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Topic: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland

	The Instrument of Government. 1909-14. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics
		of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging.
		That the supreme legislative authority of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in one person, and the people assembled in Parliament; the style of which person shall be the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
		That Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life.
	www.bartleby.com /43/10.html (1023 words)

	Instrument Of Government - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Long Parliament was expelled in April 1653 and the council of state dissolved; the Little, or Nominated, parliament which followed ended its existence by abdication; and Cromwell, officially lord general of the army, with a new council of state, remained the only recognized authority in the country.
		The parliament, composed of a single chamber, was to consist of 460 members-400 for England and Wales, and 30 each for Scotland and Ireland - and the representative system was entirely remodelled, growing towns sending members for the first time, and many small boroughs being disfranchised.
		In Scotland and Ireland the arrangement of the representation was left to the protector and the council.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Instrument_Of_Government (758 words)

	Commonwealth of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.
		The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum.
		For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commonwealth_of_England (1516 words)

	WIDDRINGTON, Thomas @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		Speaker of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland (to 26 Jun 1657)
		Speaker of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging (26 Jun 1657 - 20 Jan 1658)
		Speaker of the House of Commons of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging (from 20 Jan 1658)
	www.archontology.org /nations/england/commonwealth/widdrington.php (346 words)

	Freedom versus Tradition in Western Europe
		As King of England, James was head of the Church of England, and, in 1612, with the support of the Anglican clergy he borrowed from the French monarchy and justified his rule on the grounds of Divine Right.
		Despite England's successes in warfare, members of Parliament continued to squabble, as members of parliaments are wont to do, and toward the end of 1653 a group of army officers declared Cromwell Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
		In England the religion of the ruled now determined the religion of the ruler, a reversal of the old tradition, recently alive on the continent among Protestant and Catholic princes, that the religion of the ruler determined the religion of his subjects.
	fsmitha.com /h3/h25-lbrl.html (11731 words)

	Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) - Genealogy - A Wikia wiki
		After leading the overthrow of the British monarchy, he ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland as Lord Protector from 16 December 1653 until his death, which is believed to have been due either to malaria or poisoning.
		During the Commonwealth, Scotland was ruled from England and kept under military occupation, with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands from the rest of the country.
		The republic was known as the Commonwealth of England.
	genealogy.wikia.com /wiki/Lord_Protector_Oliver_Cromwell_(1599-1658) (3517 words)

	Page Smith / A People's History of the American Revolution / Part 1
		A number of human varieties and social forms, some as old as England itself, others as new as the new commercial and mercantile spirit of the age, were planted in the virgin soil of the New World.
		As England applied the principles of mercantilism to her colonies, they were designed to give her a favorable balance of trade (thus insuring an inflow of gold), and to develop her merchant marine as the primary means of commercial supremacy and as the foundation of a strengthened navy.
		England's Bill of Rights Society sent five hundred pounds to the Boston patriots, and the Common Council of the City of London held a meeting in which much indignation was expressed at the Coercive Acts.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /smith_page_am_revolution.html (10901 words)

	Protectorate, in English history. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Following the English civil war and the execution of Charles I, England was declared (1649) a commonwealth under the rule of the Rump Parliament.
		By its terms, Cromwell assumed the title lord protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland and agreed to share his power with a council of state and a Parliament of one house.
		The Rump was recalled and the Commonwealth resumed, and after a period of chaos Gen. George Monck recalled the Long Parliament and brought about the Restoration of Charles II.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/Protecto.html (397 words)

	Scotland* page
		Scotland was an independent kingdom until 1601 when James the 6th, the king of Scotland, became king of England also.
		During the Cromwell period (Commonwealth 1653-1660) Scotland and Ireland were incorporated with England as a unitary state but the restoration of monarchy saw the previous separation restored.
		In a foretaste of the 20th century horrors of ethnic cleansing, the Gaelic speaking people of the Highlands were evicted by the landlords, the former tribal chiefs, in a successful attempt to prevent further revolts of the type which occurred in 1715 and 1745.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/scotland.html (1392 words)

	England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		England occupies all of the island east of Wales and south of Scotland, other divisions of the island of Great Britain.
		The capital, largest city, and chief port of England is London, with a population in 1996 of 7 million.
		The Church of England, a Protestant Episcopal denomination, is the state church and the nominal church of nearly three-fifths of the population.
	www.telleurope.org /England.htm (496 words)

	List of Irish flags - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A superposition of the Flag of England, the Flag of Scotland, and Saint Patrick's Flag to represent Ireland; symbolises the union of three former states.
		Naval ensign of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, represents the subsequent Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
		Protectorate naval ensign of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, represents the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Irish_flags (586 words)

	Early Colonies
		Lord protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1653-58.
		Son of Mary Queen of Scots and king of Scotland as James VI from 1567, he succeeded Elizabeth I as the ruler of England 1602-25, thus establishing the Stuart line.
		The Commonwealth of Massachusetts began the Revolutionary War, and in the 19th century the abolition movement against slavery was centered in New England.
	www.animatedatlas.com /ecolonies/ecoloniesglossary.html (3362 words)

	England: Heads of State: 1649-1660 @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		Commons of England, in Parliament assembled (from 19 May 1649 Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
		Parliament (from 7 Jul 1653 Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
		Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
	www.archontology.org /nations/england/commonwealth (104 words)

	Timeline
		The English crown passes to James I (James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Queen of Scots) of the house of Stuart.
		However, the armies in Scotland and Ireland were in favor of Parliament and a strong division of Parliament preferred monarchy.
		The Church of England was restored by the Clarendon Code, which also demanded oaths of allegiance to the king and made it unlawful to raise arms against the king.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/jhubbell/Outlines/Timeline.htm (2370 words)

	Where only Catholics bloody Christians, or should the Protestants share some blame too?
		The Church of England (Anglicans) was formed by Parliament in 1534 after Henry VIII separated from the Roman Catholic Church and the pope when the pope refused to grant him a divorce.
		Oliver Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, in east-central England in 1599.
		The king was beheaded on January 30, 1649, and England was declared a commonwealth under the rule of Parliament.
	surge.ods.org /idle_religion/bloody_protestants.htm (1717 words)

	Fördrag mellan Sverige och England 1654
		And the People of the said Commonwealth shall enjoy the same freedom in the Kingdoms, Dominions, and Territories of the Queen and Kingdom of Sweden.
		This present Treaty and Confederation shall in nothing derogate from any pre-eminence, right, or dominion of either Confederate within any his own seas, channels, or waters; but that they have and retain the same, in as full and ample manner as they have hitherto had, as of right belongs to them.
		Kriget mellan England och Nederländerna, närmast utlöst på grund av amiral Tromps vägran att stryka för en engelsk eskader under Blake i maj 1652, hade gjort Sveriges förhållande till de båda sjömakterna alltmer känsligt.
	members.tripod.com /Bengt_Nilsson/Marinhistoria/1654.htm (663 words)

	Britain and Ireland: Editorial
		Longley, a Dubliner who has made her home in Northern Ireland for over forty years, argues that Northern Ireland is the point at which interpenetration of the two jurisdictions is at its most extensive, and as such may be key in re-discovering a complexity that could be useful for both Britain and the Republic.
		If we are to have a United Ireland then we are going to have to treat the people of the island as equal constituent parts of the nation.
		In Ireland however, the PC-brigade run the show, to the point that when any politician brings in tighter controls or even proposes this, or when even a small number of asylum-seekers is deported, cries of "racist" ring the air.
	www.britainandireland.org /issue/2/editorial_1.php (1958 words)

	J. Ivimey: A History Of The English Baptists - Chapter 7
		This was the general, Oliver Cromwell, whose title was to be His Highness, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of the dominions thereunto belonging.
		With the time of their leaving England for Ireland we are unacquainted; but it is probable by the number of churches at this period in that land of superstition, that they had been settled there for several years.
		He was at the helm in the most stormy and tempestuous season that England ever saw; but by his consumate wisdom and valour he disconverted the measures and designs of his enemies, and preserved both himself and the commonwealth from shipwreck.
	www.vor.org /rbdisk/ivimey/html/ivimey07.htm (9313 words)

	Instrument of Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging.
		That the exercise of the chief magistracy and the administration of the government over the said countries and dominions, and the people thereof, shall be in the Lord Protector, assisted with a council, the number whereof shall not exceed twenty - one, nor be less than thirteen.
		That the persons who shall be elected to serve in Parliament, shall be such (and no other than such) as are persons of known integrity, fearing God, and of good conversation, and being of the age of twenty - one years.
	www.agh-attorneys.com /4_instrument_of_government.htm (1383 words)

	United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649-1660
		The coat of arms of the Commonwealth (1649-60) from Friar (1993).
		Blazon: Quarterly 1 and 4 Argent a Cross Gules [for England] 2 Azure a Saltire Argent [for Scotland] and 3 Azure a Harp Or Stringed Argent [for Ireland] on an Inescutcheon Sable a Lion Rampant Argent [Cromwell's arms].
		The supporters were a crowned lion of England and a red dragon of Wales.
	flagspot.net /flags/gb-inter.html (688 words)

	[No title]
		She said, by all means, that was reasonable; and in case the peace between England and Holland did not take effect, that then the ambassador, whom she intended howsoever to send into England, might conclude upon such other articles as should be thought fit.
		They discoursed of England, where this Grave had been, as is before remembered, and the distaste he there received, which possibly might cause his greater neglect of Whitelocke, who took little notice of it.
		He much inquired of the nobility of England, of the Earls and Barons, and of their privileges, and what rank their children had, and of the several orders of knights, and of their original; in which matters Whitelocke was able to give him some satisfaction.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/7/4/0/17407/17407-8.txt (12967 words)

	Chronological Listing of Documents and Events relating to the Massachusetts Mint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Two months later, on May 19th, the nation was declared to be a Commonwealth governed by a Parliament consisting of a single chamber and an executive branch called the Council of the State with John Bradshaw as President and Oliver Cromwell as the First Chairman.
		Article eight of the liberties stated the Commonwealth held anything to be an infringement on their rights if it was prejudicial to the Commonwealth or contrary to their laws, so long as the item in contention was not contrary to English law.
		as a New England pine." The proposal was not adopted.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/MAMintDocs.chron.html (18077 words)

	The 30-Day RPG Challenge - Page 7 - RPGnet Forums
		In the Commonwealth period, the Church of England was removed from royal control and reorganized to grant greater authority to local congregations, most of which developed in a Puritan and semi-Calvinist direction.
		Until the first break between the Church of England and the Papal authority in 1534, the Archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, which selected and consecrated them.
		The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in non-conformity, outside of the established church.
	forum.rpg.net /showthread.php?p=6730760 (3322 words)

	BBC - History - James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1633 - 1701)
		James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1633 - 1701)
		James was born in 1633, third son to Charles I and Henrietta Maria.
		He married twice and had many children: Anne Hyde bore him four of each sex before she died in 1671 and Mary of Modena bore him another two sons and five daughters.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/james_ii_king.shtml (435 words)

	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
		7 Mar 1649 Commonwealth of England and Ireland, Dominion
		16 Dec 1653 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
		Although the term was used as early as the reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714), it acquired wider currency during the reign of George II (1727-1760), when it began to be used as a term of reproach toward Sir Robert Walpole.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /United_Kingdom.html (5319 words)

	history of scotland - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		New York...G. James VI of Scotland and the Throne of England.
		...England Are First Team in History of World Cup to Get Bye into...not going as far as to say Scotland would have walked through...that could be missing three of its best players and, although...It was the worst tackle of the World Cup so far and...
		In Scotland, the Jacobites resisted violently...apparently condoning the bloody massacre of Glencoe (1692).
	www.questia.com /search/history-of-scotland (1702 words)

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