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	MEDIEVAL COMMUNE - LoveToKnow Article on MEDIEVAL COMMUNE
		These were the avvogadori di commune, and, since Tiepolos conspiracy in 1310, the Consiglio dei Dieci, the Council of Ten, which controlled the whole of the state, and out of which there developed in the 16th century the state inquisition.
		As a result the clergy and the nobles were excluded from all membership of the commune, except inasmuch as that those residing in the town might be required to swear not to conspire against it.
		A strict line of demarcation, however, remains in the mutual oath which forms the basis of the civic community in both varieties of the latter, and in the fact that the ville libre stands to its lord in the relation of vassal and not in that of an immediate possession.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COMMUNE_MEDIEVAL.htm (7838 words)

	Medieval commune - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical and freedoms) among community members of a town or city.
		The commune movement started in the 10th century, with a few earlier ones like Forlì (possibly 889), and gained strength in the 11th century in northern Italy which had the most urbanized population of Europe at the time.
		Sella, Pietro, "The Statutes of the Commune of Bugelle (Biella)" 1904.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commune_(medieval) (989 words)

	commune, in medieval history. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Because of the importance of the commune in municipal government, the term is also used to denote a town itself to which a charter of liberties was granted by the sovereign or feudal overlord.
		Although in most cases the development of communes was inextricably connected with that of the cities, there were rural communes, notably in France and England, that were formed to protect the common interests of villagers.
		The commune of Rome was established by Arnold of Brescia in 1144.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/commune-his.html (552 words)

	[No title]
		Medieval Italian water and land pollution standards tend to reflect modern norms because the effects of pollutants were more perceptible to the regulators and had a more immediate impact upon the physical and financial well-being of the town's citizens.
		Concern for the safety and health of the commune's citizens is embodied in statutes enjoining fishermen from dirtying the marketplace and from polluting the riverbank with fish intestines and other waste.
		The supply of food and water was a primary concern of the communes and they sought to protect that supply through legislation forbidding gilds to engage in practices that would pollute the communal environment with their waste products and industrial processes.
	history.eserver.org /medieval-pollution.txt (2316 words)

	medieval art - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about medieval art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		An English medieval painting of the lord of the manor in his garden.
		Most of the art of this period was in the form of illuminated manuscripts, carvings, and wall paintings.
		The Romanesque style was the first truly international style of medieval times, superseded by Gothic in the late 12th century.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /medieval+art (1331 words)

	Medieval articles on Encyclopedia.com
		Virtually all medieval philosophers of any significance were theologians, and their philosophy is generally embodied in their theological writings.
		commune COMMUNE [commune], in medieval history, collective institution that developed in continental Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.
		Because of the importance of the commune in municipal government, the term is also used to denote a town itself to which a charter of liberties was granted by the
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Medieval (459 words)

	Lecture 10: The Uses of Decorum
		There were definite correspondances between the medieval city of Europe with its religious compounds and secular enclaves for knights or for merchants, its narrow, winding streets and its occasional vertical interruptions of the skyline and the medieval Arab-Islamic city.
		The creation of the Commune involved the guilds of the new merchant and crafts classes, who had already received organizational training and literacy in their self-governing labor societies and now demanded to have rights in the city as property owners.
		As the new taxing authority the Commune was to guarantee the equitable use of revenues through accurate accounting, committees staffed by notaries and new judges and magistrates appointed by a citizens review process to monitor social grievances and disputes about property.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~arch343/lecture10.html (5767 words)

	commune -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The communes of Flanders were second only to the Italian communes in size and industrial and commercial organization; at times political relations between the count of Flanders, the French king (his overlord), and England gave the Flemish communes—Ghent in particular—a significant role in European affairs.
		It would be inaccurate, however, to imply that the communes were “democracies.” The life of all the towns was characterized by a struggle for control, as a result of which the wealthiest and most powerful citizens were usually more or less successful in monopolizing power.
		Communes began as amalgamations of collective farms; but, in contrast to the collectives, which had been engaged exclusively in agricultural activities, the communes were to become multipurpose organizations for the direction of local government and the management of all economic and social activity.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9024985 (1224 words)

	The Rise of the National State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The medieval commune was one of those constructive social systems where life in its countless forms flowed from the social periphery toward a common centre and, always changing, entered into the most manifold connections, opening for man ever new outlooks for his social being.
		The medieval community was in all fields of its rich social and vital activities arranged chiefly according to social, not governmental, considerations.
		Medieval man felt himself to be bound up with a single, uniform culture, a member of a great community extending over all countries in whose bosom all people found their place.
	www.anarchosyndicalism.net /rocker/nc-5.htm (4809 words)

	History of ITALY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In commune after commune, from the late 13th century, the local oligarchs accept a powerful leader as their signore and subsequently allow the post to remain with a family.
		The first of Italy's medieval cities to prosper are those which grow rich through maritime trade - Venice in the east, Genoa and Pisa in the west.
		The Italian communes of the west coast demonstrate their strength in the 11th century when Genoan and Pisan fleets, often working in alliance, protect Corsica and Sardinia from the depredations of Muslims.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2693&HistoryID=ac52 (2675 words)

	History of DEMOCRACY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		As in the Italian communes, the system of government is oligarchic rather than democratic; power tends to be in the hands of relatively few families.
		These districts are like Athens, in that the community is small enough for every adult male to be able to walk to an assembly and cast a vote.
		Such a small part of the community is represented in these assemblies, at any rate in their early versions, that they may be more justly considered aspects of oligarchy rather than of democracy.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2640&HistoryID=ac42 (3172 words)

	The Medieval Academy
		Welcome are discussions of medieval interpretive methods, of method(s) employed by particular writers, of detailed analysis of individual interpretive texts, of vernacular commentaries on Latin texts, of all sorts of original or translated works.
		While the rejection of the medieval heritage and the renewal of classical ideals have traditionally been used to define the Renaissance, the undeniable continuum of medieval culture into the early modern period is undisputable, especially in light of recent scholarship on "early modern" Europe.
		The conference is part of the project, "Poetic Knowledge in Late Medieval France" (http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/french/poeticknowledge), funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and based in the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Cambridge, and the School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures, University of Manchester.
	www.medievalacademy.org /calendar/calendar_conferences.htm (5631 words)

	COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL - Online Information article about COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL
		mercantile communities claimed the right, confirmed by the emperors, of settling mercantile disputes according to a law of their own, to the horror of certain conservative-minded clerics.s Furthermore, in the rapidly developing towns, opportunities for the exercise of self-administrative functions constantly increased.
		Meanwhile communes with consuls at their head were formed in Tuscany much as elsewhere.
		As early as the 13th century the lower orders among the inhabitants formed an organization under officers of their own, side by side with that of the commune, which was controlled by the great and the rich; e.g.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CLI_COM/COMMUNE_MEDIEVAL.html (6787 words)

	commune on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		COMMUNE [commune], in medieval history, collective institution that developed in continental Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.
		Memory and the cult of revolution in the 1871 Paris Commune.
		The commune, founded in 1958, has 6700 households; it grows grain, vegetables, cotton, fruits, and practices animal husbandry.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/commune-his_ImportantCommunes.asp (1348 words)

	[No title]
		The Ius commune and its norms were not sterile and academic intellectual exercises that were confined to the classrooms of medieval and early modern Europe.
		These ‘norms’ that formed the basis of medieval jurisprudence are the jurisprudential equivalents to the Christian ethical and moral precepts that medieval theologians and philosophers developed during the Middle Ages.
		Stubbs had argued that the church in medieval England could accept or reject papal legislation and that unless the English church accepted Roman decisions, they were not binding in English ecclesiastical courts.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law508/SuretyMagnaCarta.htm (5157 words)

	Lansing, C.: The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune.
		Lansing, C.: The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune.
		In the 1290s a new guild-based Florentine government placed a group of noble families under severe legal restraints, on the grounds that they were both the most powerful and the most violent and disruptive element in the city.
		In this colorful portrayal of civic life in medieval Florence, Carol Lansing explores the patrilineal structure and function of these urban families, known as "magnates." She shows how they emerged as a class defined not by specific economic interests but by a distinctive culture.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/4929.html (212 words)

	Thema - Volume 9, Issue 5
		Medieval Protestantism is certainly not a longing to live in medieval times and wear their funny hats.
		When we commune with medieval thinking we learn to see how big a lie the modern project is, and we can start to understand why modernity hates medievalism.
		Medieval Protestantism is not a call to a movement, another tiresome modern construct of strategies and polemics.
	www.credenda.org /issues/9-5thema.php (1727 words)

	COMMUNE - LoveToKnow Article on COMMUNE
		(See the sections dealing with the administration of these countries under their several headings.) The Commune is the name given to the period of the history of Paris from March i8 to May 28, 1871, during which the commune of Paris attempted to set up its authority against the National Assembly at Versailles.
		It was a political movement, intended to replace the centralized,national organization by one based on a federation of communes.
		It had nothing to do with the social theories of Communism (qv).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COMMUNE.htm (143 words)

	Communes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Banker, James R. Death in the Community: Memorialization and Confraternities in an Italian Commune in the Late Middle Ages.
		The Lombard Communes: A History of the Republics of North Italy.
		Community and Clientele in Twelfth-Century Tuscany: The Oriigns of the Rural Commune in the Plain of Lucca.
	www2.tltc.ttu.edu /howe/Lists/communes.htm (325 words)

	ORB Bibliographies: City Law 2 of 3
		Blanshei, Sarah Rubin, "Population, Wealth, and Patronage in Medieval and Renaissance Perugia," Journal of Inter- dis- ciplinary History, 9 (Spring, 1979), pp.
		Bowsky, William M., "City and Contado: Military Relationships and Communal Bonds in Fourteenth Century Siena" in Anthony Molho and John A. Tedeschi, eds., Renais- sance Studies in Honor of Hans Baron, (Florence, 1971), pp.
		Dameron, George, "Episcopal Lordship in the Diocese of Florence and the Origins of the Commune of San Casciano Val di Pesa, 1230-1247," Journaique, (1982), pp.
	www.the-orb.net /bibliographies/citylaw2.html (6719 words)

	CUA Columbus School of Law
		His areas of interest are ancient, medieval, and early modern legal history, the history of constitutional thought, political theory, church history, history of universities, and paleography.
		Over the past four years, he has used the the internet as a tool to teach history in the classroom and is now convinced that just as pasta should be a part of every meal the web should be in every classroom.
		"Due Process, Community, and the Prince in the Evolution of the Ordo iudiciarius," Rivista internazionale di diritto comune 9 (1998): 9-47.
	law.cua.edu /fac_staff/penningtonk (2742 words)

	Medieval & Renaissance Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A volume of medieval documents dealing with the north of Tuscany.
		Late medieval illustrated manuscripts preserved in the Heidelberg university library.
		Medieval documents reproduced on the Ministry of Culture's Archim imagebank.
	library.byu.edu /~rdh/eurodocs/medren.html (1354 words)

	Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages
		It influenced and shaped the legal compilations of the early Middle Ages, and with its resurrection in the late eleventh century, it furnished the core of academic law that was taught at the university.
		The first task of those wishing to explore medieval ius commune is to learn the structure of the classical and medieval Corpus of Roman law and to master to the forms of citation used by the medieval jurists.
		The medieval vulgate version of the Digest and the Code distributed their titles within books and their chapters within titles slightly differently from the classical text.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/classes/his381/histlaw.htm (9849 words)

	Medieval Technology and Urban Life Course Bibliography
		Hill, Donald R. Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to al-Jazar¯i, from Alexandria to Diy¯ar Bakr.
		Lopez, Robert S. "European Merchants in the Medieval Indies: The Evidence of Commercial Documents." Journal of Economic History 3 (1942): 164-184.
		"Medieval Urban Renewal: The Communal Mills of the City of Florence, 1351-1382." Journal of Urban History 17 (1991): 363-389.
	courses.washington.edu /tande/med/med_bib.htm (1353 words)

	Bristol University - Department of Italian - Conference 7-8 July 2006
		The subject of the conference was launched at the 2005 meeting of The International Medieval Congress in Kalamazoo 5 May. The panel was convened with participants from Bristol, St. Andrews and the University of Madison Wisconsin as part of the 'Medieval Multilingualism' initiative within the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) Medieval strand.
		All these literary forms were produced within the urban centres of late medieval Italy between 1200-1400 in reaction to, and as readings of, the urban experience in its multiple guises.
		By juxtaposing the loci and styles of communal literary production the hope is to examine the literary and spatial commonplaces shared by these various forms of urban narrative and reflect upon what their witness to civic communion revealed about the tensions and benefits of social aggregation within self-determining urban communities.
	www.bris.ac.uk /italian/news/2005/urban.html (351 words)

	The Medieval City - Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Greif, A. "On the Political Foundations of the Late Medieval Commercial Revolution: Genoa during the 12th and 13th Centuries," Journal of Economic History 54 (June, 1994) 271-87.
		Hughes, D.O. "Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa," Past and Present 66 (1975), 3-28.
		"Medieval Urban Renewal: The Communal Mills of the City of Florence, 1351-1382," Journal of Urban History, 17 (August, 1991), 363-389.
	www.uoguelph.ca /history/urban/citybibIV02.html (256 words)

	AllRefer.com - commune, in medieval history : Bibliography (Ancient History, Middle Ages And Feudalism) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		AllRefer.com - commune, in medieval history : Bibliography (Ancient History, Middle Ages And Feudalism) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Ancient History, Middle Ages And Feudalism > commune, in medieval history
		commune, in medieval history, Ancient History, Middle Ages And Feudalism
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/commune-his-bibliography.html (171 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Commune
		Commune, in medieval times, a body of burghers, or townspeople, holding a charter from a feudal overlord or sovereign granting them certain...
		Cooperatives, voluntary cooperative organizations created as a supplement or alternative to capitalist competition.
		Communal Living, voluntary sharing of a way of life by a small group of people who believe that they can live better together than they can alone.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Commune.html (87 words)

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