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Topic: Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems

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Confusion and diffusion

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

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	shannonbio.html
		During this period Shannon worked in many areas, most notably in information theory, a development which was published in 1948 as ``A Mathematical Theory of Communication'' [37].
		In a paper ``Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems'' [25] cryptography is related to communication in a noisy channel, the ``noise'' being in this case the scrambling by the key of the cryptographic system.
		Among these were communications systems with feedback and a study of the rate at which it is possible to approach ideal coding as a function of delay.
	www.research.att.com /~njas/doc/shannonbio.html (3740 words)

	Shannon biography
		Communication was then thought of as requiring electromagnetic waves to be sent down a wire.
		In A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which introduced the word "bit" for the first time, Shannon showed that adding extra bits to a signal allowed transmission errors to be corrected.
		He had held a position as a visiting professor of communication sciences and mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956, then from 1957 he was appointed to the Faculty there, but remained a consultant with Bell Telephones.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Shannon.html (1273 words)

	Claude Elwood Shannon Summary
		In a communication system, a source information selects a message which is transformed into a signal by a transmitter, which in turn directs the signal along a channel to a receiver.
		In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time.
		Another notable paper published in 1949 is Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, a major contribution to the development of a mathematical theory of cryptography.
	www.bookrags.com /Claude_Elwood_Shannon (3395 words)

	Applied Cryptography - Foreword
		Secrecy, of course, has always played a central role, but until the First World War, important developments appeared in print in a more or less timely fashion and the field moved forward in much the same way as other specialized disciplines.
		That exception was Claude Shannon's paper "The Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," which appeared in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1949.
		Beginning with the objectives of communication security and elementary examples of programs used to achieve these objectives, Schneier gives us a panoramic view of the fruits of 20 years of public research.
	www.schneier.com /book-applied-foreword.html (1507 words)

	Claude E. Shannon: The 50th Anniversary of Information Theory
		The 50th anniversary of information theory is an opportunity to briefly present the biography of this man and the development of one of his most fruitful concepts: that of forward error-correction schemes from a pure mathematical curiosity to an important discipline in computer and communications engineering.
		The 50th anniversary of information theory is an opportunity to briefly present Claude E. Shannon's biography and the development of one of his most fruitful ideas: that of forward error-correction (FEC) schemes from a pure mathematical curiosity to an important discipline in computer and communications engineering.
		It was not until the advent of integrated circuits and the specific requirements of deep-space missions, for instance, that communications systems were designed with FEC schemes as a part of the system.
	www.comsoc.org /ci/private/1999/apr/Gappmair.html (2836 words)

	Claude Shannon, Father of Information Theory
		Shannon's theories are as relevant today as they were when he first formulated them.
		He begins this pioneering paper on information theory by observing that "the fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point." He then proceeds to so thoroughly establish the foundations of information theory that his framework and terminology remain standard.
		Shannon's theory was an immediate success with communications engineers and stimulated the technology which led to today's Information Age.
	ieee.orbita.ru /aps/Shannon.htm (423 words)

	claude shannon - computer science theory
		This led him to think about a mathematical way to describe the open and closed states, and he recalled the logical theories of mathematician George Boole, who in the middle 1800s advanced what he called the logic of thought, in which all equations were reduced to a binary system consisting of zeros and ones.
		Shannon’s information theories eventually saw application in a number of disciplines in which language is a factor, including linguistics, phonetics, psychology and cryptography, which was an early love of Shannon’s.
		His theories also became a cornerstone of the developing field of artificial intelligence, and in 1956 he was instrumental in convening a conference at Dartmouth College that was the first major effort in organizing artificial intelligence research.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/shannon_claude.htm (1372 words)

	History of Cryptography
		Information about this period has begun to be declassified in recent years as the official 50-year (British) secrecy period has come to an end, as the relevant US archives have slowly opened, and as assorted memoirs and articles have been published.
		In particular, a separate key is required for each communicating pair if, as part of the crypto system design, no third party including another user is to be able to decrypt their messages.
		A system of this kind is known as a secret key, or symmetric key cryptosystem.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /heritage/ModSec.htm (1922 words)

	Information theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan and was a distant relative of Thomas Edison.
		Another notable paper published in 1949 is Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, which essentially founded the mathematical theory of cryptography.
		He is also credited with the introduction of the Sampling Theory, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples.
	www.infomationtheory.org /shannon.html (484 words)

	snarkout: bring the noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		His house was filled with toys: chess-playing computers, a Roman number calculator, juggling machines (while he was at it, Shannon had formulated a science of juggling), a machine whose sole purpose was to reach out with a skeletal arm to turn itself off.
		And as a Bell Labs researcher working on the question of noisy telephone lines, he had two insights that made him the father of information theory: communication is transmitting a message from one place to another, and information is how much needs to be transmitted.
		In "A Mathematical Theory of Communications", Shannon noted that any message could be communicated if the source rate, the number of bits per second that needed to be transmitted, was less than the communication medium's capacity for transmitting bits.
	www.snarkout.org /archives/2002/07/02 (878 words)

	Biographical Profile: Claude Shannon
		US scientist Claude Elwood Shannon was author of The Mathematical Theory of Communication (PDF), a seminal work in information theory once described as "the magna carta of the information age".
		Research at MIT initially involved the Bush differential analyzer, at that time a state-of-the-art electro-mechanical calculator developed by Vannevar Bush (considered in the profile of the net), author of the 'memex' concept that is sometimes mistakenly considered the precursor of hypertext or the web.
		Shannon became interested in the theory of electrical circuits, reflected in his Master's thesis about use of Boolean algebra in analysis of data systems.
	www.caslon.com.au /biographies/shannon.htm (506 words)

	lf243, SystemAdministration: Introduction to cryptography
		One of those principles stated that security of a cryptographic system did not rely on the cryptographic process itself but on the key that was used.
		This encryption system is said to be a "block" cipher as messages are enciphered by entire 128-bit block units.
		Identifying individuals: using anonymous communications means of today, Alice wants to be sure the person with whom she is talking is not cheating and impersonating Bob.
	www.tldp.org /linuxfocus/English/May2002/article243.shtml (2157 words)

	On the Limits of Steganography
		This leads to a discussion of the formidable obstacles that lie in the way of a general theory of information hiding systems (in the sense that Shannon gave us a general theory of secrecy systems).
		Finally, we show that public key information hiding systems exist, and are not necessarily constrained to the case where the warden is passive.
		C. Shannon, "A mathematical theory of communication," Bell Syst.
	www.comsoc.org /sac/private/1998/may/474_16sac04-anderson.html (931 words)

	A PERSONAL OBITUARY FOR CLAUDE SHANNON
		He wrote, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, " which the Boston Globe newspaper said "transformed cryptography from an art to a science." Yet neither one of these were his greatest works.
		In "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," Shannon proposed the idea of converting any kind of data, (such as pictures, sounds, or text) to zeroes and ones, which could then be communicated without errors.
		Optimal communication of data is achieved by removing all randomness and redundancy (now known as the Shannon limit).
	www2.bc.edu /~lewbel/Shannon.html (1882 words)

	History of Cryptography and Secrecy Systems
		Steganography is ancient technique that has been used for thousands of years as a primitive for secrecy systems and secret communications.
		Claude Shannon described how if the ciphertext, key, and plaintext are changing at a consistent rate, you are have achieved perfect secrecy in his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.
		This asymmetric key system is one in that the encryption and decryption keys are not identical and revolutionized cryptography for years to come.
	www.dsm.fordham.edu /~mathai/crypto.html (2428 words)

	Claude Shannon - a Whatis.com definition
		Claude Elwood Shannon, a mathematician born in Gaylord, Michigan (U.S.) in 1916, is credited with two important contributions to information technology: the application of Boolean theory to electronic switching, thus laying the groundwork for the digital computer, and developing the new field called information theory.
		He developed the concept of entropy in communication systems, the idea that information is based on uncertainty.
		Information Theory also has important ramifications for the field of cryptography as explained in his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems - in a nutshell, the more entropy a cryptographic system has, the harder the resulting encryption is to break.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid44_gci214303,00.html (436 words)

	shannon.html
		He is the creator of modern information theory, and an early and important contributor to the theory of computing.
		The editors were therefore commissioned by the Information Theory Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers to collect and publish his papers.
		The papers fall naturally into three groups: (A) communication theory, information theory and cryptography; (B) computers, circuits and games; (C) the hitherto unpublished doctoral dissertation on population genetics.
	www.research.att.com /~njas/doc/shannon.html (1139 words)

	The Fellows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Much of his general theory was conceived by Shannon a few years after the death in the late 'thirties of Guglielmo Marconi.
		His book, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, has been proclaimed the Magna Carta of the information age, and was and still is instrumental in fields as varied as computer science, genetics, linguistics and neuroanatomy.
		His findings provide a key knowledge base for the discipline of communication engineering, and his insights into coding and error-correction shaped the work of a generation of scientists, engineers and designers of information systems.
	www.marconifoundation.org /pages/marconi_editable/fellows/lifetime.htm (545 words)

	Heroes of Cyberspace: Claude Shannon
		Information theory turns all information into quantities, into the on-or-off bits that flip through our computers--not to mention our phones, TV sets, microwave ovens, musical greeting cards, or anything else with a chip in it.
		The immediate benefit of information theory is that it gives engineers the math tools needed to figure out channel capacity--how much information can go from A to B without errors.
		In information theory, the more possible messages you could be receiving, the more uncertainty you have about what actual message you're getting.
	www.skypoint.com /~gimonca/shannon.html (2291 words)

	[No title]
		The person using Communication Theory Online may view, reproduce or store copies of articles comprising the journal provided that the articles are used only for their personal, non-commercial use.
		Uses beyond that allowed by the "Fair Use" limitations (sections 107 and 108) of the U.S. Copyright law require permission of the publisher.
		The notion that communication represents a unique form of human action is described by Jürgen Habermas' theory of "communicative action." It states that actors bind to one another through the intersubjective world they create while engaged in speech oriented towards understanding.
	www.lycos.com /info/communication-theory.html?page=2 (139 words)

	design rules, was Re: [TECH] Gunnar Sjodin/CICS-Kista/Stockholm response
		I agree with Gunnar Sjödin of CICS-Kista/Stockholm when he says: "I think it is imperative that the decision to use a particular voting system in a public election should be an informed one.
		Thus, it is the civic duty of those possessing the knowledge to understand the security aspects of such systems to inform the public." I find however Gunnar's proposed Principles 1 and 2 much less helpful than he suggests, and in direct contradiction with old and known principles in the design of secure communication systems.
		The only secret information in a cryptographic system must be the key itself, not the method used.
	www.mail-archive.com /tech@ivta.org/msg00069.html (932 words)

	New Page 1
		Originally the province of secret government communication organizations, encryption moved into the public domain in the mid 1970’s as the use of personal computers began to become more common.
		This makes it possible for any number of participants to communicate with the holder of the private key without any of the other public key holders being able decrypt the data.
		This property allowed for high quality crypto systems to be used by anyone at all, which is what Phil Zimmerman accomplished in 1991 when he distributed a freeware version of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) to offset the fear of governmental control of encryption systems.
	uhaweb.hartford.edu /PACAMPBEL/project.htm (837 words)

	Claude Shannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Shannon’s theories are as relevant and accurate now as they were in 1948 when he published his landmark Mathematical Theory of Communication.
		Today, Lucent’s WaveStar system is capable of transmitting 6.4 million conversations, or the equivalent of 90,000 volumes of an encyclopedia in a single second through a single fiber, as thin as a human hair.
		His work in 1949, “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” is credited with transforming cryptography to a science.
	www.livingstonmontana.com /access/dan/230claudeshannon.html (621 words)

	UBC Mathematics Department - Colloquium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The challenge remained to build practical systems which came close to the theoretical optimal systems predicted by Shannon.
		In this overview talk we will explain how the first two challenges concerning coding theory have resulted in practical solutions which are very close to optimal.
		Then we explain why the gap between the practical implementation of cryptographic protocols with the theoretical result of Shannon is largest.
	www.math.ubc.ca /Dept/Events/colloquia/JRosenthal.html (150 words)

	James Massey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He is a past President of the IEEE Information Theory Society and of the International association for Cryptologic Research.
		His awards include the 1988 Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society, the 1992 Alexander Graham Bell Medal "for contributions to the theory and practical implementation of forward-error-correcting codes, multi-user communications and cryptographic systems; and for excellence in engineering education", and the 1999 Marconi International Fellowship.
		In his 1949 paper, "The communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," Claude Shannon proposed the principles of "confusion" and "diffusion" to guide the design of block ciphers.
	www.win.tue.nl /math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/MC-CIC-7.html (358 words)

	B-Con: Links: Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A Computational Introduction to Number Theory and Algebra -- The title says it all.
		Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems -- A paper by Claude Shannon that analyzes cryptography from the standpoint of number theory.
		It serves as the basis of the "confusion and diffusion" theory.
	b-con.us /security/intro_cryptography.php (653 words)

	Claude E. Shannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Shannon was known by many as the father of digital communication for his landmark 1948 publication “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” In this revolutionary paper, he theorized that it was possible to reduce all communications to strings of 0s and 1s and use them to transfer messages without errors over long distances.
		All of today’s communication lines are measured in bits per second, a notion he crystallized in his famous “channel capacity” theorem.
		Many credit his 1949 paper, “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems,” with transforming cryptography from an art to a science.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V121/N8/8obit.8n.html (467 words)

	[No title]
		All communication lines today are measured in bits per second, reflecting what Shannon had dubbed ``channel capacity.'' His theory also made it possible to use bits in computer storage for pictures, voice streams and other data.
		His team's work on anti-aircraft directors -- devices that observe enemy planes or missiles and calculate the aim of defensive weapons -- became crucial when German rockets were used in the blitz of England.
		His 1949 paper ``Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems'' is generally credited with transforming cryptography from an art to a science.
	www.cs.unm.edu /~williams/cs530/shannon.html (337 words)

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