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Topic: Communications in Russia

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	Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The vast lands of present Russia were home to disunited tribes who were variously overwhelmed by invading Goths, Huns, and Turkish Avars between the third and sixth centuries C.E. The Iranian Scythians populated the southern steppes, and a Turkic people, the Khazars, ruled the western portion of these lands through the 8th century.
		Russia saw its comparatively developed centrally-planned economy contract severely for five years, as the executive and legislature dithered over the implementation of reforms and Russia's industrial base faced a serious decline.
		Population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-western parts of Siberia; the south-eastern part of Siberia that meets the Pacific Ocean, known as the Russian Far East, is sparsely populated, with its southern part being densest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russia (4188 words)

	Russia
		Russia saw its economy contract for five years, as the executive and legislature dithered over the implementation of reforms and Russia's industrial base faced a serious decline.
		Russia achieved a slight recovery in 1997, but that year's Asian financial crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population.
		Main article: Demographics of Russia Russia is fairly sparsely populated and has extremely low average population density due to its enormous size; population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-eastern part of Siberia.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Russia.html (2406 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Report \| 1998 \| 10/98 \| World War I \| War and revolution in Russia
		Russia had experienced two revolutions in 1917, and by 1918 was in the throes of civil war.
		Today, Russia has been at odds with the other members of the contact group which is trying to bring about a peaceful solution to the conflict in former Yugoslavia because of its support for the Serbs.
		Russia had almost accidentally tumbled into something which was to lead to the downfall of tsarism; the failure of an attempt to create a democratic state; and the imposition of a totalitarian system which was to repress the Russian people and millions of their neighbours for most of the century.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/newsid_204000/204095.stm (649 words)

	History's End: The Death of Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		That risks destroying the national character of Russia, as those immigrants won't be Russian, and Russia doesn't have the history of integrating immigrants like America does.
		Russia will be fast in decline, and with out Siberian resources to help its economy, it may never recover.
		Russia will be destroyed in much the same manner that Western Europe is being destroyed today by Muslim immigration.
	historysend.blogspot.com /2004/05/death-of-russia.html (686 words)

	Communications in Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita.
		There are currently 61.5 million (1997) radios in Russia utilizing the Radio broadcast stations: AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998)
		There are currently 60.5 million (1997) Television in Russia utilizing the 7,349 (1996 broadcast stations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communications_in_Russia (222 words)

	Analysis
		Since Russia has some very important advantages over other emerging economies in the world, such as a highly educated population, strategic geopolitical position and nuclear capabilities, the world community cannot afford to loose this country to abandonment.
		The strengths Russia should focus on in the short to mid term are its contributions to world software production as an offshore haven and use the abundant numbers of highly educated citizens in technological exchanges with the west to help them develop pockets of IT within the vast borders of Russia.
		Communications infrastructure should be one of the most important foundations in which Russia must continue to keep as a priority.
	www.american.edu /carmel/tc9886a/Analysis.html (786 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Russia ended 2004 with its sixth straight year of growth, averaging 6.5% annually since the financial crisis of 1998.
		Russia has also improved its international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis, with its foreign debt declining from 90% of GDP to around 28%.
		Russia's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/print/rs.html (1739 words)

	Info tech: Russia's economic salvation? - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As proof of its intention to open up its communications industry to market forces, Russia is also planning the sale of its nearly 75 percent stake in the country's largest telecommunications provider, Svyazinvest, which holds more than 90 percent of the country's communications infrastructure.
		Russia is also eager to join the World Trade Organization, a move that would certainly help pacify nervous foreign investors, encourage a competitive business attitude among Russian companies, and make it easier to form international trade alliances.
		Russia's Central Bank announced late last month that "capital flight" or outflow of capital, had slowed to $3 billion in second-quarter 2004 after reaching an alarming $4 billion in first-quarter 2004, and for September is expected to have fallen to between $500 million and $1 billion.
	www.washtimes.com /upi-breaking/20041008-123152-4284r.htm (877 words)

	WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN RUSSIA
		Although its future depends primarily on legal regulations and the economic conditions in Russia, experts predict that market growth is expected to continue for the next 5-7 years due to general economic development, large demand for telephone services in Russia, increasing demand for additional, high quality telephone services, and a growing number of Internet users.
		The major advantage of conventional communications is the possibility of arranging independent communication system, which does not require switching to a public switched telephone network.
		Russia is continuing to modernize its national telecommunications infrastructure and computerize this vital sector of the Russian economy.
	www.bisnis.doc.gov /bisnis/isa/000405wireless.htm (3515 words)

	Russia, Map and Flag
		A decade after the implosion of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Russia is still struggling to establish a modern market economy and achieve strong economic growth.
		Russia achieved a slight recovery in 1997, but the government's stubborn budget deficits and the country's poor business climate made it vulnerable when the global financial crisis swept through in 1998.
		Russia's industrial base is increasingly dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to maintain vigorous economic growth.
	www.greatestcities.com /Europe/Russia.html (1609 words)

	Alcatel to Supply Communication Satellites Equipment to Russia \| RosbaltNews.COM
		The Russian Space Communications state-owned unitary company and French Alcatel Space of the city of Toulouse have signed a contract for the manufacture and supplies of equipment for the new Russian Express-AM2 and Express-AM3 communications satellites.
		According to the Space Communications' press service, the two payload modules being made by Alcatel Space will be installed by the maker of the Express-AM sattelite platform, the Applied Mechanics company of Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
		In the bowels of the earth in Russia's north, researchers have found lots of everything there is in the periodic table.
	www.rosbaltnews.com /2003/01/22/61089.html (911 words)

	TRUNKED SYSTEMS OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS IN RUSSIA
		Trunked communications are profitable for operators, they provide quality service to subscribers, and they allow the state to efficiently utilize the frequency spectrum.
		Cellular communications systems serve regular consumers of telecommunications services and are profitable in regions with relatively high population density (over 2,000 subscribers).
		Trunking communications are used for operative or industrial communications and can be profitable when the number of subscribers is relatively low (around 200 subscribers).
	www.bisnis.doc.gov /bisnis/isa/9903RDIO.HTM (1556 words)

	GlobalTel - Globalstar satellite communications system in Russia \| Ground Segment
		The ground segment on the territory of Russia includes three gateways (Moscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk), which cover about 98% of Russia's territory with guaranteed service quality south of the 70 parallel, and service availability up to 74 degrees.
		GlobalTel, as the operator of the Russian ground segment of the Globalstar communications system, has created a new network of satellite mobile communications on the territory of the Russian Federation with a dedicated "ABC" long distance code.
		Subscribers of the Globalstar satellite communications system have an outlet to the PSTN and SPS of the Russian Federation, which is carried out through the gateway and connected to the regional automatic switching hubs (ASH).
	www.globaltel.ru /english/ground_segment (469 words)

	Pravda.RU Internet Picking Up Momentum in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Russia now boasts 40,000 post offices; consequently, the people of Russia will be able to take advantage of such new services in no time at all, the minister added.
		President Putin believes that it is the sacred duty of every citizen of Russia to keep alive the memory of the great exploit accomplished during the 1941-1945 Great Patriotic War and revere it as a record of bravery, lofty patriotism and spiritual strength.
		Russia is for bolstering up the role of the United Nations as the central instrument for settling international relations, Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov has said on Wednesday.
	english.pravda.ru /main/2003/05/08/46753.html (2062 words)

	SPACE.com -- A New Era for Satellite Communications in Russia
		The launch of two Yamal-100 communication satellites from Baikonur not only marks the return of the Proton rocket to service, but also marks the beginning of a whole new era of communications for oil-rich northern and western Siberia.
		Yamal satellites are the first communication satellites built by the RKK Energia in almost 30 years.
		Russia is also relying on Proton to launch major components of the International Space Station.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/business/yamalstory.html (674 words)

	The Communication Initiative - Evaluations - Role of Health Communications in Russia’s Diphtheria Immunization Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The overall aim of BASICS' work in Russia was to strengthen the capacity to plan, implement, and evaluate public health communication programs both at the federal level and in selected oblasts (regions).
		The actual implementation of communication activities was carried out by public health agencies involved in diphtheria-control efforts in Novgorod City, Voronezh Oblast, and the city of Yekaterinburg.
		Communication For Polio Eradication - Republic of Yemen [71%]
	www.comminit.com /evaluations/steval/evaluations-17.html (1003 words)

	Russia Puts Communications Satellite Into Orbit - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		According to a Space Communication representative, the service zones of the Express-AM2 satellite embrace, in effect, the whole territory of Russia, the western and eastern parts of China, Korea, Northern India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and the northern part of Indochina.
		The new space vehicle is designed to accomplish state tasks (mobile presidential and government communication, federal television and radio broadcasting, and the establishment of special satellite communication networks), and to render a package of services (digital television and radio broadcasting, telephony, video conference communication, transmission of data, and broadband access to the Internet).
		As terrorists continue to perpetrate deadly attacks across Russia the proponents of a restoration of the death penalty in Russia are growing.
	www.mosnews.com /news/2005/03/30/proton.shtml (716 words)

	Statewatch News online: Russia - surveillance of communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The 1995 Law on Operational Investigations gave the FSB powers to monitor all communications, post and telecommunications (mobile phones, e-mails and faxes) after first obtaining a warrant from a court.
		An amendment to the 1995 Law on Operational Investigations signed on 5 January means that not only the FSB but also the tax authorities, Interior Ministry police, parliamentary and presidential security forces, customs and border police are to be given access to all use of the Internet.
		Under the "Requirements" adopted by the EU the transmission of data to law enforcement agencies requires an "interception order" to be authorised by a "legally authorised body" (a court or agency official depending on national laws).
	www.statewatch.org /news/jun00/rip3.htm (405 words)

	Pravda.RU Alcatel to Supply Communication Satellites Equipment to Russia
		Russia today is home to approximately 120,000 oil wells, each of which can yield around 6,000 metric tons of petroleum per year, Russian Deputy Natural Resources Minister Ivan Glumov announced.
		He commented on a 3.7-percent industrial production rise in Russia in 2002 and noted that an 8 to 10-percent economic growth rate could be achieved by a reduction in expenses over a long period of time.
		Russia is a country, where big and strong people can always take things away from smaller and weaker people.
	english.pravda.ru /economics/2003/01/22/42381.html (2608 words)

	CNN - Russia launches U.S. communications satellite - November 4, 1998
		MOSCOW (AP) -- Russia successfully launched a U.S. communications satellite Wednesday from its space center in the Central Asian nation of Kazakstan, a news report said.
		It was Russia's fourth commercial launch of an international satellite aboard a Proton rocket this year.
		Russia does not disclose how much it charges for the launches, but media reports have put the figure at about $70 million.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9811/04/russia.u.s.satellite (230 words)

	RIA Novosti
		MOSCOW, October 28 (RIA Novosti) - Net profits of Russia's major diamond producer, ALROSA, grew by 11% to $146.27 million in the third quarter against $131.74 million in the second quarter, a company news release said Friday.
		Viktor Khristenko, Russia's Industry and Energy Minister and a board member of the energy super-giant Gazprom, is leading a delegation of Russian business moguls to the U.S. this week.
		Russia’s liberal agenda is not dead; rumors of its passage are premature.
	en.rian.ru /rian/index.cfm?prd_id=160&msg_id=5467282&startrow=1&date=2005-03-18&do_alert=0 (664 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| Russia Launches Communications Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The rocket is expected to place the satellite into its planned orbit at 0845 Moscow time on 30 October [0445 gmt].
		Ekspress-AM series satellites are part of Russia's Federal Space Programme for 2001 to 2005, and are the most powerful Russian-made satellites of their class.
		Their purpose is to renew and enhance the Russian orbital grouping, but their coverage zone is not only Russia but other countries as well.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=98819 (193 words)

	Company News On Call
		Techinfo Communications' state of the art IS-136 TDMA network, part of a contract signed last year with Nortel, brings residents of Sochi reliable voice service, along with the features and convenience they desire.
		Sochi is a resort town as well as one of the most developed business regions in Russia.
		In addition to providing mobility service to tens of thousands of subscribers, Techinfo Communications plans to introduce a fixed wireless access service that will target residential users as well as farmers and small business users in areas where wireline service is not available.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/08-18-1998/0000734358 (265 words)

	Full text of Dr. Rantanen's abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Advertising and new communications technologies are representative of the 'new', born after the collapse of communism, and raise questions of 'implantation'.
		The consideration of globalization, media and communications in Russia is based on extensive primary research.
		It contributes to theoretical debate by relativising the concepts of 'globalisation' and 'new communications technologies' as well as analysing and describing their impact on a little known case: what was formerly called 'a sixth of the world'.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~ics/global/Rantanen_abstract.html (259 words)

	GlobalTel - Globalstar satellite communications system in Russia \| Advantages of Globalstar
		With less than 10% of Russia covered by cellular networks, GlobalTel now enables business users in such markets such as oil and gas, energy, maritime, natural resource mining, construction, and others to carry out their business with affordable and world class communications services.
		Moreover, with 40,000 remote towns and villages throughout the country with no telephone service at all, Globalstar services are the only affordable solution for wireline quality voice communications.
		GlobalTel subscribers are not bound to regional-based communications systems where service ends upon leaving a particular geographical territory or city.
	www.globaltel.ru /english/advantages_of_globalstar (672 words)

	Communications in Russia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Communications in Russia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		(A communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves) Radio (A radio or television show) broadcast stations:
		83 (Russia and (A landlocked republic south of Russia and northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991) Kazakhstan) (1999)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/communications_in_russia.htm (164 words)

	Wireless Communications in Russia: A Strategic Entry Report, 2000 - Research and Markets - Market Research Reports
		The primary audience for this report is managers involved with the highest levels of the strategic planning process, and consultants who help their clients with this task.
		In order to evaluate Russia, Icon Group International, Inc. draws on a methodology developed by Professor Philip Parker at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France.
		Throughout the discussion, literally hundreds of statistics on Russia are benchmarked against regional and global averages.
	www.researchandmarkets.com /reportinfo.asp?report_id=123212 (472 words)

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