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	Commonwealth
		The Commonwealth of England was the official title of the political unit that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell.
		The term "commonwealth" also expresses the political relationship between the United States and the dependent territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas.
		Commonwealth of England - historic name of England when ruled by Oliver Cromwell and his successors from 1649 to 1660.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Commonwealth.html (336 words)

	Commonwealth of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.
		After the regicide of the monarch Charles I on January 30, 1649, its existence was initially declared (" An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth") by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.
		The term "The Commonwealth" is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commonwealth_of_England (1520 words)

	Wikinfo \| Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term "commonwealth" is also used for the political relationship between the United States and the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas.
		The commonwealth introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own parliament "Sejm" and elected kings, that were bond to the contracts "Pacta conventa" from the begining of the reign.
		Puerto Rico (associated with the US) and the Northern Mariana Islands (in political union with the US) are commonwealths of the United States (these unincorporated territories have a separate and unique status from that of the other four US commonwealths which are part of the US and actually possess US statehood).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Commonwealth (585 words)

	[No title]
		The government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging.
		That the supreme legislative authority of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in one person, and the people assembled in Parliament; the style of which person shall be the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
		That Oliver Cromwell, Captain - General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life.
	www.etsu.edu /cas/history/docs/govinstrument.htm (874 words)

	CBC News Indepth: The Commonwealth
		The Commonwealth is a collection of 54 countries drawn largely from the former British Empire.
		The Commonwealth had suspended the African country after President Robert Mugabe was accused of rigging his re-election.
		There are many other Commonwealth foundations and associations run under the aegis of the secretariat including the Commonwealth Business Network, the Commonwealth Foundation (arts), the Commonwealth Science Foundation, the Commonwealth of Learning, and the Commonwealth Business Council.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/commonwealth (812 words)

	Of Degrees of People in the Commonwealth of Elizabethan England. Chapter I. [1577, Book III., Chapter 4; 1587, Book ...
		Also in England no man is commonly created baron except he may dispend of yearly revenses a thousand pounds, or so much as may fully maintain and bear out his countenance and port.
		The kings of England in foughten battles were wont to remain among them (who were their footmen) as the French kings did amongst their horsemen, the prince thereby shewing where his chief strength did consist.
		This fourth and last sort of people therefore have neither voice nor authority in the commonwealth, but are to be ruled and not to rule other: yet they are not altogether neglected, for in cities and corporate towns, for default of yeomen, they are fain to make up their inquests of such manner of people.
	www.bartleby.com /35/3/1.html (1999 words)

	Commonwealth (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seal of Pennsylvania does not use the term, but legal processes are in the name of the Commonwealth and it is a traditional official designation used in referring to the state.
		In 1776, Pennsylvania's first state constitution referred to it as both "Commonwealth" and "State," a pattern of usage that was perpetuated in the constitutions of 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968.
		Virginia's first constitution (adopted on June 29, 1776) directed that "Commissions and Grants shall run, In the Name of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and bear taste by the Governor with the Seal of the Commonwealth annexed." The Secretary of the Commonwealth still issues commissions in this manner.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commonwealth_(United_States) (400 words)

	Commonwealth Games: England secure cycling clean sweep \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited Sport
		Earlier, Victoria Pendleton powered to England's first track cycling silver of the Games when she blasted round two laps of the velodrome to record 34.662sec for the 500m time-trial.
		On a night that established England as the dominant force in track cycling, Chorley's 35-year-old Jason Queally won his third consecutive medal in the Commonwealth one kilometre time-trial, missing the elusive gold by just over 0.03sec as Scotland's Olympic champion Chris Hoy finished third.
		England justified their billing as one of the favourites to win the rugby sevens gold after defeating the hosts Australia en route to a place in the quarter-finals.
	sport.guardian.co.uk /commonwealthgames2006/story/0,,1732735,00.html (540 words)

	England
		The first of these changes was England's transition from a Catholic to a Protestant nation in 1534 when Henry VIII renounced Catholicism and declared himself the head of the English Church after the pope refused to grant him an annulment.
		Rubinstein also notes the rise of other non-Anglican Protestant groups in England such as the Puritans, Quakers and Baptists, many of whom "were highly sympathetic to the Hebrews, viewed themselves as an elected 'chosen' group which had entered into a direct Covenant with God, and preferred the Old Testament to the New" (Rubinstein, 41).
		Content with living in England and practicing their religion in secret, this group -- made up of Spanish citizens -- went public only after England went to war with Spain and they "were in Danger of being deported as Spanish citizens" (Rubinstein, 45).
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/r/w/rwm170/england.htm (1299 words)

	England: Countries at the Commonwealth Games
		England is one of only six nations have attended every Commonwealth Games (The others are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales).
		England is in Northern Europe and is bounded by Scotland, Wales, the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel.
		England have hosted the Games on two occasions, in London during 1934 and most recently in 2002 in the North West region of England and the city of Manchester.
	www.topendsports.com /events/commonwealth-games/countries/england.htm (142 words)

	Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard from 1649 to 1660.
		The commonwealth introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance (see Warsaw Confederation), had its own parliament Sejm (although elections were restricted to the gentry or szlachta) and elected kings, who were bound to certain contracts Pacta conventa from the beginning of the reign.
		This was the Commonwealth of the Philippines in free association with the USA between 1935 and 1946.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Commonwealth (958 words)

	Northampton Saints - News : Vilk and Lewitt called up to Commonwealth Games England sevens squad
		The Commonwealth Games Council for England announced its 15-man squad today which contains a balance of experienced sevens players including Dan Luger, Magnus Lund and Ben Gollings and some of the exciting youngsters who have earned selection through impressive performances so far this season.
		England sevens coach Mike Friday said: "I am really pleased with the squad we are taking.
		The Commonwealth Games will be one of the biggest occasions in these players’ lives and it was incredibly hard to just choose 15 players.
	www.northamptonsaints.co.uk /32_3365.php (456 words)

	The Commonwealth Games Council for England
		England has competed in every Games since the first Empire Games in 1930 and has hosted the Games twice - in London in 1934 and Manchester in 2002.
		The CGCE has been a beneficiary of Sport England funding towards the costs of the preparation of Team England since 1994.
		The CGCE is a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation who have overall responsibility for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games.
	www.cgce.co.uk (251 words)

	magazineUSA.com - US-POLITICS: Commonwealth versus State, a definition
		The fact that the four commonwealth states are indeed a state and not a souvereign unit of some kind is established by their ratification of the Constitution respective the admittance into the Union.
		Commonwealth in terms of one single state or country is defined as a community of people acting in common interest, resp.
		One mentionable aspect is indeed that England's Queen is anyhow the symbolic head of The Commonwealth of Nations.
	www.magazineusa.com /lv2/politics/i_commonwealth.asp (454 words)

	Rugby Football Union - Team England at the Commonwealth Games
		England Sevens Coach Mike Friday admitted that reducing the squad was extremely hard, “Every one of the 15 players we brought here deserved a place and it was a very tough decision to make.
		England begin their Commonwealth campaign on Thursday at the Telstra Dome with pool stage matches against Cook Islands, Sri Lanka and home nation Australia.
		At the last Commonwealth Games, held in Manchester, Team England finished second on the overall medal table with 54 gold, 52 silver and 60 bronze medals, when England had home advantage and took the biggest team in its history to the Games.
	www.rfu.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.News_Detail/StoryID/13395 (630 words)

	England: Heads of State: 1649-1660 @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		Commons of England, in Parliament assembled (from 19 May 1649 Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
		Parliament (from 7 Jul 1653 Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
		Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
	www.archontology.org /nations/england/commonwealth (104 words)

	Learning Centre - The Commonwealth of England
		Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), led the armed forces of Parliament to victory in the English Civil War during the 1640's, and ruled England from 1653 to 1658, but never became king.
		England then became a republic called the Commonwealth of England.
		He also strengthened England's navy and brought Scotland and Ireland under English control.
	www.westair-reproductions.com /learning/kings_queens/commonwealth.htm (422 words)

	Rugby Football Union - England squad for Commonwealth Games
		England coach, Joe Lydon, today named the provisional 20 man squad for the Sevens tournament to be held at the Commonwealth Games, Manchester from August 2
		It contains eleven full England internationals but, just as importantly, a wide range of players who have worked with the coaching team this season during the IRB World Sevens Series.
		All justify their selection to the squad and the potential opportunity to play in the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
	www.rfu.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.News_Detail/StoryID/1469 (285 words)

	Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the House of Commons continued to meet, it was the army that controlled England.
		Commonwealth's government governs the earth without buying and selling and thereby becomes a man of peace, and the restorer of ancient peace and freedom.
		The Commonwealth hereby will be furnished with able and experienced men, fit to govern, which will mightily advance the honour and peace of our land, occasion the more watchful care in the education of children, and in time will make our Commonwealth of England the lily among the nations of the earth.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /STUcommonwealth.htm (1259 words)

	United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649-1660
		The coat of arms of the Commonwealth (1649-60) from Friar (1993).
		Blazon: Quarterly 1 and 4 Argent a Cross Gules [for England] 2 Azure a Saltire Argent [for Scotland] and 3 Azure a Harp Or Stringed Argent [for Ireland] on an Inescutcheon Sable a Lion Rampant Argent [Cromwell's arms].
		The supporters were a crowned lion of England and a red dragon of Wales.
	flagspot.net /flags/gb-inter.html (688 words)

	Commonwealth & Protectorate
		19 May 1649, The Rump of the Long Parliament declared that England "shall henceforth be governed as a Commonwealth and Free State by the supreme authority of this nation, the representatives of the People in Parliament … and that without any King or House of Lords".
		The dissolution of the Rump effectively ended England's brief experiment with republican government: it was a military dictatorship until (after a brief period of virtual anarchy) monarchy was restored in 1660.
		Cromwell aimed to strengthen England's economic position and to advance the cause of the Protestant religion.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/361/361-29.htm (3003 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Commonwealth Games \| England clinch netball bronze
		England's netballers claimed a bronze at the Commonwealth Games after a dramatic 53-52 victory over Jamaica.
		England trailed 29-22 at the halfway stage but some pinpoint shooting from Abby Teare cut the gap to just one by the end of the third quarter.
		After missing out on a medal four years ago, England captain Olivia Murphy was satisfied with the team's showing at the Games.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/4846318.stm (289 words)

	Lane 9 News Archive: England Preparing for Commonwealth Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		ENGLAND’S swimmers will undergo their final preparations ahead of next month's Commonwealth Games when they depart for the sunshine of the Gold Coast, Australia.
		The sun-drenched outdoor facilities of Southport will be a far cry from the wintry weather British-based athletes are used to at this time of year and the camp will give them ample opportunity to acclimate to conditions that have produced temperatures as high as 43 Celsius in recent weeks.
		For 12 of the squad of 26, it will be the first time they have experienced the Commonwealth arena and for some it will be their first ever international event.
	www.swimmingworldmagazine.com /lane9/news/10894.asp (823 words)

	Commonwealth of England (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Rump was basically a conservative body with vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems, so they were unlikely to want to reform these.
		By 1653 Scotland and Ireland were no longer threats, and both France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
		The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone.
	commonwealth-of-england.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1347 words)

	NEW RESIDENCE AT WESTERN NEW ENGLAND COLLEGE COMMONWEALTH HALL SET TO OPEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		NEW RESIDENCE AT WESTERN NEW ENGLAND COLLEGE COMMONWEALTH HALL SET TO Western New England College will continue to unveil a new chapter in its history with a September 2003 opening of a new student residence, Commonwealth Hall.
		Commonwealth Hall is a four-story building with a total square footage of 70,000 square feet.
		Beginning with the upcoming fall semester, the building will be home to first- and second-year students and will feature a variety of accommodations including 24 single rooms, 68 double rooms, and 20 quad suites to accommodate 240 students in all.
	www.wnec.edu /communicator/news/2003/0821commonwealthhall.html (244 words)

	IFNA : News : England announces Commonwealth Team
		Three members of England Netball’s U21 side which took silver at last summer’s World Youth Netball Championships have been named in the Team England side to contest the Commonwealth Games competition in Melbourne in March.
		Commenting on the squad selection, England Netball’s Performance Director Nigel Holl said: “The competition for places within the Commonwealth Games team among the National Squad members has been fierce over the past few months, and we are definitely taking a squad to Melbourne which has a medal in its sights.
		The remaining members of England’s National squad will stay in training as cover should any injury occur between now and March, when the team departs for Melbourne.
	www.netball.org /news.aspx?id=55 (411 words)

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