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Topic: Communal reinforcement

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	Communal reinforcement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Communal reinforcement is a social phenomenon in which a concept or idea is repeatedly asserted in a community, regardless of whether sufficient empirical evidence has been presented to support it.
		The phrase "millions of people can't all be wrong" is indicative of the common tendency to accept a communally reinforced idea without question, which often aids in the widespread acceptance of urban legends, myths, and rumors.
		Communal reinforcement can be seen as a positive force in society if it reinforces a concept or idea which is true or beneficial to society, such as the discouragement of drunk driving.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communal_reinforcement (300 words)

	Race
		The primary impact of race on societies is through the effect the belief in it has on social behaviour (see communal reinforcement for further analysis of this social phenomenon).
		Historians, anthropologists and social scientists today are apt to describe the notion of race as a "social construct", using instead the concept of "population" to refer to communities distinguished by characteristic distributions of specified gene variants.
		Precision and commonality in terminological communication is especially important in fields like medical research and diagnosis because a rapidly growing list of genetic disorders and predispositions are strongly linked to race and ethnicity (not to geographical "populations").
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ra/Race.html (4197 words)

	Community Participation in the Management of the Urban Environment (Senegal)
		Through community participation and support of local authorities, this project aims to improve the environment, hygiene and health conditions of Diokoul (Rufisque) by fighting faecal wastes and unsanitary conditions caused by solid and liquid wastes and lack of urban sanitation infrastructures.
		In the commune of Rufisque, nine quartiers (neighbourhoods) are involved in the programme.
		Management committees composed of mandated community representatives (youths, women and the elderly) and municipal technical and health services have been established to ensure a continuous assessment, follow-up and prospective of actions.
	www.unesco.org /most/africa6.htm (1396 words)

	Communalisation of Muslims in Sri Lanka
		It is not our point that nationalism and communalism can be reduced to class relations alone, but that the economic is one of the key variables in communal conflicts and that the ideological subsumption of class by communalism or nationalism should not be misconstrued as an elimination of the economic itself.
		The early phase of communal identity represented by the elites was of a passive and subservient form and not able to strike deep roots.
		Sri Lanka communal identities as represented by the colonial elites in the 19th century were rather articulated and in ways that did not question the authority of the State.
	www.islamawareness.net /Asia/SriLanka/communalisation.html (13062 words)

	Race
		Although the term is sometimes applied to the entire human population ("the human race"), this article is primarily concerned with "race" as the term has been used to designate groups of humans, whether or not the groups are mutually exclusive, and whether or not the classification purports to be objective.
		The term race is rarely used in contemporary scientific classification, but is sometimes used within, and often outside of, the scientific community in much the same sense as the terms subspecies, population or breed are in biology.
		Historians, anthropologists and social scientists today are apt to describe the notion of race as a "social construct", using instead the concept of "population" to refer to communities distinguished by characteristic distributions of gene variants.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/r/ra/race.html (4709 words)

	communal reinforcement
		Communal reinforcement explains how entire nations can pass on ineffable gibberish from generation to generation.
		It also explains how testimonials reinforced by other testimonials within the community of therapists, sociologists, psychologists, theologians, politicians, talk show hosts, etc., can supplant and be more powerful than scientific studies or accurate gathering of data by disinterested parties.
		Communal reinforcement explains, in part, why about half of all American adults deny evolution occurred and believe that God created the universe in six days,* made the first man and woman out of clay, and a snake talked the woman into disobeying an order from God thereby causing all our problems.
	skepdic.com /comreinf.html (232 words)

	The possible role of forage legumes in communal area farming systems in Zimbabwe
		For the reinforcement of native grazing, the ability to establish under adverse conditions is a prime requirement and Stylosanthes spp seem especially suitable.
		In the communal areas of Zimbabwe there are usually no fences sub-dividing the arable areas, so that if forage legumes are sown on a portion of the cultivated land, grazing them during the growing season becomes virtually impossible.
		Farmers in communal areas are very aware of the role and importance of livestock in their farming systems and, furthermore, are aware that their grazing areas are being depleted in terms of both area and productivity.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5488e/x5488e0j.htm (5094 words)

	101
		In Walden Two, the aim is to develop communal art, music, and literature, as well, under the assumption that the effort of the group may be more productive than the separate efforts of the individuals.
		reinforcement theory IX, 244 The view that behavior is influenced by its consequences; behaviors followed by favorable consequences tend to be repeated and those followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences tend to be discarded.
		utopian community I, 2 An ideal society; a place approaching perfection, named for the imaginary setting described in Thomas More's sixteenth-century work.
	www.coedu.usf.edu /bostow/rtorres/W2T/MainKeyConcepts.htm (1967 words)

	Oliver Kamm: Chomsky and the True Believer
		Communal reinforcement is the process by which a claim becomes a strong belief through repeated assertion by members of a community.
		The process is independent of whether the claim has been properly researched or is supported by empirical data significant enough to warrant belief by reasonable people….
		Members of that community spend much time and expend much effort in reassuring each other that when, a quarter-century ago, their hero intervened in support of the Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson he was disinterestedly and even heroically defending the principle of free expression.
	oliverkamm.typepad.com /blog/2004/11/chomsky_and_the.html (1890 words)

	Comunidad de Los Horcones
		However, what the community needs to support a single member is significantly less than what that person would need elsewhere to keep up his standard of living.
		Community rules on the use of community property are important to encourage and reinforce sharing.
		The community does not pay its members for their work because no members want to be paid.
	www.loshorcones.org.mx /economy.html (2356 words)

	Sanitation infrastructures, waste collection and recycling in Rufisque
		45% of the commune's population; 30% of this population is illiterate.
		With regard to water rates: it is not justifiable to ask the users of the narrow-pipe sewage system in Rufisque to pay for this service, since it is the responsibility of the programme founders to cover the maintenance of the infrastructures and the water purification.
		The idea of asking the public authorities to return its receipts to the project is an important one as it would (i) enhance co-operation and communication between local authorities and the project and (ii) would increase the co-operatives capacities.
	www.hic-net.org /document.asp?PID=140 (2407 words)

	The Communitarian Network
		Using the public status of law to express our communal reprehension of these prejudices, and designating punishment for crimes they engender, is therefore both reasonable and proper.
		Furthermore, it is legitimate to try to raise or reinforce support for legislation through peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, acts of civil disobedience, and strikes.
		If they successfully appeal to latent values within the public, generating new public support for a cause, their effect should not be thought to delegitimize the legislation that follows.
	www.gwu.edu /~ccps/rcq/legislating_morality.html (8914 words)

	YUTOPIA
		It is a community of people who have a set of religious convictions that are orthodox in character and that have a particular attitude toward bringing those values into society.
		So when we're dealing with legal texts, we need for the interest for communal consistency to narrow the alternatives and adopt a reading of the text as the normative reading of the text to the extent possible or to narrow it so that there are only a narrow number of reading of the text.
		One who challenges the status quo of the community is as much of a heretic as one who challenges the authenticity of the Torah itself, for in their minds, they are one and the same.
	yutopia.yucs.org /archives/2005/07 (6966 words)

	H-Net Review: Michael A. Morrison on Washington County: Politics and Community in Antebellum ...
		Governance in the county was minimal, local in focus, and dominated disproportionately by a minority of nonagricultural professionals, primarily doctors and lawyers.
		The triumph of the town over the village, of impersonal institutions over community, of change over tradition, and the dynamic over the static reflect a determinism predicated more on outcome rather than the contingent nature of political strife.
		To conclude that voting was an expression of community (broadly defined) does not tell us how and why certain issues, some of which--slavery and nativism, for example--far removed from the everyday lives of the electorate resonated with them.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20963902436523 (2141 words)

	Looking on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Like what’s been described as a mystical experience, this reinforces whatever belief and cause glues the group together - especially with actions performed in unison such as chanting slogans, singing and marching - and when the individual returns to the real world he or she possesses a feeling of significance and, again, unshakable certainty.
		As in meditation or religious fervour, these “certainties” need reinforcement away from the group, they need an object to focus the mind on, such as a crucifix or rosary in the case of religion, or a picture to see in the mind’s eye which symbolises the group attitude and has an emotional charge.
		Whether it’s energy policy or agricultural issues, UCS’s “experts” are routinely given a free pass from newspaper reporters and television producers when they claim that mainstream science endorses their radical agenda.
	angela_bell.blogspot.com /2003_02_01_angela_bell_archive.html (3712 words)

	Race (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This position recently received a boost genetic studies at the molecular level which characteristic allele signatures for the groups traditionally identified the three major races resulting in maps clearly delineate genetic clines (in which the clinal zones are small part of the total) summarized quite by longstanding racial and ethnic appellations.
		Precision commonality in terminological communication is especially important fields like medical research and diagnosis because rapidly growing list of genetic disorders and are strongly linked to race and ethnicity to geographical "populations").
		If "races" is too a term for these clines then according these authorities new convenient non-academic terminology free spurious valuations of superiority and inferiority should developed whether social sensitivities are ruffled or These studies have been used to develop for criminal forensics.
	www.freeglossary.com /Race (4997 words)

	reinforcement - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Reinforcement : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include reinforcement: sound reinforcement, communal reinforcement, schedule of reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, butterfly reinforcement, more...
		Words similar to reinforcement: reenforcement, reinforcer, reward, strengthener, support, reinforcing stimulus, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=reinforcement (329 words)

	communal - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Communal : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include communal: communal reinforcement, communal constituency, communal cult, communal economy, communal liberation party, more...
		Words similar to communal: communalize, communally, group, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=communal (225 words)

	ipedia.com: Race Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The practice was at that time generally accepted by both the scientific and lay communities.
		The race concept continues to impact people through its effects on social behaviour (see communal reinforcement).
		Other anthropologists and human geneticists argue that race is indeed a valid and valuable concept and that those holding the opposite view allow their social consciences (laudable per se) to confuse and delay accurate interpretations and applications of empirical data.
	www.ipedia.com /race.html (5659 words)

	YUTOPIA: Understanding Orthodox Judaism
		Otherwise, I could take your statements to an extreme and say as long as X is systematicly correct, even if officially does not follow orthodox "culture" then it is halacha despite being a minority or outside the pale of orthodoxy.
		To me, there is nothing wrong with stating that the Talmud is authoritative and the final source or authroity AND that tradition and communal practice are accepted means of interpreting the Talmud.
		So long as the practice is pretalmudic (and many diaspora communities are older than the closing fo the talmud) it really isnt a big deal.
	yutopia.yucs.org /archives/001377.html (5254 words)

	Werner Erhard, est and the Landmark Forum
		We are aware of the role of subjective validation, selective thinking, wishful thinking, and communal reinforcement in the success of such programs.
		Emphasis is on not only how to communicate better but how to relate better to those around me, as I am forced to reflect on and examine my life.
		Some of the good feeling and carryover in behavior may be long-lasting, or it may be temporary, like the rush that follows an inspirational meeting, or the new perception of reality that follows an intense emotional experience.
	home.swbell.net /danchase/est.htm (3080 words)

	The TRUTH about 9/11...
		That desire alone may be powerful enough to lead to the initial formulation of the idea.
		Once cognized, confirmation bias and avoidance of cognitive dissonance may reinforce the belief.
		In a context where a conspiracy theory has become popular within a social group, communal reinforcement may equally play a part.
	thatsjuststupid.com /911.htm (1243 words)

	Conspiracy Thinking and the John Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Assassinations: Part II
		Events which resist such interpretation—for example, because they are, in fact, senseless—can provoke the inquirer to have recourse to ever more extreme speculations, until one is reached that is capable of offering the inquirer the required emotional satisfaction.
		Jesse Jackson, for example, endorsed the idea that the CIA had conspired to flood African-American communities with crack cocaine in order to suppress the African-American population.
		His allegations were supported by polls which stated that 60% of African-Americans believed that it was possible that crack cocaine had been deliberately introduced into their communities by the CIA.
	hnn.us /articles/22444.html (3089 words)

	Did God Write The Bible? - Bible Truth Discussion Forum
		People also tend to interpret whatever they experience according to what they would like to be the case rather than according to the actual evidence.
		In the Bible, instances can be found of prophesies that were accurate simply because they were written after the events they purport to have foreseen.
		Regardless of whether a claim is true or not, it can become a strong belief through repeated assertion by members of a community, which is known as communal reinforcement.
	www.thechristadelphians.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=371 (4836 words)

	World Mysteries - Mystic Places - Bermuda Triangle
		The combination of distinctly heavy maritime traffic and tempestuous weather meant that a certain, also distinctly large, number of vessels would flounder in storms.
		Given the historical limitations of communications technology, most of those ships that sank without survivors would disappear without a trace.
		The advent of wireless communications, radar, and satellite navigation meant that the unexplained disappearances largely ceased at some point in the 20th Century.
	www.world-mysteries.com /mpl_bermuda_triangle1.htm (1172 words)

	Werewolf.com Discussion Boards - the day moon
		Finally, many believe in lunar myths because they have heard them repeated many times by members of the mass media, by police officers, nurses, doctors, social workers, and other people with influence.
		Once many people believe something and enjoy a significant amount of communal reinforcement, they get very selective about the type of data they pay attention to in the future.
		If one believes that during a full moon there is an increase in accidents, one will notice when accidents occur during a full moon, but be inattentive to the moon when accidents occur at other times.
	www.werewolf.com /vb/printthread.php?t=728 (2105 words)

	The Bermuda Triangle, urban myth and folklore
		All the facts indicate that the number of disappearances is not exceedingly high considering the area is one of the most heavily travelled in the world, and that any losses can be explained through rational investigation.
		If this region was such a hazard to the global community, then all commercial and recreational craft would be forbidden to enter these waters.
		The greatest testament to the gullibility of the true believers of the Bermuda Triangle is that if all disappearances in this area were plotted on a map, only a small percentage would actually fall within the Bermuda Triangle’s boundaries.
	www.wrexhamparaskeptics.4t.com /bermudatriangle.htm (1744 words)

	Is Wikipedia a Cult - JnanaBase
		They assert that they have underestimated the influence of communal reinforcement, group think and wishful thinking.
		You can download an automatically generated PDF version of this page (provided by an external service).
		JnanaBase is a project of the Wikinerds Community, administered by NSK.
	jnana.wikinerds.org /index.php/Is_Wikipedia_a_Cult (1266 words)

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