system, and then goes on to discuss the ongoing management of the allocated property rights (quotas) and what can be achieved.
		Scott notes that in terms of common property resources in fish stocks that duration affects investment in harvesting methods, exclusivity affects freedom of action within any laid down control system, transferability affects ability to transfer rights to others, and divisibility the right to share or have joint arrangements.
		The very granting of a property right in a communal fishery is contentious and hence may contribute considerably to economic inefficiency.
	www.geocities.com /rwmj2001/fishingandpropertyrights2.html (4557 words)

	World Bank Group \| NRM Institutions \| Property Rights
		Poverty is commonly associated with heavy dependence on natural resources, and those who depend upon these resources include indigenous peoples, whose cultural survival is tied to their use of the resource.
		Forests and pastures are among the land-based natural resources that are sometimes denominated “common property resources because they are often used in common, by a group.
		They are difficult to partition for household management, for a variety of reasons specific to the resource, and this places a premium upon finding appropriate institutional arrangements for their management and providing secure property rights as an incentive to sustainable community use of the resource.
	lnweb18.worldbank.org /ESSD/ardext.nsf/15ByDocName/ThemesandIssuesPropertyRights (542 words)

	Tom G. Palmer: Common Property?
		Commoners (those with rights to a common resource) have internalized norms over long periods of repeated interactions and expect to engage in such interactions for years to come.
		Individually held property is one especially prominent form among many possible forms of property, which also include familial property, joint property, partnerships, corporate property, and the kinds of common property resources described by Elinor Ostrom.
		Ostrom uses "common-pool resource" when I use "common property resource," but the terms are interchangeable in her analysis.
	bostonreview.net /BR27.3/palmer.html (1154 words)

	[No title]
		Interestingly it is a common property resource, for example ocean is included as a global common and ponds as a local common.
		Whenever the commoners raised their voices they are either harassed by revenue officials or treated brutally by the dominant farmers.
		CPRs as explained is a chequrred one and everybody in the community, the landed and the landless has user rights and as its importance is more for the poors, it is very important on their part to preserve and use the resource.
	www.gdnet.org /fulltext/1148036780_EROSION_OF_INSTITUTION.doc (7405 words)

	The World Resources 2005
		Common pool resources are forests, fisheries, reefs, waterways, pastures, agricultural lands, and mineral resources that no individual has exclusive rights to.
		Common areas also contribute a great deal of fodder, allowing poorer families to raise more livestock than they would otherwise be able to support (Jodha 1986:1173).
		Or common property resources may be leased out to private enterprises in the form of fishing or timber concessions.
	www.grida.no /wrr/016.htm (1206 words)

	India: The need for community control over natural resources
		Common natural resources were earlier regulated through diverse, decentralized, community control systems.
		Given the changed socio-economic circumstances and greater pressure on natural resources, new community control systems have to be established that are more highly integrated, scientifically sophisticated, equitable and sustainable.
		This policy adversely affected the close and living relationship between natural resources, the tribals and rural poor who are critically dependent on them for their survival.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/64/India.html (371 words)

	Space Resources, Common Property, and the Collective Action Problem
		Such consequences, which in the context of common property regimes tend to be negative, can be ameliorated under a sufficiently potent centralized regulatory regime.
		The waning of enthusiasm for common heritage schemes in the space context poses a challenge for space law, and for space development enthusiasts: the challenge of coming up with something that addresses the most important concerns motivating "common heritage" proposals without embodying the statist and anti-market character that such proposals tend to share.
		Property rights are often viewed as a "bundle." See J.E. Penner, The "Bundle of Rights" Picture of Property, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 711 (1996).
	www.space-settlement-institute.org /Articles/research_library/spaceresources/SpaceResources.html (6581 words)

	UWLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The term "common-property resource" is used variously to refer to property owned and defended by a community of resource users, to property owned by no one, and to property owned by a government.
		The persistent questions surrounding such property resources are who shall have access to them and how the resources themselves are to be managed for sustainability.
		We will study a number of specific cases of commons governance and regulation in the United States and abroad, and varying approaches to the creation and maintenance of property interests in common resources.
	www.law.washington.edu /Courses/Catalog/cbClass.asp?ID=B593 (150 words)

	Centre for Ecology, Law & Policy - Common pool resources in Mexico
		During the past fifteen years common pool resources (CPRs) theorists and researchers have pointed out the differences between open-access resources dilemmas and common property resources governance problems.
		One of these is the relationship between the characteristics of resource use groups, their institutional arrangements and, the external environment.
		The identified effects that group heterogeneity might have on commons' outcomes are resource conservation, the supply of institutions, the success in monitoring and enforcement of the regulatory regime, the success in resolving conflicts and the adaptation to social and environmental conditions.
	www.york.ac.uk /res/celp/webpages/projects/cpr/mexico/mexico.htm (332 words)

	IFPRI--Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper Brief
		This paper examines the implications for developing countries of changes in access to common property resources (CPR), particularly forest resources, caused both by increasing privatization and commercialization of such resources, and by population pressures that diminish per capita access to them.
		It finds that with the exception of fisheries, where men predominate, the gathering of materials from common property resources, particularly forests, is the task of women and children.
		In developing countries, common property resources are important income sources for certain groups within communities and certain individuals in households.
	www.ifpri.org /divs/fcnd/dp/dp34.htm (811 words)

	Competitive Enterprise Institute
		As a common property resource, they belong to everyone, can be caught by everyone, and essentially belong to no one.
		The more rapid disappearance of common property wildlife during the past century is due to the fact that much larger human populations are using it, more efficient means of capture and kill are employed, and a larger number of uses has been found for some species.
		But if we are to resolve the tragedy of the commons and preserve our natural resources and wildlife, we must create a new paradigm for the environmental movement: private property rights in natural resources and wildlife.
	www.cei.org /gencon/030,04420.cfm (657 words)

	Community-Based Fisheries Management
		These common property resources are of relevance to aquaculture development efforts in Bangladesh.
		Resource poor communities living around the beel were used as laborers (for cleaning, netting, guarding, etc.) but had no opportunity to derive benefits from this production system.
		Since they invested money for the development of the resources, CARITAS is giving them priority hoping that this community will act as a model and a source of inspiration for other communities in managing their own beels in a sustainable manner.
	www.iirr.org /aquatic_resources/p3c02.htm (766 words)

	Common Assets Headquarters -- public property natural resources privatized
		Common Assets should be enjoyed by all people in common -- but not everyone can have access to the same parks, airwaves, etc. So many favor an equal distribution of the economic value of public assets, called a Citizens Dividend or citizens income.
		Thomas Paine and the French Physiocrats observed that land and natural resources were provided by God or nature for the use of all, and that nothing could be made or grown without access to them.
		They argued that because the land and natural resources were provided by Providence and not by any human act, equity demanded that their fruits be shared by all.
	www.taxpolicy.com /common (656 words)

	FREC 424--Common Property Resources and Public Goods
		Common property resources are inefficiently allocated because users cannot earn rents by conserving them from other users--a violation of the "exclusivity" principle of property rights.
		There is no incentive for any firm to conserve, since no one owns the resource or has the ability to exclude others from it; whatever one firm leaves the next will take.
		Civil courts in the US facilitate collective action by permitting class action lawsuits in which several lawsuits of plaintiffs against a common defendant may be combined into a single case, with the named plaintiffs representing the entire class of plaintiffs.
	www.udel.edu /johnmack/frec424/424lec04.html (992 words)

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