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Topic: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

	How Czechoslovakia Became Communist
		In understanding the transformation of Czechoslovakia into a workers state, it is necessary to start with Edvard Benes, the left social democrat who was ousted by the Communists in 1948.
		Although he was ideologically committed to a socialist Czechoslovakia, there is little doubt that the need to outflank the CP was a primary factor in nationalizing industry.
		The cause of the 1948 overthrow of the Benes regime was the determination of the noncommunist parties to stop the CP from consolidating its power over the police.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/state_and_revolution/czechoslovakia.htm (1343 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Czechoslovakia
		Czechoslovakia (Czech Československo; 1938 - 1939 and Slovak since 1990: Česko-Slovensko) was a country in Eastern-Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1993 (with a government-in-exile during the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918 as one of the successor states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		The Communist 1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic with major amendments in 1968 (Constitutional Law of Federation), 1971, 1975, 1978, and in 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was abolished).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Czechoslovakian (2141 words)

	Czechoslovakia - The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
		The Communist Party of Czechoslovak (Komunisticka strana Ceskoslovenska--KSC), which was founded in 1921, came to power in 1948 (see Communist Czechoslovakia, ch.
		In the 1980s, driven by the need for "intensive" economic development, the party relaxed its rigid rule about young workers' priority in admissions and allowed district and regional committees to be flexible in their recruitment policy, as long as the overall proportion of workers did not decrease.
		The quip in 1971, a half-century after the party's founding in Czechoslovakia, was "After fifty years, a party of fifty-year- olds." There was a determined effort to attract younger members to the party in the middle to late 1970s; one strategy was to recruit children of parents who were KSC members.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-3694.html (976 words)

	McNair Paper 39 - Chapter 6
		In addition, the reform had to remove Czechoslovak Communist Party (CPCS) influence from, and establish civil control over the defense establishment and armed forces and to ensure that the forces were sufficient to guarantee the integrity and sovereignty of Czechoslovakia.
		Czechoslovakia's 1960 Stalinist Constitution, which replaced the 1948 Ninth-of-May Constitution that severely limited the autonomy granted Slovakia,Note 10 declares the National Assembly shall be the supreme organ of state power.
		Rather than being chaired by the communist party secretary, the federal president (Vaclav Havel) became the Defense Council chairman, and the prime minister, members of the two national governments, the foreign, defense and interior ministers, and the chairman of the State Planning Commission became its members.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair39/m039ch06.html (3671 words)

	The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
		Instead of exposing the Right-wing elements in the communist parliamentary group he took them under his protection and saved them by means of an elastic resolution on recognising the Party leadership, a resolution adopted as the result of an internal struggle conducted behind the scenes, in the fourth year of the Party's existence.
		As is known, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took advantage of this situation and recently organised a number of demonstrations in connection with the rise in the cost of living.
		As is known, the Right-wing Communist Bubnik, now expelled from the Party, also took advantage of the situation and tried to disrupt those actions by the workers, thereby striking a blow at the Party in the rear.
	www.marx2mao.com /Stalin/CPC25.html (2530 words)

	Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia - Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia - Communist Party of Czechoslovakia is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Czechoslovakia continued to demonstrate subservience to the policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in domestic and especially in foreign affairs.
		The continued presence of the Red Army in Czechoslovakia until 1946 facilitated the communists' efforts to reorganize local government, the militia, and the Czechoslovak army and to place communists in key position...
	www.experiencefestival.com /politics_of_communist_czechoslovakia_-_communist_party_of_czechoslovakia (625 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Czechoslovakia (Czech Československo; Slovak since 1990: Česko-Slovensko) was a country in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992 (with a government-in-exile during the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918 as one of the successor states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		The Communist 1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic with major amendments in 1968 (Constitutional Law of Federation), 1971, 1975, 1978, and in 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was abolished).
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Czechoslovakia (2166 words)

	Czechoslovakia - MSN Encarta
		Beneš was restored to the presidency, but the Communist leader Klement Gottwald was called to form a new cabinet, and his partisans gained control of the ministries of education, interior, and communications.
		The Communists still commanded a majority of the cabinet, and their control of the police and workers’ militia permitted them to mount armed demonstrations in the streets.
		As the pace of political change quickened in the USSR and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, Jakeš was unable to hold back the tide of reform; in November 1989 he and other Communist Party leaders stepped down, and the government began negotiating with an opposition group, Civic Forum, led by the Czech writer Václav Havel.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553727_3/Czechoslovakia.html (1158 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Czechoslovakia (Československo in Czech and in Slovak) was a country in Central Europe, in existence from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia arose in October 1918 as one of the succession states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		Three years later the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power (1948-1989) and the country got under the influence of the Soviet Union.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/places/Czechoslovakia (1455 words)

	Communist Party of Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Act on Lawlessness of the Communist Regime and Resistance against It, (passed 1993), the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was declared a condemnable and criminal organization.
		The Fifteenth Party Congress was held in April 1976; the sixteenth, in April 1981; and the seventeenth, in March 1986.
		The statutory duties assigned the party congress included determination of the party's domestic and foreign policies; approval of the party program and statutes; and election of the Central Committee and the Central Supervisory and Auditing Commission, as well as discussion and approval of their reports.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia (3642 words)

	Czech Elections Result in Deadlock
		This party is the heiress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia that has arisen in 1921 on the basis of the left-radical wing of the CSDP, and was at power between 1948 and 1989.
		The basic electorate of the party is formed with the weakest layers of the population, first of all, representatives of the senior generation.
		The basic electorate of the party is formed with the most conservative and religious part of the population in the provincial regions of the country, first of all in Moravia.
	www.axisglobe.com /article.asp?article=903 (1546 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Czechoslovakia
		A charter member of Czechoslovakia's Communist Party (1921), he became its leader in 1927 and a member of the Czechoslovak parliament in 1929.
		When Hungary and Czechoslovakia declared their independence and Austria became a republic in 1918, Charles, the last Habsburg Emperor, was forced into exile in Switzerland.
		After serving the Communist regime of the former Czechoslovakia in a number of capacities, Mečiar was expelled as a dissident in 1970.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Czechoslovakia&StartAt=51 (719 words)

	Communist state - China-related Topics CM-CP - China-Related Topics
		Communist governments (in the sense of "governments that were - or claimed to be - in the process of moving towards a communist society") typically arose during times of general international unrest.
		Communist societies have existed throughout history, and many exist today, but it was not until the 20th century that highly organized Communist Parties based on Marxist-Leninist ideology gave rise to Communist states.
		The history of Communist states is often closely related to the history of noncommunist regimes, and to the history of the communist movement in general.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Communist_state (4276 words)

	The Former Czechoslovakia
		Czechoslovakia supported the restoration of China's legitimate status in the United Nations, the liberation of Taiwan, opposition to the creation of "two Chinas", quelling of the rebellion in Tibet and the Statement of the Chinese Government concerning China's territorial waters.
		China's policy towards Czechoslovakia was also interfered with during the "cultural revolution" and there were lack of consideration in the actual conduct of such policy.
		In October, the Czechoslovakia representative in the UN voted in favor of restoring China's legitimate seat in the United Nations.
	www.fmprc.gov.cn /eng/wjb/zzjg/dozys/gjlb/3240/default.htm (1750 words)

	Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other parties and organizations existed formally but functioned in subordinate roles to KSČ, because the KSČ was grouped together with the KSS, four other political parties, and all of Czechoslovakia's mass organizations under the political umbrella of the National Front of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
		Czechoslovakia continued to demonstrate subservience to the policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in domestic and especially in foreign affairs.
		The continued presence of the Red Army in Czechoslovakia until 1946 facilitated the communists' efforts to reorganize local government, the militia, and the Czechoslovak army and to place communists in key positions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (807 words)

	Show Time: The Trial of Rudolf Slansky
		But in the upper ranks of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia in 1951, signs of Stalin's approval or disapproval were literally a matter of life or death.
		Czechoslovakia was the only state in eastern Europe with a history of successful democracy and without Soviet troops in occupation after 1945.
		Communists such as Slansky believed that the interests of the party always came first, ahead of individual rights, ahead of abstractions such as "truth." Slansky may have believed that his confession, false though it was, served the party.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_levack_west_1/0,8723,1125263-,00.html (1085 words)

	ALEXANDER DUBCEK,
		Alexander Dubcek's father was one of the founders of the Czechoslovak Communist party.
		In 1955 Alexander Dubcek was sent by the Communist party to study in the Soviet Union and he obtained a doctorate in political science in 1958(2).
		Within the Communist party, the discontent of the population was expressed by the calls for the removal of the conservative leader Antonin Novotny from the position of first secretary.
	econc10.bu.edu /economic_systems/NatIdentity/EE/Czechoslovakia/Slovakia/DUBCEK.html (1333 words)

	Czechoslovakia at AllExperts
		Czechoslovakia (Czech: Äeskoslovensko, Slovak: Äesko-Slovensko/before 1990 Äeskoslovensko) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until early 1993 (with government-in-exile during the World War II period).
		Finally Czechoslovakia ceased to exist in March 1939, when Hitler occupied the remainder of the Czech lands and (the remaining) Slovakia was forced to declare independence.
		The Czechoslovakia national football team was a consistent performer in the international scene, with 8 appearances in the FIFA World Cup Finals, finishing in second-place in 1934 and 1962.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/cz/czechoslovakia.htm (1840 words)

	Arts - November 15, 2002
		Originally written in Prague in 1979, the play was intended to address the extremely authoritative nature of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia at the time.
		The dominance of the Catholic Church is representative of the Communist Party’s control of Czechoslovakia at the time.
		Communist authorities quickly picked up on the symbolism and the play was banned after its first dress rehearsal.
	www.lclark.edu /org/piolog/arts2002nov15.html (1488 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Letter to Brezhnev
		In such trying circumstances we are appealing to you, Soviet Communists, the lending representatives of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with a request for you to lend support and assistance with all the means at your disposal.
		Until 1992 this letter was in a sealed folder in the Moscow Communist Party archives marked "Never to Be Opened." While the letter may not have been decisive for the Soviets, it helped legitimize the August 20, 1968, invasion.
		The Party leadership is no longer able to defend itself successfully against attacks on socialism, and it is unable to organize either ideological or political resistance against the right-wing forces.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/14/documents/letter (563 words)

	Role and Responsibility of Intellectuals
		In their theory, the communists have assigned a very marginal and degrading role to intellectuals: they were supposed to serve other social strata, making their living by serving to bourgeoisie during capitalism, and to working class during socialism.
		Communists were publicly underplaying their role, because they were claiming that they were a movement created and ran exclusively by the proletariat, by the working masses.
		Communist parties in France or Italy became meaningless political organizations of those countries, when they were not able to find adequate intellectual substitutes for Garaudy or Gramsci.
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/ACLS98/kusy.html (4517 words)

	[No title]
		The Republic of Czechoslovakia was a multinational state composed mainly of Slavs (Czechs, Slovaks, and Ruthanians), Germans, Jews and Hungarians.
		The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Komunisticka Strana Ceskoslovenska, KSC) was established as a multinational entity at a convention in October 1921.
		These parties had their roots in the Austrian Social Democratic Party which was established in 1878 and which splintered in 1918 after the Soviet Revolution.
	www.angelfire.com /md/TobyTerrar/Czech.html (2201 words)

	Contemporary Czech Contradictions
		It is very little wonder therefore that Communists are gaining acceptance and also defying attempts at isolating the two Communist parties to the point of almost outright banning.
		The chairman of the party, M. Grebenicek, cited as "the main reason for this, is the ending of forty-year existence of the so-called real Marxist Socialism in Czechoslovakia.
		The general secretary of this party is the former member of the presidium of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Miroslav Stepan.
	www.northstarcompass.org /nsc0003/czech.htm (1082 words)

	Communist Party of the United States
		The Party operated on the principle of 'democratic centralism', which meant that all members were required to study, discuss and vote on all matters of policy; once the decision had been taken, each member was bound by it, whether or not he.
		In all, the Communist parties of 53 countries were represented in the International Brigades with a total fighting strength of approximately 18,000, the first of whom arrived in Spain during the latter part of 1936.
		When I saw that the Communist Party was taking the lead in the struggle for the rights of minorities and of labor, exposing the role of imperialism in conquest and war, I found that my constant concern with the racist issue became an integral part of the broader struggle for human rights everywhere.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAcommunist.htm (7357 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Alexander Dubcek
		Born November 27, 1921 in Uhrovec, Czechoslovakia (now in the Slovak Republic), to communist parents, Dubcek spent his youth first in Slovakia, then in Kirghizia (now Kyrgystan), where his father moved the family in response to the Soviet Communist Party's call for communists to help build "socialism" in the Soviet Union.
		By 1962, he was a member of the Slovak and Czechoslovak Communist parties and a full member of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party.
		During this period the party faced challenges both internally and externally: the economy was in serious disarray, the Slovak communists chafed at Prague centralism, and de-Stalinization caused unrest.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/dubcek (538 words)

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