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	Turkmenistan
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the area as the Turkmen SSR, one of the six republics of the Soviet Union in 1924, assuming the borders of modern Turkmenistan.
		However, bringing the Turkmens to abandon their previous nomadic ways in favor of communism was not fully embraced until as late as 1948.
		Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian still is widely spoken as a "language of inter-ethnic communication" (per the 1992 Constitution).
	www.wikipediaondvd.com /nav/art/f/k.html (2449 words)

	Business & Economy
		Turkmenistan shall be a democratic, law-based and secular state in which the state rule shall be implemented in the form of a presidential republic.
		Turkmenistan shall recognize the Priority of the generally-accepted standards of international law, shall be an equal subject of the world community, and shall adhere in its foreign policy to the principles of peaceful coexistence, rejection of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.
		Turkmenistan shall guarantee the equality of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as the equality of citizens before the law irrespective of nationality, origin, property status or official status, place of residence, language, attitude toward religion, political beliefs, or party membership.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/business/consta.html (2551 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, once known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
	creekin.net /n188-turkmenistan.html (957 words)

	Turkmenistan - Gurupedia
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.gurupedia.com /t/tu/turkmenistan.htm (457 words)

	Turkmenistan - ECONOMY
		Turkmenistan has substantial reserves of oil and gas, and geologists have estimated that 99.5 percent of its territory is conducive to prospecting.
		Turkmenistan possesses a formidable resource base for industry, although that base was not utilized to build diversified industry in the Soviet period.
		Turkmenistan's gas reserves are estimated at 8.1-8.7 trillion cubic meters and its prospecting potential at 10.5.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/ECONOMY.html (5415 words)

	Tourism in Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan General Information
		Ashgabat is the capital of Turkmenistan with population of 500,000 inhabitants.
		Turkmenistan's economy is predominantly agricultural, with cotton as its primary crop.
		The state flag of Turkmenistan is emerald green with a vertical red stripe on the left, at the flagstaff.
	www.sitara.com /turkmenistan/general.html (3683 words)

	About Turkmenistan :: Business & Travel. Turkmenistan information. Turkmenistan history. Turkmenistan pictures. Map of ...
		Turkmenistan is a country of the oldest civilizations having made a significant contribution to the development of the world culture.
		One should not forget that Turkmenistan is a Moslem country, even though the people are very western in their ways and there are no strict rules to observe.
		Turkmenistan cuisine is very similar to that of other Central Asia countries (especially Iranian) and predominantly comprises rice and vegetables, various meats (mutton, lamb, beef and poultry).
	turkmenistan.orexca.com (1552 words)

	The Law of Turkmenistan On the Fight Against Terrorism
		General Prosecutor's office of Turkmenistan and subordinate organs of prosecutor's office, exercising supervision over precise and uniform adherence to legal acts of Turkmenistan in accordance with its powers, contribute to elimination of violations of legislation, of causes and conditions, which could give rise to terrorism, and conduct investigations of criminal cases related to terrorist crimes.
		The measures on combating terrorism in Turkmenistan shall be monitored by the President of Turkmenistan and the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan.
		The violation of the legislation of Turkmenistan on combating terrorism shall be punishable in accordance with the legislation of Turkmenistan.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /turkmenistanlaws/id13.html (3256 words)

	Preamble
		Article 6 Turkmenistan recognizes the primacy of generally recognized norms of international law, is fully invested with the rights of a subject of the world community, and adheres in its domestic policies to the principles of peaceful coexistence, rejection of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other governments.
		Citizens of Turkmenistan are guaranteed the protection and patronage of the government of Turkmenistan both on the territory of Turkmenistan and beyond its borders.
		The President of Turkmenistan is the head of state and of the executive power, is the highest official of Turkmenistan, and acts as a guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, and adherence to the Constitution and international agreements.
	www.cmseducation.org /wconsts/turkmenistan.html (5610 words)

	Turkmenistan News Brief
		Turkmenistan's relations with neighboring Azerbaijan, strained since the closure of its Baku embassy in June 2001, finally eased this week with a new round of talks in Ashgabat.
		The apparently greater access to one communications technology was matched by regress in another, however, as authorities began removing satellite dishes from citizens’ homes, depriving them of alternative media coverage.
		Turkmenistan took a step towards proving it could meet its energy export commitments by beginning discussions with an unnamed foreign company on conducting an independent audit of hydrocarbon reserves, turkmenistan.ru reported.
	www.soros.org /initiatives/turkmenistan/articles_publications/publications/newsbrief_2008 (849 words)

	1994 Country Reports on Economic Practice and Trade Reports: TURKMENISTAN (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Turkmenistan's 1994 budget was projected including hard currency payments owed for gas shipments by Ukraine and the Caucasus (in accordance with previously concluded agreements).
		Turkmenistan's tax base is quite small; in 1994 some 70 percent of budget revenue came from exports of natural gas.
		Turkmenistan also took advantage of $5 and $10 million in GSM-102 credits which were granted in FY 93 and 94, respectively.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/economics/trade_reports/1994/Turkmenistan (2631 words)

	Turkmenistan
		As unregistered religious activity is illegal in Turkmenistan, Forum 18 commented that the claim of the 6th Department (which has responsibility for terrorism and other organized crime) implies that any organized activity by the congregation would be considered to be illegal.
		Khudaiberdy Orazov is a former prime minister of Turkmenistan and a founder of the Watan (Fatherland) opposition movement.
		Turkmenistan's constitution was amended in 2003 to stipulate that the 50-seat Mejlis is part of the Halk Maslahaty (People's Council), a supreme legislative body led by Niyazov.
	www.exorthodoxforchrist.com /turkmenistan.htm (5080 words)

	Turkmenistan Project
		Turkmenistan's president received Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the United States of America to Turkmenistan Laura Kennedy, whose term of diplomatic mission to Turkmenistan is expiring.
		Turkmenistan's Ministry of International Affairs is requesting that the German foreign ministry take the appropriate measures to put an end to the appearance of libelous material directed at Turkmenistan in the German mass media, including radio Deutsche Welle.
		Turkmenistan is currently actively preparing to implement this large transnational project, the republic's Oil and Gas Minister Tacberdi Tagyyew said at the meeting.
	www.eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/index.php?page=wnb/wnb030627&lang=eng (2486 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Turkmenistan:Human Rights Developments
		Turkmenistan defaulted upon its international commitments on political reform when at the end of 1999 its Parliament voted to remove term limits for the presidency, opening the way for Niazov to remain in the presidency indefinitely.
		Turkmenistan became one of the world's strictest censors of the Internet when on May 29, the country's communications ministry unilaterally revoked the licenses of all five private internet service providers (ISPs), forcing all Internet use to run through the state monopoly provider.
		Turkmenistan continued to imprison religious believers, dismiss them from their jobs, confiscate religious materials, and destroy houses of worship.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k1/europe/turkmenistan.html (1038 words)

	Gas Pressure Equalizes in Turkmenistan-Russia Talks
		Turkmenistan told Russia that it was ready to proceed with the construction of the Caspian Coastal Pipeline ahead of the schedule.
		Turkmenistan and Russia are supposed to sign a raft of documents before the end of this year.
		Turkmenistan showed again that the development of alternate sources of energy had become a priority item on its agenda.
	www.newscentralasia.net /Articles-and-Reports/195.html (1267 words)

	TURKMENISTAN
		Women’s health in Turkmenistan, and particularly that of rural women, is considered to be the worst of all the former Soviet republics.
		Turkmenistan’s record on fostering civil society stands in stark contrast to the government’s assertion in Paragraph 31 of its report that non-governmental organizations play an important and active role in determining the economic, social, and cultural policies of the state.
		Turkmenistan’s unemployment crisis is attributable, at least in part, to massive government job cuts in recent years.
	iwraw.igc.org /publications/countries/turkmenistan.htm (10201 words)

	Turkmenistan: Authorities Strip Closed Baptist Church Bare
		In a conversation with an officer who had worked in the KNB and its predecessor the KGB since 1968, that was said to have been calm and lasted about an hour, Pastor Korobov was told not to meet with other Baptists and that if he did `it would be very bad for him'.
		The KNB officer said he could go to the Russian Orthodox Church (the only Christian church with official state registration in Turkmenistan) and that he is free to worship at home with his wife and children, but not with other people.
		Turkmenistan is the worst violator of religious freedom of all the former Soviet republics.
	www.worthynews.com /news-features/turkmenistan-church-closed.html (874 words)

	Turkmenistan - Economy
		Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
		From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
		Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms.
	www.exxun.com /Turkmenistan/e_ec.html (570 words)

	Constitution of Turkmenistan
		Article 6: Turkmenistan recognizes the primacy of generally recognized norms of international law, is fully invested with the rights of a subject of the world community, and adheres in its domestic policies to the principles of peaceful coexistence, rejection of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal
		Article 17: Turkmenistan guarantees the equality of the rights and freedoms of its citizens and, likewise, the equality of citizens before the law regardless of nationality, ethnic origin, property holdings, official status, place of residence, language, religious preference, political convictions, or political party membership.
		Article 54: The President of Turkmenistan is the head of state and of the executive power, is the highest official of Turkmenistan, and acts as a guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, and adherence to the Constitution and international agreements.
	www.uta.edu /cpsees/TURKCON.htm (5798 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net
		Turkmenistan has begun allowing private citizens to connect to the Internet, the latest sign that the reclusive Central Asian nation is opening up.
		The preliminary tripartite agreement sealed in May 2007 between Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to build a gas pipeline skirting the Caspian shore and expanding the capacity of an existing Soviet-era route traversing Uzbekistan was rightly hailed as a victory and a decisive blow for Moscow.
		Curiously, during a trip to Turkmenistan last year, this writer noted at numerous junctions that Niyazov’s statue was not always facing the sun, indicating perhaps that the significance and maintenance of the monument had already begun suffering a decline.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net (3903 words)

	Turkmenistan: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Turkmenistan (formerly Turkmenia) is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		Turkmenistan was limited to exporting gas to its impoverished central Asian neighbors, who were unable to pay their bills.
		Turkmenistan: History - History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia, Turkmenistan was conquered in 330 B.C. Turkmenistan: Economy - Economy The republic's numerous mineral resources include rich deposits of oil and natural gas...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0108058.html (934 words)

	Turkmenistan Project
		Turkmenistan’s capital, Ashgabat, was host to numerous international gatherings this week, including and a three-day visit by the Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce and conferences on the environment and the world hydrocarbon markets.
		Turkmenistan is an authoritarian, one-party state dominated by President-for-life Saparmurat Niyazov who exercised power by retaining his monopoly on political power and on the Democratic Party, the only legally recognized political party in the country.
		Turkmenistan's president once again congratulated the head of the neighbouring state on the successful holding of the presidential elections and expressed his hope that the country's new leadership would make every effort for the consolidation of inter-ethnic unity among the people of Afghanistan and create all the necessary conditions for their peaceful and creative work.
	www.eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/index.php?page=wnb/wnb050225&lang=eng (3530 words)

	Turkmenistan Travel Guide, Travel Information Guide
		The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age.
		Mary, due east of Ashgabat, is Turkmenistan's second city and lies near the remains of Merv, which was once the second city of Islam until Ghengis Khan's son Toloi reduced it to rubble in 1221.
		Turkmenistan's harsh desert conditions and terrain mean that tourism has been relatively undeveloped.
	www.worldtravelguide.net /country/285/country_guide/Central-Asia/Turkmenistan.html (321 words)

	Petroleum Law of Turkmenistan
		Should an international treaty to which Turkmenistan is a signatory party set rules different from rules contemplated herein, then the rules of the international treaty shall apply.
		Petroleum in its natural state in or upon the land in the territory of Turkmenistan is the exclusive property of Turkmenistan.
		Competence for ownership, exploitation and disposal of Petroleum is granted to the Cabinet of Ministers (the Government) of Turkmenistan pursuant to the provisions of this Law.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /turkmenistanlaws/id6.html (7536 words)

	Constitution of Turkmenistan - Helplinelaw
		Turkmenistan guarantees the equality of the rights and freedoms of its citizens and, likewise, the equality of citizens before the law regardless of nationality, ethnic origin, property holdings, official status, place of residence, language, religious preference, political convictions, or political party membership.
		Every citizen has the right to be protected from arbitrary interference in her or his personal life, from infringement on written, telephone, or other communications, and, likewise, from infringements on her or his honor or reputation.
		Citizens of Turkmenistan are required to pay government taxes and other payments in the manner and amounts established by law.
	www.helplinelaw.com /law/turkmenistan/constitution/constitution02.php (1487 words)

	Turkmenistan, Map and Flag
		In 1998-2003, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
		However, Turkmenistan's cooperation with the international community in transporting humanitarian aid to Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for foreign investment, aid, and technological support.
		Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error.
	www.greatestcities.com /Asia/Turkmenistan.html (1096 words)

	«Turkmenistan: the golden age»
		President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov received Executive Advisor to the CEO of Siemens AG Mr.
		In this regard the fuel and energy sector rapidly developed and fundamentally modernized in accordance with the long-term industry development programme aimed at establishing the ramified industrial and pipeline infrastructure were defined as the prospective trends of partnership.
		Noting that Turkmenistan always stood ready for the transparent, constructive dialogue Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov suggested that the German partners would consider the opportunities of co-operation in textile industry – one of the leading and very promising sectors of Turkmen economy.
	www.turkmenistan.gov.tm /_en/?idr=1&id=080430c (1179 words)

	Turkmenistan Country Reports-Guides to Culture, Travel, Business & Communications from BestCountryReports.com
		Religion in Turkmenistan and its role in culture, society, government, and public life.
		Avoid offensive assumptions and behavior by understanding the position of women in Turkmen society: their legal rights; access to education and health care; workforce participation; and their dating, marriage, and family life.
		Whether planning your own trip to Turkmenistan, or planning someone else’s, you’ll be equipped with the all-inclusive travel report—both of our “Travel” and “Points of Interest” reports rolled into one.
	www.bestcountryreports.com /Turkmenistan_Country_Reports.html (768 words)

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