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	Communist Party of America - Wikinfo
		The Communist Party of America together with the Communist Labor Party was a predecessor of the Communist Party USA.
		The Comintern was not happy with two Communist Parties and in January, 1920 dispatched an order that the two parties merge under the name United Communist Party.
		Part of the Communist Party of America under the leadership of Charles Ruthenburg and Jay Lovestone did this but a faction under the leadership of Nicholas I. Hourwich and Alexander Bittelman continued to operate independently as the Communist Party of America.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Communist_Party_of_America (709 words)

	Communist Party of China Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The party was founded in 1921, and fought the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the party's victory in the Chinese Revolution.
		The relationship between party and state is somewhat different than that of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in which the party controlled the state.
		However, in contrast to the Soviet situation where the party had extra-legal authority, since the early-1990's, it is has been established that the party is subject to rule of law and is therefore subject to the authority of the state and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Communist_Party_of_China (1371 words)

	Communist Party USA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the late 1980s the party became estranged from the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev and criticized his policy of perestroika, leading to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union cutting off its support of the CPUSA in 1989.
		Part of the Communist Party of America under the leadership of Charles Ruthenberg and Jay Lovestone did this but a faction under the leadership of Nicholas I. Hourwich and Alexander Bittelman continued to operate independently as the Communist Party of America.
		Party members also rallied to the defense of the Spanish Republic during this period after a fascist military uprising moved to overthrow it, resulting in the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Party_USA (6494 words)

	Communist Labor Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Communist Labor Party together with the Communist Party of America was one of the predecessors of the Communist Party USA.
		The Communist Party of America was formed the next day.
		The Communist International to which the Communist Labor Party had pledged its allegiance was not happy with two communist parties and insisted on a merger which was eventually effected in May, 1921 under the name Communist Party of America which was later changed to Communist Party USA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Labor_Party (168 words)

	ipedia.com: Communist Party of the Soviet Union Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This was both an attempt to "proletarianize" the party and an attempt by Stalin to strengthen his base by outnumbering the Old Bolsheviks and reducing their influence in the party.
		Glasnost allowed freedom of speech in the Soviet Union and a flourishing of political debate within the Communist Party to a degree not seen since the Russian Revolution while perestroika was an attempt to restructure the political and particularly the economic organisation of the country.
		At the Twenty-Seventy Party Congress in 1986, Boris Yeltsin became a candidate member of the Politburo and offended party members in a speech that attacked the hidden privileges of the party elite.
	www.ipedia.com /communist_party_of_the_soviet_union.html (4361 words)

	Communist Party Statistics Sources
		Its authority was particularly evident in relations with the Communist parties in Eastern Europe and with the smaller parties of Western Europe and the western hemisphere.
		The party's secretary-general from 1930 until 1964, Maurice Thorez, was briefly (1946-47) vice-premier of France; the party was led by Georges Marchais (1920-97) from 1972 to 1993.
		Communist parties in the western hemisphere, except for those of Cuba and Nicaragua, are generally small and sometimes illegal.
	www.adherents.com /largecom/communist_parties.html (3823 words)

	Socialist Organizer: The Labor Party
		It was the influence of Fitzpatrick and that of his co-thinkers in the AFL that bolstered the Labor Party movement against the unanimous opposition of Sam Gompers and the national presidents of the various craft unions affiliated with the AFL (Fine: 381, 382).
		Labor Party activists understood the unions to be instruments for fundamental change, and demands that required far-reaching economic change became the party's cardinal principles.
		The Labor Party movement was an effort to challenge the monopoly of the capitalist two-party system of politics in the United States and establish a mass party which interjected the interests of workers into the nation's political dialogue (Dobbs: 109).
	www.theorganizer.org /LP/USHistory/Grassroots.html (10735 words)

	Chinese Communist Party Constitution, Communist Party of China
		A prefectural Party committee, or an organization analogous to it, is the representative organ dispatched by a provincial or an autonomous regional Party committee to a prefecture covering several counties, autonomous counties or cities.
		Party organizations at all levels must be good at discovering and recommending talented non-Party cadres with practical learning for leading posts, and ensure that the latter enjoy authority commensurate with their posts and can fully play their roles.
		Party organizations should criticize, educate or take disciplinary measures against members who violate Party discipline, depending on the nature and seriousness of their mistakes and in the spirit of "learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones, and curing the sickness to save the patient".
	www.chinatoday.com /org/cpc/china_communist_party_constitution.htm (8842 words)

	Communist Party
		The American Communist Party was born in Chicago in 1919 and headquartered there until 1927, when its headquarters and newspaper, the Daily Worker, moved to New York.
		The party also fought racial discrimination in factories, and in October 1925 organized the American Negro Labor Congress to bring African Americans into the labor movement.
		In the 1930s, the Communist Party in Chicago reached its largest audience through organizing the unemployed and protesting evictions and cuts in relief.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/318.html (376 words)

	Opinion #5306
		A partial rationale was that each party has the same opportunity to select which offices for which it will nominate candidates and thus determine which office will be the one highest on the ballot for which the party nominates the candidate.
		In the context of the Communist Labor Party, it had only one candidate and that candidate clearly did not receive sufficient votes to qualify the party against the statewide standard of one percent of 1,767,344 votes, or 17,674.
		As to the American Independent Party, the issue is whether it can automatically requalify on the strength of the votes received for one of its nominees for the office of Regent of the University of Michigan, where that office was the principal office in some, but not all, of the precincts throughout the state.
	www.ag.state.mi.us /opinion/datafiles/1970s/op05306.htm (1015 words)

	Communist Party of the United States of America - Conservapedia
		The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is one of several Marxist-Leninist groups in the United States.
		From its inception, the Communist Party, USA came under attack from the FBI and Attorney General A.
		I met him in a closed meeting of the Communist Party in a house which was subsequently found to have been his residence at the time...and following that I met him at quite a number of Communist Party affairs in Alameda County.
	www.conservapedia.com /Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America (3142 words)

	Labor Party - Encyclopedia.com
		Labor Party (Australia) The oldest surviving political party in Australia.
		A breakaway Labor group emerged in 1955 over the attitude of the Party to communism, a group of federal Labor members forming the new Anti-Communist Labor Party, which later became the Democratic Labor Party.
		Labor and the future of the Democratic Party.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-LaborParty.html (491 words)

	Socialist Party of Florida
		In 1919, there was a major split in the Party, when those who accepted the demand for unconditional allegiance to the Third (Communist) International formed the Communist Party (composed mostly of the foreign-language federations) and the Communist Labor Party (led by John Reed).
		WHILE IT WAS THE Communist Party USA that suffered the most from the McCarthy period, all the left was seriously impaired, and by the mid-fifties little remained of organized radical politics.
		Since this meant the Socialist Party was completely isolated from the anti-war movement, as well as from the so-called "New Left," it was virtually the only left party in the country that did not experience a major upsurge in membership during this period.
	www.socialistpartyflorida.org /e107_plugins/custompages/sphistory.php (2839 words)

	COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1919-1946) organizational history
		The Belorussian Jewish Communist Samuel Agursky presented a credential of the ECCI with a mandate to asist in the formation of a united party.
		It was this gathering that should be regarded as the founding convention of the American Communist Party, akin to the 1901 Unity Convention held in Indianapolis that is heralded as the moment of birth of the Socialist Party of America.
		Party leaders William Z. Foster, Robert Minor, and Israel Amter did not attend, serving jail time which resulted from their March 6th arrest on the steps of New York City Hall where they had attempted to present the demands of the unemployed to Mayor Walker (the trio were sentenced to "6 mos.
	marxisthistory.org /subject/usa/eam/communistparty.html (7245 words)

	American Red Groups
		Communist Party USA: Formed in Chicago 1919 as two Leninist splinters from the Socialist Party of America: the Communist Party of America (CPA) and the Communist Labor Party (CLP).
		Communist William Z. Foster ran for President on the Workers (Communist) Party ticket twice during the 1920's.
		In the summer of 1965, the PLM was renamed the "Progressive Labor Party" (PLP), and in 1966 the PLP was given a highly centralized command structure and a mission to enter Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).
	reds.linefeed.org /groups.html (6783 words)

	[No title]
		The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) originated in 1919 from a split in the Socialist Party, which produced the Communist Labor Party (CLP) with 10,000 members and from a split in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which produced the Communist Party with 58,000 members.
		Further, as he told the jury, communists were not allowed to serve on juries and the U.S. district attorney and judge were not elected officials nor were they representative of the majority of the people.
		For communists, work defines what it was to be human; its put bread on the table, made it possible to have a family and gave dignity and power.
	www.angelfire.com /md/TobyTerrar/cpusa.html (4031 words)

	Communism Research Wiki: Communist Labor Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Communist Labor Party could trace its origins all the way back to a 1958 split from the Communist Party USA.
		CLP organizers could be very subtle, and many members successfully obtained positions of responsibility in the labor movement.
		One of the groups in the 1910s that eventually founded the Communist Party USA was also called the Communist Labor Party.
	www.yardley.ca /cgi-bin/wiki.pl?Communist_Labor_Party (251 words)

	Organizing Unions: The 1930s and 1940s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Many new recruits saw the Communist Party as a way to address particular concerns: a means of fighting fascism or racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination, of gaining labor-union objectives, general social improvement, or humanitarian socialist goals.
		Communists were also present at the forming of a union that represented workers in the lumber and pulp mills and in timber camps throughout the Northwest.
		Party members were also involved in the organization of the Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, which later became ILWU Local 37.
	faculty.washington.edu /gregoryj/cpproject/grijalva.htm (3199 words)

	Rough Beginnings: The 1920s
		In the 1940s he became District Organizer, the top leadership position for the Party in the Northwest, and in 1953 he was among the eight Washington State Party leaders indicted under the Smith Act.
		The two communist factions did not immediately change the form of organization inherited from the Socialist Party in 1919, which had rested on the assumption that the working class would become the majority and parliamentary activity would be the means to educate the workers about the need for socialism and a path to power.
		Communists joined the coalition and were soon using their positions to influence policy.
	faculty.washington.edu /gregoryj/cpproject/ko.htm (3655 words)

	Civil Liberties in Wartime
		As pointed out hereafter, the Communist and the Communist Labor Parties were the result of an internal row or split in the old Socialist Party, and many of the members of the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party became such automatically.
		All the difference he understood between the Communist and the Socialist Parties was the difference in name; that he never read the Program and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; did not remember whether he ever read the Manifesto of the Socialist Party or not.
		But a card indicating that he had paid three months dues in the Communist Party was apparently held by the inspector as enough to warrant of finding against this alien, and he was ordered deported.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~leg397v/Readings/Palmerraids.htm (9200 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Epoch Times Commentaries on the Communist Party — Part 6
		This is the sixth of Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party.
		The Party culture not only inherited the essential wickedness of the foreign-born Marxist-Leninist culture, but also skillfully combined all the negative elements from thousands of years of Chinese culture with the violent revolution and philosophy of struggle from the Party’s propaganda.
		However what it promotes is “faithfulness and honesty to the Party.” The traditional culture emphasizes “filial piety.” The CCP may put people in jail if they do not provide for their parents, but the real reason is that these parents would otherwise become a “burden” to the government.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-12-20/25087.html (12494 words)

	Communist Labor Party - Wikinfo
		It was formed August 31, 1919 by John Reed, Benjamin Gitlow and others who had been expelled from the Socialist Party of America.
		The Communist Party of America was formed the next day.
		The Communist International to which the Communist Labor Party had pledged its allegiance was not happy with two communist parties and insisted on a merger which was eventually effected in May, 1921 under the name Communist Party of America which was later changed to Communist Party USA.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Communist_Labor_Party (517 words)

	[No title]
		The record shows that she was one of the most active founders and organizers of the Communist Labor Party, serving on the credentials and resolutions committee at the convention wherein it was organized.
		When the convention adopted the platform of the Communist Labor Party of the United States, which decried the ballot as a means of accomplishing its aims and extolled and recommended the tactics used by the I. W., she could have withdrawn from the convention.
		The record shows that a year prior to the organization of the Communist Labor Party in California plaintiff was in sympathy with the radical Socialists and was active in the election of radical delegates, who later organized the Communist Labor Party of the United States.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/curiae/html/274-357/006.htm (6753 words)

	Soviet and American Communist Parties
		The Soviet Communist party evolved from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party's Bolshevik wing formed by Vladimir Lenin in 1903.
		Each national party was required to adhere to the Leninist principle of subordinating members and organizations unconditionally to the decisions of higher authorities.
		The American party, a significant although never major political force in the United States, became further demoralized when Boris Yeltsin outlawed the Communist party in Russia in August 1991 and opened up the archives, revealing the continued financial as well as ideological dependency of the American Communists on the Soviet party up until its dissolution.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/soviet.exhibit/party.html (417 words)

	A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States — www.greenwood.com
		Description: This is the first of an eight-volume documentary history of the Communist Party of the United States of America.
		This landmark collection by a noted authority on the American Left is the result of forty years of searching for pamphlets, proclamations, manifestos, party reports and minutes of meetings in bookstores and archives all over the country.
		This volume traces the gestation and birth of the party from 1918 to 1928.
	greenwood.com /books/BookDetail.asp?dept_id=1&sku=JAC/01&imprintID=I1 (554 words)

	Ella Reeve Bloor Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		She was always committed to improving the status of women but devoted her energies to left-wing politics and the labor movement.
		Bloor worked devotedly for the party for the rest of her life, recruiting members from among miners, farmers, machinists, steelworkers, and needle workers.
		By the 1930s, when she was in her seventies, Mother Bloor was a sought-after speaker for the Communist Party, traveled extensively, and served as middlewestern regional secretary of the Farmers National Conference.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ella-reeve-bloor (1165 words)

	Oregon History Project
		This March 10, 1920, photograph shows Oregon lawyer William S. U’Ren defending members of the Portland Communist Labor Party against charges of violating the state criminal syndicalism law.
		The law, which targeted radical activists and labor unions, made it illegal for anyone to advocate violent political or social change, or to belong to any organization that did.
		In the case against Hurst, Fry, and Oster, prosecutors accused the men of possessing “inflammatory literature” related to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Soviet Union’s communist party.
	www.ohs.org /education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=D345218C-AF45-DB28-82EA18F907B554D8 (331 words)

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