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Topic: Commonwealth Republics

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	Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a loose alliance or confederation consisting of 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics.
		The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his successors from 1649 to 1660.
		While the term "commonwealth" has the same legal and economic meaning as "state," the four regions that chose to designate themselves commonwealths probably did so as a reference to the earlier Commonwealth period in England which ended in 1660, when that nation was not ruled by a king.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commonwealth (1009 words)

	Judicial Committee of the Privy Council - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is also the highest court of appeal (or court of last resort) for several independent Commonwealth countries, the UK overseas territories, and the British crown dependencies.
		The Commonwealth Realms of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Tuvalu.
		Australia effectively abolished the right of appeal from the Commonwealth Courts by the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 and the Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975, and from the State courts by the Australia Act 1986.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council (1202 words)

	The Commonwealth - The Commonwealth of Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Commonwealth is described as a "family" of nations, originally linked together in the British Empire, and now building on their common heritage in language, culture and education, which enables them to work together in an atmosphere of greater trust and understanding than generally prevails among nations.
		The Institute of Commonwealth Studies is a postgraduate academic institution devoted to the study of the Commonwealth.
		When the Commonwealth Games were staged for the fourth time in Canada in 1994, the event attracted 2,446 of the world’s top athletes from 63 nations (Commonwealth countries and associated states and territories), all of whom were competing for the honour of the Commonwealth Gold.
	www.col.org /comover.htm (1701 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Member republics have expressed contrasting visions of the future of the organization that was formed in 1991 upon the collapse of the Soviet Union.
		Press reports said the 11 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including Kazakhstan, are divided over the future structure of their defense organizations, with Russia leading the countries that are calling for a unified defense force and Ukraine and its allies fearing the power a single defense force may amass.
		As more republics expressed support for the Dec 8 Commonwealth of Independent States plan, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev said he is prepared to resign the presidency although he still opposes the new organization.
	vorlon.cwru.edu /~jje/cmps338/P2 (15376 words)

	TIME Europe \| TIME Trail: Russian Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On Friday Kazakhstan and the four Central Asian republics swallowed their annoyance at not being present at the creation, as well as their fears of becoming economic and cultural poor relations in a Slav-dominated family, and decided to join, provided they are given the status of co-founders.
		Worse still, the commonwealth's efforts to unify economic policy are in a desperate race with the forces of hunger, cold and scarcity.
		Otherwise the founding agreement pledges the commonwealth republics to a vague concept of cooperation in many areas of government, from education to foreign policy.
	www.time.com /time/europe/rustrail/ru122391.html (2385 words)

	Commonwealth of Independent States on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When Georgia joined in 1993 all of the former republics of the USSR except the Baltic states had become members of the CIS.
		The organization was conceived as the successor to the USSR in its role of coordinating the foreign and economic policies of its member nations.
		The treaty recognized current borders and each republic's independence, sovereignty, and equality, and established a free-market ruble zone embracing the republics' interdependent economies and a joint defense force for participating republics.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/commonwei1s1.asp (854 words)

	Commonwealth -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		also called Commonwealth of Nations, formerly (1931–49) British Commonwealth of Nations a free association of sovereign states comprising the United Kingdom and a number of its former dependencies who have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and practical cooperation and who acknowledge the British monarch as symbolic head of their association.
		In 1965 the Commonwealth Secretariat was established in London to organize and coordinate Commonwealth activities.
		On December 25 the Soviet Union was succeeded by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a loose confederation of 12 of the former...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9024980 (910 words)

	5eng
		Whatever is the cause of preservation is not the primary seedbed of destruction, sedition is a cause of the preservation of the commonwealth, therefore it is not the seedbed of its destruction.
		Yet it must be marked that this cure for the failing republic does not depend on the dizziness of the people or the disposition of any single man, but must be applied to the wounds of the commonwealth by the consultation of physicians, that is, by the hand of wise men.
		Traitors to the nation should not be allowed to live in the commonwealth, flatterers of the people are traitors to their nation, therefore flatterers of the people are not to be allowed to live the commonwealth.
	www.philological.bham.ac.uk /sphaera/5eng.html (14505 words)

	Russia and the Former Soviet Republics Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online
		Russia and the Former Soviet Republics Historical Maps
		Commonwealth of Independent States (Reference Map) 1999 (145K) Larger JPEG Image (365K)
		Commonwealth of Independent States - European States (Political) 2003 (263K) and pdf format (266K)
	www.lib.utexas.edu /maps/commonwealth.html (753 words)

	Commander-in-Chief - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In democratic monarchies, the King or Queen is the symbolic Commander-in-Chief, though the active authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and the subordinate defense ministers.
		In a few Commonwealth Realms, Commander-in-Chief is the Governor-General (though they will usually perform this role in the Queen's name), while in colonies the Commander-in-Chief is the leader of the colonial power.
		In France, the President of the Republic has a title of Chef des Armées ("Commander of the Armies"), which is a legacy of the monarchy.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Commander-in-Chief (972 words)

	Soviet Union Disintegrates as Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns
		The weapons are only one item in a long list of needed precautions that the commonwealth republics must attend to if they are to establish credibility in a decidedly skeptical world that has watched the Soviet Union reverse its totalitarian course and collapse in a matter of a few years.
		This is a very loose political association resorted to by the former Soviet republics because of their disenchantment with the very notion of union and their need, nonetheless, for some common arrangement that might ease the escape from post- Communist destitution.
		The commonwealth members are free to decide their individual economic and political plans.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/europe/122691ussr-gorbachev.html (1521 words)

	Articles - High Commissioner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As many Commonwealth members share the same head of state (Queen Elizabeth II), Commonwealth diplomatic relations are technically at a governmental level, and Commonwealth Governments thus do not appoint ambassadors, who are the representatives of one head of state to another.
		Despite the differences in terminology, since 1948 Commonwealth High Commissioners have enjoyed the same diplomatic rank and precedence as ambassadors of foreign heads of state, and in some countries are accorded privileges not enjoyed by foreign ambassadors.
		From as early as the 1930s, some Commonwealth members have indicated a preference for the title to be replaced with that of ambassador, but over the years whenever the issue has been raised a majority of members has been in favour of keeping the separate title and status of High Commissioner.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/High_Commission (701 words)

	Time for Ireland to rejoin the Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Commonwealth cannot in any way be described as Britain's stooge but has developed into a very different institution since the Republic of Ireland left in 1948.
		The Commonwealth is a free association of 54 sovereign states.
		It could greatly reassure Northern unionists who fear that their British identity is ignored in the Republic and might be further ignored as the two parts of the island draw together.
	www.reform.org /pr100898.htm (804 words)

	Commonwealth - Commonwealth Day
		The aim of commemorating Commonwealth Day is to promote understanding on global issues, international co-operation and the work of the Commonwealth to improve the lives of its 1.8 billion citizens.
		Thirty-two members are republics, 16 have constitutional monarchies which recognise HM Queen Elizabeth II as their Head of State, and five have national monarchies (Brunei Darussalam, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland and Tonga).
		A new and exciting initiative in the area of education is the Centre for Commonwealth Education in Cambridge.
	www.thecommonwealth.org /Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=142574&int1stParentNodeID=20596 (418 words)

	THE VOICE OF RUSSIA [RUSSIAN ECONOMY AND BUSINESS ONLINE (EXCLUSIVE)] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The chairman of the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Yuri Yarov sees moves to build a free trade zone as vitally important for the economic advance of the former Soviet republics.
		But the former Soviet republics showed different interests and were then busy creating legal systems of their own, which was incompatible with the moves to save the economy.
		Commonwealth exports and imports have dropped, owing to Russia's financial crisis of August, 1998.
	www.vor.ru /Russian_Economy/excl_next71_eng.html (360 words)

	Former Soviet Repoublics at Odds over Economic, Military Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bush administration officials said Thursday that it is increasingly clear that the 2-month-old Commonwealth of Independent States is failing to function, a failure that completes the transformation of the old Soviet Union into independent nations with little in common beyond an agreement on control of nuclear weapons.
		The widening division among the new nations comes as a disappointment for the administration, which had hoped that the Commonwealth -- forged by a treaty among 11 of the former republics in December -- could become a vehicle for economic, political and military cooperation.
		Instead, most of the former Soviet republics are talking about creating their own national armies and several are resisting cooperation with Russia's economic reforms.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N9/soviet.09w.html (588 words)

	Ireland and the Commonwealth - The Time has Come (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But the best is that the Commonwealth has proved to be an enduring entity which endears itself to countries which struggled for freedom from the British Empire and now value their independence.
		The Commonwealth is a free association of 53 sovereign states and their dependencies.
		The Commonwealth contains republics and countries with their own monarchies, although the Queen is the nominal Head of State.
	www.reform.org /pq110698.htm (787 words)

	Privy Council - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Prime Minister, ministers in the cabinet, some senior ministers outside the cabinet, the Leader of the Opposition and leaders of large parties in the House of Commons are all appointed Privy Counsellors.
		Full meetings of the Privy Council are only held when the reigning Sovereign announces his or her own marriage, or when a demise in the Crown occurs.
		In the latter case, the Privy Council—together with the Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, the Lord Mayor of London, the Aldermen of the City of London and representatives of Commonwealth nations—makes a proclamation declaring the accession of the new Sovereign.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /privy_council.htm (2275 words)

	Expanded GZG Universe Future History -- En-Solar
		In Belarus, the Ukraine and the Baltic Republics, opposition politicians denounce Constantine as an evil dictator and demand that he is removed from his position as their head of state.
		It consists of the Prime Ministers of Belarus, the Baltic Republics and the Ukraine and the Chief of the Okrana.
		The Tsar and a sizeable military force flee to the Ukraine, who along with Byelorussia and the Baltic States remain free of the Communist shackle, as the EC intimates to Beijing that further Communist expansion westwards will not be tolerated, whatever the cost.
	www.cygnusx1.info /gzg/gzghist_es.asp (4057 words)

	PMag v08n1p15 -- Soviet Union: Slavic Re-Union?
		As of now, the republics have decided to have their own national guards, but they are not likely to be full-scale armies.
		The ruble will still be the international currency of the commonwealth but the republics are almost certain to introduce their own currencies.
		The commonwealth idea is still unpopular still among the extreme chauvinists, who believe that it may give much more freedom to the former republics.
	www.peacemagazine.org /archive/v08n1p15.htm (991 words)

	: : : Welcome to stargrunt.ca! : : :
		The Czar and a sizeable military force flee to the Ukraine, who along with Byelorussia and the Baltic States remain free of the Communist shackle, as the EC intimates to Beijing that further Communist expansion West will not be tolerated, whatever the cost.
		The peace accord is sponsored by the UN and the Anglian Confederation, and although neither of the protagonists is really happy with the outcome they are both too economically weakened by the war to protest effectively.
		Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia petition to join the ESU as "economic partners", considering themselves to have been poorly treated by the NSL.
	www.stargrunt.ca /settings_hist/gzg_timeline/gzg_timeline.htm (4962 words)

	FCS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Given the shared history of the members of the Commonwealth, we wish to work for a closer union between its members so as to enhance the mutual benefits of membership.
		To achieve a closer union and protect our shared interests, we wish to establish a federal body of some of the Commonwealth members, centred around the group of four founder members referred to collectively as CANZUK (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the UK), their friends and territories.
		We wish for that body to be responsible for establishing a common trade policy, foreign policy, and defence policy for the members of the federation.
	www.fcsworld.com /fcswhatis.htm (165 words)

	Republicans to use Games to argue case - Breaking News - National - Breaking News
		The Australian Republican Movement will use next year's Commonwealth Games to dispel fears the nation would be kicked out of the Commonwealth if it became a republic, the lobby group has said.
		Australian Republic Movement national director Allison Henry told the group's Victorian state conference the Games were a major opportunity to advance the republic debate.
		She said of the 53 nations in the Commonwealth, more than 30 are now republics.
	www.smh.com.au /news/National/Republicans-to-use-Games-to-argue-case/2005/06/04/1117825095612.html (178 words)

	Iran's Trade with the Commonwealth of Independent Republics
		Iran's commerce with the Commonwealth of Independent Republics during 1371 (1992) and 1372 (199) 3indicates that Central Asian countries have had the highest share of Iranian exports to the region, increasing from 39.1 per cent in 1371 (1992) to 78.5 of total exports to the CIR in 1372 (1993).
		In the meantime, the major items imported from the Commonwealth Republics during 1371 (1992) were fuels (gas oil) and mineral oils, machinery, turbines and boilers, cast iron products, iron or steel, vehicles, aluminium, copper, ordinary metals and amiant.
		Tables 1 and 2 show respectively the major goods exported to and imported from the Commonwealth of Countries by Iran: (separate statistics for Caucasia and the central Asian Republics were not available).
	www.irvl.net /FIRAN19.HTM (366 words)

	CIS - MN-FILES - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The CIS (the Commonwealth of Independent States, SNG, Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv) is a union that comprises 12 of the 15 former Soviet republics.
		Eleven Commonwealth states are full members of the Union, and Ukraine is its associated member.
		The main Commonwealth bodies are Council of Heads of States and Council of Heads of Governments.
	www.mosnews.com /mn-files/cis.shtml (639 words)

	Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Commonwealth Realms of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Tuvalu.
		Foreign judges may not sit when certain domestic matters are being heard.
		The Australian constitution still has a provision requiring the leave of the High Court of Australia for appeal to the Privy Council on certain matters (other subjects could be appealed without the High Court's permission), so theoretically the High Court could still grant leave on those restricted subjects.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/j/ju/judicial_committee_of_the_privy_council.html (916 words)

	rediff.com: The Millennium Special: S Gopal
		He wanted to stay in the Commonwealth but India had to be a republic.
		The Commonwealth is a great international force in the world, especially during the years of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States.
		Nehru was the saviour of the Commonwealth and he kept India as a non-aligned mediatory state.
	ushome.rediff.com /millenni/gopal.htm (1007 words)

	Reisenett: Russia and the Former Soviet Republics Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Commonwealth of Independent States (Reference Map) (PDF Format - Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader) 1999 (545K)
		Commonwealth of Independent States (Political) (PDF Format - Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader) 1997 (1.3MB)
		Commonwealth of Independent States (Reference Map) 1999 (365K)
	www.reisenett.no /map_collection/commonwealth.html (406 words)

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