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Topic: Communications Act

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	Communications Decency Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Communications Decency Act (CDA) was Title V of the United States' Telecommunications Act of 1996.
		COPA was overturned in lower courts in January 1999 based on case law established when much of the CDA was invalidated and declared unconstitional by the Supreme Court in 2002.
		Section 230 of the act added valuable protection for online service providers and users from action against them for the actions of others, stating in part that "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communications_Decency_Act (1098 words)

	Encyclopedia: Communications Act of 1934 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The U.S. Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as Public Law Number 416 on June 19, 1934, by the 73rd Congress of the United States to replace the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
		Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U.S. Congress, there was an interesting debate concerning commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.
		Brinkley Act - Section 325(b) of the Communications Act of 1934 that was written into law in an attempt to halt live broadcasting from radio studios in the United States linked via telephone land lines to superpower border-blaster transmitters located along the Mexican side of the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo), international boder.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Communications-Act-of-1934 (1649 words)

	U.S. Policy: Communications Act of 1934
		Congress first specifically regulated broadcasting with its 1927 Radio Act which created a Federal Radio Commission designed to regulate in "the public interest, convenience, or necessity." But federal regulation of communications was shared by the Department of Commerce and the Interstate Commerce Commission.
		Running some 45 pages in the standard government printed version as originally passed, the act is divided into several dozen numbered sections of a paragraph or more which were originally divided into six parts called titles (a seventh was added in 1984 concerning cable television).
		The first title provides general provisions on the FCC, the second is devoted to common carrier regulation, the third deals with broadcasting (and is of primary concern here), the fourth with administrative and procedural matters, the fifth with penal provisions and forfeitures (fines), and the sixth with miscellaneous matters.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/U/htmlU/uspolicyc/uspolicyc.htm (571 words)

	[No title]
		Additionally, a dependable communications system is necessary for an electric utility to respond to an interruption in service that may hinder the delivery of vital services (e.g., without power, a home may lack heat in the winter or air conditioning in the summer).
		Accordingly, for the purposes of the auction exemption under Section 309(j) of the Communications Act, we find that "not made commercially available to the public" means that the service is not provided with the intent of receiving compensation, and is not available to a substantial portion of the public.
		Section 337(f)(1) of the Communications Act defines a "public safety service" for determining eligibility for licensing in the 24 MHz of spectrum reallocated for public safety services, as a service the "sole or principal purpose" of which is to protect the safety of life, health or property.
	wireless.fcc.gov /auctions/general/releases/fc000403.txt (18379 words)

	Communications Decency Act at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		With those portions invalidated, the net effect was an act which enhanced free speech by making it unnecessary for ISPs and others to be unduly restrictive about what their customers do in case they are found to have legal liability for that conduct.
		This portion of the Act remains in force and has been strengthened further for online service providers in the area of copyright liability risk by the OCILLA portion of the DMCA.
		Indecency in (ground wave) TV and radio broadcasting had already been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission - broadcasting of offensive speech was restricted to certain hours of the day, when minors were supposedly be not likely to be exposed to the broadcasting.
	wiki.tatet.com /Communications_Decency_Act.html (478 words)

	Communications Decency Act of 1996
		Communications Decency Act Enacted by the U.S. Congress on February 1, 1996 SECTION 1.
		(b) References.--Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.).
		Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new section: ``SEC.
	www.epic.org /free_speech/CDA/cda.html (1890 words)

	Electronic Communications Privacy Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		of the Communications Act of 1934;or "(II) is excepted from the application of section 705(a) of the 47 USC 605.
		A provider of wire or electronic communications service that has received an order as provided for in subsection (11)(b) may move the court to modify or quash the order on the ground that its assistance with respect to the interception cannot be performed in a timely or reasonable fashion.
		A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communications services of the contents of an electronic communication that has been in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for more than one hundred and eighty days by the means available under subsection (b) of this section.
	www.net.ohio-state.edu /security/links/ecpa-1986.html (4380 words)

	Guidance on New Authorities that Relate to Computer Crime and Electronic Evidence Enacted in the USA Patriot Act of ...
		Instead, the cable company had to provide prior notice to the customer (even if he or she were the target of the investigation), and the government had to allow the customer to appear in court with an attorney and then justify to the court the investigative need to obtain the records.
		Second, prior to the Act, the law did not expressly permit a provider to voluntarily disclose non-content records (such as a subscriber’s login records) to law enforcement for purposes of self-protection, even though providers could disclose the content of communications for this reason.
		Amendment: Section 220 of the Act amends section 2703(a) of title 18 (and parallel provisions elsewhere in section 2703) to allow investigators to use section 2703(a) warrants to compel records outside of the district in which the court is located, just as they use federal grand jury subpoenas and orders under section 2703(d).
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/PatriotAct.htm (5185 words)

	US Internet Industry Association
		The contents of these communications and evidence derived therefrom are being used by public and private parties as evidence in court and administrative proceedings and by persons whose activities affect interstate commerce.
		The interception of such communications to obtain evidence of the commission of crimes or to prevent their commission is an indispensable aid to law enforcement and the administration of justice.
		In the event the intercepted communication is in a code or foreign language, and an expert in that foreign language or code is not reasonably available during the interception period, minimization may be accomplished as soon as practicable after such interception.
	www.usiia.org /legis/ecpa.html (12350 words)

	Electronic Communications Act 2000
		Acts of Parliament printed from this website are printed under the superintendence and authority of the Controller of HMSO being the Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament.
		It should be noted that the right to reproduce the text of Acts of Parliament does not extend to the Queen's Printer imprints which should be removed from any copies of the Act which are issued or made available to the public.
		Braille copies of this Act can also be purchased at the same price as the print edition by contacting TSO Customer Services on 0870 600 5522 or e-mail:customer.services@tso.co.uk.
	www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk /acts/acts2000/20000007.htm (6428 words)

	ipedia.com: Communications Decency Act Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Communications Decency Act was Title V of the United States' Telecommunications Act of 1996.
		With those portions invalidated, the net result was an act which enhanced free speech by making it unnecessary for ISPs and other service providers to unduly restrict customers' actions for fear of being found legally liable for customers' conduct.
		COPA was overturned in lower courts in January 1999 based on case law established when much of the CDA was invalidated.
	www.ipedia.com /communications_decency_act.html (498 words)

	Public Access Awareness Association...Cable Communications Act of 1984
		The Communications Act of 1934 is amended by
		"(f) For purposes of this section, the term 'institutional network' means a communication network which is constructed or operated by the cable operator and which is generally available only to subscribers who are not residential subscribers.
		Any franchising authority may regulate the rates for the provision of cable service, or any other communications service provided over a cable system to cable subscribers but only to the extent provided under this section.
	www.publicaccess.org /cableact.html (2327 words)

	The Communications Act of 1934 was a Mistake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Communications Decency Act this year is just the latest in a long and lamentable line of misunderstandings.
		The Communications Act of 1934 was a mistake that we have lived with for sixty years.
		It is time to recognize it for what it is: a substantial assault on the freedom of speech which has haunted us for most of the twentieth century; the Communications Decency Act, which the '34 Act carries piggyback, seeks to extend that profound harm into the 21st century.
	www.spectacle.org /896/mistake.html (1388 words)

	CDT \| Communications Decency Act (CDA)
		Writing for the court, Justice John Paul Stevens held that "the CDA places an unacceptably heavy burden on protected speech" and found that all provisions of the CDA are unconsitutional as they apply to "indecent" or "patently offensive" speech.
		The Communications Decency Act was passed in February 1996.
		It is also important to note that the CDA was not about child pornography, obscenity, or using the Internet to stalk children.
	www.cdt.org /speech/cda (441 words)

	The Communications Decency Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Communications Decency Act, recently passed by the Senate (and condemned by Speaker Gingrich) was a blatant act of political grandstanding by people who do not understand the Internet and who do not care.
		One justification used by the Act's supporters is that it purports only to extend to cyberspace the special restrictions applied to broadcast media.
		Speaker Gingrich's declaration this week that the Communications Decency Act was overkill is a promising sign that it will not clear the House.
	www.spectacle.org /795/cda.html (351 words)

	Beyond The Communications Decency Act: Constitutional Lessons Of The Internet
		That language ultimately became part of the Communications Decency Act, which was enacted into law along with the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
		A vast range of communications and communicators are potentially swept within the law's reach.
		Conversations among strangers in chat rooms are completely unlike the traditional point-to-point communication in a telephone call, where one would be unlikely to converse with a total stranger for no particular reason, and much more like the casual mingling that one would see in a real-life social gathering.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa-262.html (12902 words)

	DTI - DCMS: Communications Bill
		An electronic version of the Act and Explanatory Notes is now available from the HMSO website.
		In advance of Royal Assent, the DTI consulted on the Orders and Regulations that were needed to implement the EC Directives on the Electronic Communications Networks and Services by 25th July 2003.
		There was also a consultation on a contingency plan for the interim implementation of the EC Directives in the event that the Communications Bill did not receive Royal Assent in sufficient time.
	www.communicationsact.gov.uk (279 words)

	Unwanted Telephone Marketing Calls
		Consumers are increasingly complaining to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) about unwanted and uninvited calls to their homes from advertisers and telemarketers.
		The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) of 1991 was created in response to consumer concerns about the growing number of unsolicited telephone marketing calls to their homes and the increasing use of automated and prerecorded messages.
		A “telephone solicitation” is a telephone call that acts as an advertisement.
	www.fcc.gov /cgb/consumerfacts/tcpa.html (1737 words)

	communications decency act and other communication related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In a landmark decision issued on June 26,1997, the Supreme Court held that the Communications Decency Act violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.
		In Reno vs. ACLU, the United States Supreme Court has rejected the Communications Decency Act, the 1996 legislation which attempted to ban the transmission of obscene or indecent material across the...
		Decency Undressed A Web-savvy critique of the Communications Decency Act Fuck, Piss, Shit, etc. Louis Rossetto responds to the Net Censorship Crisis From DC to...
	www.nethorde.com /communication/communications-decency-act.html (267 words)

	Text of the Latest CDA (21/21/95)
		This title may be cited as the "Communications Decency Act of 1995".
		Nothing in this section shall be construed to impair the enforcement of section 223 of this Act, chapter 71 (relating to obscenity) or 110 (relating to exploitation of children) of title 18, United States Code, or any other Federal criminal statute.
		Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the application of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 or any of the amendments made by such Act, or any similar State law.
	www.cdt.org /speech/cda/951221cda.html (1345 words)

	Electronic Communications Privacy Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		No cause of action shall lie in any court against any provider of wire or electronic communication service, its officers, employees, or agents, landlord, custodian, or other specified person for providing information, facilities, or assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order or certification under this chapter.
		(v) for other users of the same frequency to intercept any radio communication made through a system that utilizes frequencies monitored by individuals engaged in the provision or the use of such system, if such communication is not scrambled or encrypted.
		(ii) if the communication is the radio portion of a cellular telephone communication, a public land mobile radio service communication or a paging service communication, the offender shall be fined not more than $500.
	dorothy.as.arizona.edu /LAW/ref5.html (2115 words)

	FCC - Telecommunications Act of 1996
		The official citation for the new Act is: Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub.
		The Report on FCC Implementation of Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a cumulative report of all actions taken since February 8, 1996, by the FCC to implement the Act.
		Chairman Hundt's Statement and related Report on the FCC Implementation of the Telecommunications Act presented to the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Commerce of the U.S. House of Representatives on July 18, 1996.
	www.fcc.gov /telecom.html (3232 words)

	Communications in Wales after the Communications Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies is holding a conference on the implication of the Communications Act 2003 for culture and communications in Wales.
		The Act imposes a new regulatory structure on commercial radio, TV and satellite in Wales.
		The object is to clarify the implications of the Communications Act in Wales and the UK.
	www.aber.ac.uk /tfts/commconf (91 words)

	AskCALEA
		In October 1994, Congress took action to protect public safety and ensure national security by enacting the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (CALEA), Pub.
		The law further defines the existing statutory obligation of telecommunications carriers to assist law enforcement in executing electronic surveillance pursuant to court order or other lawful authorization.
		The objective of CALEA implementation is to preserve law enforcement's ability to conduct lawfully-authorized electronic surveillance while preserving public safety, the public's right to privacy, and the telecommunications industry's competitiveness.
	www.askcalea.net (84 words)

	Act One - LED Electronic Displays, Lighting and Signals
		Welcome to Act One Communications Inc. At Act One, we fully acknowledge that leading technologies and wide selections of quality LED products only serve one aspect of customers’ needs.
		The working team at Act One knows very well how to serve our customers professionally to ensure their full satisfactions in both aspects.
		Perfecting the integration of engineering and service, Act One's LED total solution includes large-scale video displays, electronic signage products, traffic signals, and architectural lighting products.
	www.actone1.com (115 words)

	Communications - Wex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Communications law is concerned with the regulation of radio and TV broadcasting to insure satisfactory service and to prevent chaos.
		Congress created and delegated its authority in communications to the Federal Communications Commission (http://www.fcc.gov/) (FCC).
		Under the Communications Act of 1934 (http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/1934new.pdf), the FCC was given power to regulate and control "radio communications." Such communications were held to include the transmission by radio of writing, signs, signals, pictures,and sounds of all kinds.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/communications.html (327 words)

	US CODE: Title 18,2701. Unlawful access to stored communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		and thereby obtains, alters, or prevents authorized access to a wire or electronic communication while it is in electronic storage in such system shall be punished as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
		(1) if the offense is committed for purposes of commercial advantage, malicious destruction or damage, or private commercial gain, or in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or any State—
		(2) by a user of that service with respect to a communication of or intended for that user; or
	www4.law.cornell.edu /uscode/18/2701.html (326 words)

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