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Topic: Communications in Afghanistan

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	Encyclopedia: Communications in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Afghanistan is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest.
		International efforts to rebuild Afghanistan lead to the formulation of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA), as a result of the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, and later addressed at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan Reconstruction in January 2002, where $4.5 billion was collected for a trust fund to be administered by the World Bank Group.
		Afghanistan was at war with the USSR from 1979 - 1989, during which Pakistan, the United States, and other countries backed the mujahedin against the USSR.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Communications-in-Afghanistan (700 words)

	SOVIET AIR POWER: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Afghanistan, as in Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Soviets used the surprise landing of airborne units at strategic centers, particularly around the capital, in conjunction with the speedy movement of ground units along strategic routes toward vital centers to gain the initiative.
		Overall, the Soviet communications personnel appear to be fulfilling their tasks even under adverse and primitive conditions, primarily because the new-technology troposcatters and Satcoms have reached the field level and are augmenting the simplistic land lines historically preferred by Soviet army communicators.
		Afghanistan, which is about the size of Texas and has terrain that varies from deserts to rugged mountains, affords the Soviets ample opportunities (and time) to experiment with their aircraft, tactics, weapons, and command and control equipment and procedures.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1985/jan-feb/nelson.html (5591 words)

	DefendAmerica News - Afghanistan Update
		GHAZNI PROVINCE, Afghanistan, Aug. 13, 2004 –– Members of the Ghazni provincial reconstruction team and the local government are looking at long-term improvements to be made in their region, adding to the redevelopment taking place throughout Afghanistan.
		KABUL, Afghanistan, July 24, 2004 — As part of the coalition’s efforts to improve the educational system in Afghanistan, the National Provincial Reconstruction Team, in conjunction with the Ministry of Higher Education, is nearing completion of two projects, according to Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan officials.
		KANDAHAR AIRFIELD, Afghanistan, July 23, 2004 — Everywhere in Afghanistan are reminders of the country's war-ravaged past, from the bullet-scarred mosque to rusting Soviet fighter aircraft.
	www.defendamerica.mil /afghanistan/update/aug2004/au082704.html (1471 words)

	AFGHANISTAN: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Afghanistan was by far the largest producer of opium poppies in 2000, and narcotics trafficking is a major source of revenue.
		Afghanistan was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1979.
		Afghanistan was still seen as the hearth-stone of the mujahedin, from whence trained fighters could be sent out to fight wherever they were needed.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~lyim/factpage.htm (4515 words)

	Statement by the Minister of Communications of Afghanistan at the WTDC-02
		The subscribers of the telecommunication network in Afghanistan are mainly based in large cities and the rural population have no access to telecommunication services at all.
		The major task ahead of the Ministry of Communications has been to facilitate the reconstruction of the telecommunication system in Afghanistan including landline telephone services, mobile telephone services (GSM), a high speed SONET ring for the transmission of voice, data, video and multimedia images in between cities and to/from outside the country.
		We believe that the current situation in Afghanistan is unique and need a special attention so that with the support of ITU and member countries the restoration of its telecommunication services are facilitated.
	www.itu.int /newsarchive/wtdc2002/afghanistan.html (843 words)

	Communications in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The current version of the article was imported from the CIA World Factbook.
		Internet Service Providers (ISPs): in March 2003 'af' was established as Afghanistan's domain name; Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as well as public "telekiosks" in Kabul that are part of a nationwide network proposed by the Transitional Authority for Internet access (2002)
		Some satellite communications options for internet and voice access.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan (280 words)

	CNN.com - Afghans plant flag on the Internet - Mar. 10, 2003
		Afghanistan is something of a latecomer to the Internet age, but officials say that getting even the remotest parts of the country online will be a key part of the reconstruction process and help bridge the digital divide between Afghanistan and the outside world.
		The ".af" suffix had long been assigned to Afghanistan since the early days of the Internet but because of country's unstable political scene it was never placed under the control of the Afghan government.
		With Afghanistan under the rule of the hardline Taliban movement access to the Internet was banned, prompting several private groups of Afghan exiles to try to register control of the domain.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/03/10/afghan.internet (488 words)

	Afghanistan @ National Geographic Magazine
		Yet despite the resurgence of violence, much of Afghanistan is safer today than when I trekked its mountains and valleys as a reporter during the Soviet war.
		A health center run by the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan in Keshem in western Badakhshan is the only facility for a population of 70,000.
		In June 2000, as a response to Taliban repression, a group of Afghan women from around the world and within Afghanistan along with representatives from several countries including Algeria, France, Spain, and the U.S., gathered in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, for the Conference for Women of Afghanistan.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0311/feature2 (1517 words)

	Chrenkoff
		The odds were against me: Most people from Afghanistan have never traveled outside its borders," writes Ghizal Miri, a 15-year old Afghan woman who is one of the forty high school students spending a year in the United States under a scholarship program.
		As Afghanistan falls off the media map of the world, here is the snapshot of the previous month's efforts by the Afghan people to rebuild their lives and their country.
		Read also this interesting report of how lessons learned in Afghanistan are now being applied in Iraq: "Although the insurgency there has proved far less virulent, military officers say successful partnerships with village leaders and efforts to bolster the central government may be the kind of experience that applies to Iraq.
	chrenkoff.blogspot.com /2005/03/good-news-from-afghanistan-part-10.html (9103 words)

	Excerpt: WFP Launches Phone Network in Afghanistan
		He described Afghanistan as one of the world's places most isolated from the global telecommunications network, a situation that has made the relief campaign even more difficult.
		Afghanistan is one of the most cut-off countries in the world in terms of telecommunications.
		Afghanistan is the first project of this kind for Ericsson.
	www.usembassy.it /file2002_01/alia/a2011605.htm (688 words)

	IANA \| IANA Report on Redelegation of the .af Top-Level Domain
		The Ministry of Communications appears well-positioned to serve as the delegee responsible for the challenging task of reactivating the.af ccTLD.
		The Ministry is sensitive to the particular circumstances of Afghanistan and has placed a priority on the development of the Internet within Afghanistan as appropriate in the context of those circumstances.
		As the situation in Afghanistan stabilizes, the Ministry is well-suited to work with the local Internet community as it matures to evolve the.af ccTLD toward a robust, inclusive policy-development and management structure.
	www.iana.org /reports/af-report-08jan03.htm (1657 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Afghanistan
		Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest.
		In late 2001, major leaders from the Afghan opposition groups and diaspora met in Bonn, Germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001.
		Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly over the past two years because of the infusion of over $2 billion in international assistance, dramatic improvements in agricultural production, and the end of a four-year drought in most of the country.
	www.brainyatlas.com /geos/af.html (1590 words)

	Communications in Afghanistan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Communications in Afghanistan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Communications in Afghanistan contains research on
		Communications in Afghanistan, References, External links, CIA World Factbook cleanup, Communications in Afghanistan and Communications by country.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Communications_in_Afghanistan (284 words)

	IRIN-CA Weekly Round-up 97 covering the period 1 - 7 February 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), an independent research institution, recently issued a report saying that the Afghan government and the aid community had been premature in encouraging the return of nearly two million refugees in 2002.
		The United Nations children's organisation UNICEF has begun a week-long campaign to immunise 740,000 Afghan women aged 15-45 against tetanus in four major Afghan cities as a part of a three-year plan to vaccinate over four million women who are threatened by the disease.
		Aid workers are concerned over the security situation in Afghanistan following a series of incidents involving the beating and robbing of staff, attacks on offices and convoys, and fighting in parts of the country.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=32206 (883 words)

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		At the Afghan Wireless Communication Company's desk in central Kabul, a scrum of men, jostling, shouting and pleading for mobile phones, is testament to the enthusiasm of Afghans to leap from the telecommunications stone age to the satellite age.
		Manoel de Almeida e Silva, the spokesman for the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, said rebuilding Afghan communications was a vital part of the reconstruction process.
		The speed at which new communications technologies were put in place in Afghanistan had surprised him, but this demonstrated the entrepreneurship and initiative of Afghans, he said.
	irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=32139&...&SelectCountry=AFGHANISTAN (1102 words)

	UNDP Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Today's formal activation of Afghanistan's new Top Level Domain (ccTLD), as Internet country codes are known, marks the culmination of a complex international application process, and the parallel development of new telecommunications links enabling Afghanistan to put the new.af domain to immediate use.
		The first websites registered under the new ".af" domain are the www.moc.gov.af site of the Ministry of Communications, which is spearheading Afghanistan's efforts to develop new Internet connections and resources, and the local www.undp.org.af site of the United Nations Development Programme, which provided legal counsel and technical support for the ".af" programme.
		To commemorate the occasion for Afghanistan, a symbolic “.af” placard was presented to Minister Stanakzai today by Ercan Murat, Director of the UNDP's Afghanistan programme, and announcements about the new national domain were posted on the newly activated national Internet sites.
	www.undp.org /dpa/pressrelease/releases/2003/march/10mar03.html (1209 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 because of the infusion of over $4 billion in international assistance, recovery of the agricultural sector and growth of the service sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions.
		Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan remains extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade with neighboring countries.
		Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs, but the Afghan government and international donors remain committed to improving access to these basic necessities by prioritizing infrastructure development, education, housing development, jobs programs, and economic reform over the next year.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/af.html (1538 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Afghanistan looks to digital future
		Afghanistan is about to get its second cellphone network, at a time when few outside a handful of cities in the war-ravaged country have access to any communications at all.
		Rapid development of communications is key to reconstructing the country, he said.
		In the meantime, Mr Stanekzai told BBC News Online that radio communications - with email facilities - should be in place between all 32 provinces within three months, along with satellite access to the international phone network, at least for the main cities in each province.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/business/2546245.stm (545 words)

	World Bank - Documents & Reports - Afghanistan - Emergency Communications Development Project, Vol. 1 of 1 - Technical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The objective of the Emergency Communications Development Project is to support activities designed to improve delivery of communications services to the government, and to the people of Afghanistan.
		The outcomes of the Project are expected to be improvements in communications facilities, and delivery, while laying the foundations for sector reforms, and institution building, which would lead to sustainable development of the communications sector.
		While benefits include improved government communications capacity, sector development, and reform, leading to greater communications access, and increased private investment, there are however risks, such as the technical and financial sustainability of government network (mitigated through design), but as well, general security, and institutional weaknesses.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000012009_20030917101312 (150 words)

	PACTEC Brings Hope to Afghanistan
		After twenty years of continuous war, the communications infrastructure in Afghanistan is in shambles.
		The goal of PACTEC Communications is to provide a maximum level of confidence and satisfaction to the organizations it serves.
		A local area network is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications link within a small geographic area.
	www.pactec.org /afghan-communications.htm (576 words)

	Afghanistan: A Digital Silk Road - Worldpress.org
		It was crucial that the ability to communicate be one of the first infrastructure problems addressed by the new government.
		Afghanistan is uniquely placed to become the hub of a “digital Silk Road,” according to Bayat.
		The acute penetration of wireless technology in Afghanistan, and the reach of its media, will be an advantage in the region as communication systems are integrated.
	www.worldpress.org /Asia/2077.cfm (838 words)

	Boeing: Boeing-Built Satellite Beefs Up U.S. Forces' Communications in Afghanistan
		The spacecraft, UHF Follow-On (UFO) F-2, is the oldest active UFO satellite built by Boeing Space and Communications (SandC), a unit of The Boeing Company [NYSE: BA], for the Navy's Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) in San Diego.
		In response, we were able to provide supplemental capacity to the Afghanistan operations by implementing a frequency reuse scheme," said William Nicholas, SPAWAR launch operations manager.
		The UFO satellites provide narrowband mobile communications to support the Navy's global communications network, Navy ships at sea, and a variety of other U.S. military fixed and mobile terminals.
	www.boeing.com /news/releases/2002/q3/nr_020709s.html (486 words)

	The Brand : Roshan - the largest GSM service provider in Afghanistan
		In January 2003, for the first time in decades, the Afghan people were given the opportunity to contribute their voice, beliefs and opinions in what they wanted their second GSM mobile operator to be called.
		Meaning "Light" in Dari and Pashto languages, Roshan brings a promise of trust, friendship and hope to the people of Afghanistan and has quickly become a symbol of Roshan's commitment to bring a new era of high quality and reliable communications to Afghanistan.
		The colors of the Roshan logo were chosen to represent the colors of Afghanistan: the red of the earth and mountains and the blue of Afghanistan's sky and famous Lapis.
	www.roshan.af /theBrand.htm (321 words)

	The Communication Initiative - Vacancies - Communications Editor - Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The purpose of the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) is to conduct quality action-oriented research that will inform policy and improve practice in order to increase the quality, impact and accountability of development programmes in Afghanistan.
		It was established by the assistance community working in Afghanistan and has a management board with representation from donors, UN agencies and NGOs.
		AREU is currently seeking a communications editor to help manage the editing, design and production of a range of publications, from in-depth research reports to shorter policy briefing papers and newsletters, to handbooks and CD-ROMs.
	www.comminit.com /vacancy2565.html (514 words)

	ReliefWeb » Emergency
		Updates on Tajikistan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan affected by the Afghanistan emergency.
		Afghanistan: Resolution 1333 (2000) adopted by UN SC at its 4251st meeting, on 19 Dec 2000 (S/RES/1333)
		Afghanistan: Construction of production mills in Afghanistan is a prime need
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/dbc.nsf/doc108?OpenForm&emid=ACOS-635N96&rc=3 (173 words)

	Communications: Nurturing Afghanistan’s fledgling free press: UNESCO
		There is also a project to create community multimedia centres to provide access to information needed for development projects and provide distance learning facilities.
		UNESCO’s Community Multimedia Centres combine community radio by local people in local language with community telecentre facilities: computers with the internet and email, phone, fax and photocopiers enabling even the most remote village to communicate and exchange information with the rest of the world.
		Photo; In the offices of the NGO AINA, the team of the Kabul Weekly put the final touches to the newspaper, which is sold on the streets of the capital.
	portal.unesco.org /ev.php?URL_ID=6660&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201 (630 words)

	Communications - Economy - Afghanistan - Asia
		The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in Afghanistan has varied, depending upon the level of censorship in the ruling government.
		In reaction to the suppression of the free press, antiregime shabnamah (night letters) were secretly printed (primarily in Kabul) with uncensored news and opinions.
		In 1996 Afghanistan had 12 daily newspapers, but most ceased publication after the Taliban came to power.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/afghanistan/economy/communications.htm (344 words)

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