Communist and post-Communist Albania

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Topic: Communist and post-Communist Albania

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	Communist and post-Communist Albania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Communist party of the Soviet Union 's in 1956, when Khrushchev denounced Stalin's crimes in his "secret speech." Hoxha defended Stalin and blamed the Titoist heresy for the troubles vexing world communism, including the disturbances in Poland and the rebellion in Hungary in 1956.
		Although Albania has made strides toward democratic reform and maintaining the rule of law, serious deficiencies in the electoral code remain to be addressed, as demonstrated in the June 2001 parliamentary elections.
		President Berisha resigned from his post, and Socialists elected Rexhep Meidani as the President of the Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_and_post-Communist_Albania

	Communist state
		Alternative terms for a "communist state" include "Communist Party-ruled state", "Marxist-Leninist state", " Stalinist state" (derived from the fact that all these states were governed by communist parties that were either clearly Stalinist themselves or could trace their roots back to Stalinism) or " Deformed workers state " (a term commonly used by Trotskyists).
		Communist governments (in the sense of "governments that were - or claimed to be - in the process of moving towards a communist society") typically arose during times of general international unrest.
		This was the main reason, besides the political one, for putting "communist states" in a separate category of their own, rather than lumping them together with other one-party states (which had capitalist market economies).
	hallencyclopedia.com /Communist_state

	MSN Encarta - Cold War
		(The Communist republic of East Germany, comprising the remainder of German territory, was formally proclaimed in October of that year.) And finally, the Berlin confrontation prompted the Western powers to begin thinking seriously about rearming their half of Germany, despite the divisiveness of this issue among West Europeans.
		Among other provisions, the resulting agreement, known as the Geneva Accords, provided for the temporary partition of Vietnam into northern and southern portions, with the Viet Minh (a Communist group seeking Vietnamese independence) concentrated in North Vietnam and the French and their Vietnamese supporters in the south.
		In 1947 United States president Harry S. Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which authorized U.S. aid to anti-Communist forces in Greece and Turkey.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569374/Cold_War.html

	The Emergence of Albania From An Environmental Dilemma, Copyright 1995, Patrick S. Poole
		As elsewhere in communist post-war Europe, heavy industry was seen as the driving force of the means of production, oriented towards the exploitation of such natural resources as minerals and fossil fuels, which offered an immediate source of income.
		Albania's portion was used by the World Bank to commission an environmental strategy study which recommended: a) a restructuring of economic incentives to encourage more efficient resource usage; b) an overhaul of environmental legislation; and c) a strengthening of the government's Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation and other agencies with environmental responsibilities.
		Forests in Albania cover just over one million hectares: 38 percent of the country's territory.10 Some evidence of acid rain has been observed, particularly in the country's northern forests (11) but of more significance is the deforestation which has occurred.
	home.hiwaay.net /~pspoole/AlbEnvir.htm

	Albania
		Albania served as an outpost for NATO troops and took in approximately 440,000 Kosovar refugees, about half the total number of ethnic Albanians who were driven from their homes in Kosovo.
		But a general strike and street demonstrations soon forced the all-Communist cabinet to resign.
		Albania is situated on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, with Montenegro and Serbia to the north, Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107268.html

	ACP-ASIM Observer
		Certainly the academicians who are of the age to be the deans, department chairs, etc., all lived (and succeeded) under the communist totalitarian tradition.
		In Albania, however, these were precisely the traits in the past that ensured a short career and certainly did nothing to improve one's grades in school.
		First, patients come by referral from all over Albania, and they are too poor to afford a place to stay in Tirana.
	www.acponline.org /journals/news/dec95/albania.htm

	II Journal: Listening to Albania
		Ironically, to some Albanian scholars, his description might now apply to the new layer of "corrosion" imposed by the Communists, under whom national musics were politicized and reinterpreted--often with new lyrics eulogizing Enver Hoxha (HO-dja) and the Communist Party--and aggressively promoted in their new form.
		This connection served me well in Albania where origins seem more important than present location; I was introduced everywhere as an Arbëresh and received by everyone from post office employees to government researchers as a long lost daughter of Albania.
		Discussions of music in Albania do not leave aside questions of politics or infrastructure, those parts of Albania which are typically the subject of "ugly pictures." But focusing on music in Albania brings the discussion down to the level of individuals, illustrating how recent economic, and social change have affected performers, listeners and scholars.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol3no3/camino.htm

	Albanian history
		Communist and post-Communist Albania Following the Second World War, in which both Italy and Germany occupied Albania, communism became the prevailing political ideology within Albania and remained an influential part of its culture for the next 50 years.
		Pursuant to a 1991 interim basic law, Albanians ratified a constitution in 1998, establishing a democratic system of government based upon the rule of law and guaranteeing the protection of fundamental human rights.
		The communists managed to retain control of the government in the first round of elections under the new constitution, but fell two months later during a general strike.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Albanian-history

	Human Rights in Post-communist Albania
		Democratic elections in March 1992 swept the communist party from power, installed a new government led by President Sali Berisha of the Democratic Party, and paved the way for a series of liberalizing reforms.
		Some former communist officials were denied the right to a fair trial, while others have avoided prosecution altogether because of their ties to the current government.
		In light of this history, Albania has made substantial progress toward respect for civil and political rights in the past five years.
	www.hrw.org /summaries/s.albania963.html

	Teaching in Albania
		These included such gems of wisdom as "Communists never look for excuses, but carry out the tasks entrusted to them with precision." (Hoxha 32) Also from a book used at the second year of university, "In the past the Albanian woman was economically and socially dependent and exploited.
		A communist group formed under the leadership of Enver Hoxha, described by Hibbert as "puny in size and unsteady in ideology." (36) It assumed the role of organizing anti-fascist resistance to the Italian and German occupiers, setting up a country wide National Liberation Movement (the Partisans).
		Albania broke with Yugoslavia in 1948, the Soviet Union in 1960 (as the Soviets were no longer following the hard line of Stalinism) and with the People's Republic of China in 1978.
	www.mcclear.net /teaching_in_albania.htm

	Keston Institute - Frontier Magazine Information
		The back issues (1987-2004) stored in the archives at Keston Institute are a valuable resource for students of religion in communist and post-communist societies.
		In 1987 major changes were beginning to be seen in the communist world and religious communities were coming in from the cold.
		And what lessons are to be learnt about the values of society in the 21st century from the communist persecution of religion in the 20th?
	www.starlightsite.co.uk /keston/frontier/frontierindex.aspx

	Guaranteed Loan Military
		In Down and Antrim a number of mansions were burned down, police barracks and post offices were attacked, a bank was robbed and burned, and a railway bridge blown up.
		The Post Office vote was taken in the House of Commons on May 4.
		Advantage was taken by Stanley Baldwin of the vote for the Privy Council for trade and subordinate departments to review the position with regard to the markets of the world.
	www.newloanpages.com /loanoffer/guaranteed-loan-military.shtml

	Post-communist transition
		Even in the countries considered as socialist (communist), as in China and Vietnam, the mechanism of economic coordination has been shifted to a great extent from the state bureaucracy intervention to the market allocation.
		The Political Economy of Postsocialist Transformations is forthcoming by the Oxford University Press.
		Thus the process of postsocialist transformation has advanced over the 1990s significantly.
	www.masterpage.com.pl /outlook/postkolod.html

	Bibliography, Part III
		Kersten, a Professor of History in the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, is the author of many works on war time and postwar Poland; her best known work in the West is: The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943-1948, Berkeley, CA.
		The author concludes that “Peasant behaviour towards the communist agrarian policy was one of the basic causes which led to the collapse of Stalinism in Poland.” (P.77).
		After escaping from communist Poland in late 1947 he settled in U.S; the book was written and published a year later.
	kufacts.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/bibpt3.htm

	Albania - Bibliography
		Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China.
		"Albania's Post-Communist Anarchy," Washington Post, March 21, 1992, A1, A18.
		Harrison, Joseph W. "Albania Begins the Long Road Back from Serfdom: Mineral Resources Might Pave the Road to the West, with Contributions from Tourism and Food Processing," Business America, 113, No. 2, January 27, 1992, 12.
	countrystudies.us /albania/Bibliography.htm

	Social Costs, Social-Sector Reforms, and Politics in Post-Communist Transformations
		But in the half-dozen years since the collapse of communist monopolies on power, many post-communist countries have decentralized major responsibilities for public services and facilities from national to provincial and local governments.
		Starting with the parliamentary elections in Lithuania in November 1992, formerly communist politicians and parties that were fairly clearly descended from the old communist parties won pluralities in half a dozen parliamentary elections: Poland (September 1993), Russia (December 1993), Hungary (May 1994), Bulgaria (December 1994), and Estonia (March 1995).
		That social contract between state and citizens had come to be viewed with growing cynicism toward the end of the communist era; the state was seen to have reneged on its commitments.
	www.nap.edu /html/transform/sec-4.htm

	International Politics and Society
		The nature of communist rule, the presence (or absence) of a certain democratic tradition (including a democratic counter-elite), the way the communist regimes relinquished power and the democratic (or the lack of) redefinition of political institutions under post-communism seem to be closely linked.
		Thus, these countries and their populations suffered much longer from the communist party dictatorship than the countries of Central and South Eastern Europe where communist regimes were only established after World War II and again more rapidly in the Balkans than in Central Europe.
		However, when communists do achieve high growth, as in China, they are less liable to lose legitimacy and may possibly stay in power until urbanization, education and wealth make the drive for freedom irresistible.
	fesportal.fes.de /pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IPG/IPG4_2000/daudiopti2.htm

	Aiding Post-Communist Societies
		This sort of training is in great demand in Romania and other former communist countries.
		But in transitional countries where reform impulses are weak or very uneven, such as Albania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and many of the former Soviet republics, the endpoint strategy is problematic.
		Soros's extensive use of locals as directors and as members of award committees is also a multiple plus.
	www.ceip.org /people/caroaid.htm

	External Resources: Journals - Knowledge Base Social Sciences in Eastern Europe
		Communist and Post-communist Studies - an international quarterly journal focusing on the analysis of historical as well as current developments in the communist and post-communist world, including ideology, economy and society (abstracts available online).
		Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics - devoted to the process of regime change, including in its material contributions from within the affected societies and to the effects of the upheaval on communist parties, ruling and non-ruling, both in Europe and in the wider world.
		The International Newsletter of Communist Studies - The Newsletter presents basic information on all kinds of historical studies related to history of the communist movements and ideas, for scholars and publicists, archivists and librarians.
	www.cee-socialscience.net /external/journals.html

	CRCE - CENTRE FOR RESEARCH INTO POST-COMMUNIST ECONOMIES
		But it is also true that a considerable number of the weapons which were stolen, looted from the armouries in Albania in 1997, have not been handed in to KFOR, and that the most modern of those weapons are being stockpiled.
		In Albania, where I lived for years, I can tell you that that level of dynamism was lacking.
		But if power were to be seized from Djukanovic by Belgrade in some kind of coup d'etat, then the whole question of what is going to happen to the Albanian minority there, located mainly in the region abutting northern Albania, well, I think that will be a very real question.
	www.crce.org.uk /kosovo.html

	NYU Press Release
		Albania, a small Balkan country both isolated and ignored, has burst into the news of late: in early 1997 the unregulated, unscrupulous pyramid schemes in which many Albanians in this post-Communist country had invested their hopes and dreams collapsed.
		The authors wrote the book while living in Albania and have updated it in recent months to include information on the pyramid schemes and how other free market fraud was allowed to flourish.
		Beginning with Hoxha's death in 1985, the book traces the last decade of Albania's shaky existence, from the anarchy and chaos of the early `90s to the victory of the democratic alliance in 1992 and the programs that led to the recent government unrest.
	www.nyu.edu /publicaffairs/newsreleases/b_albbj.shtml

	He Was a Communist For Dutch Intelligence (You're Gonna LOVE this)
		The Chinese Communist Party was so impressed, it regularly gave the ranting Dutchman the full red-carpet treatment in Beijing: banquets in the Great Hall of the People, an audience with Mao, envelopes stuffed with cash and tributes in the People's Daily.
		One is a copy of a photograph of himself meeting Enver Hoxha, Albania's Communist dictator from 1944 until his death in 1985.
		"Petersen" issued regular communiques -- all drafted by the BVD -- denouncing real Communists as sellouts and urging voters to reject them.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1299269/posts

	BBC News Europe Albanian vote passes peacefully
		That is because one of its articles allows people to change their name and religion to seek jobs abroad, something which many among Albania's ethnic Greek minority have always been keen to do.
		Correspondents say acceptance of the new constitution is crucial for the future of Europe's poorest country because a low turnout could be interpreted as a setback for the government and lead to a possible resurgence of turmoil.
		It is only two months since armed rioting on the streets of the capital, Tirana, led to the resignation of Fatos Nano as prime minister and his replacement with Pandeli Majko, 31, Europe's youngest premier.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/europe/219223.stm

	Unparalleled crimes in the little Albania
		There is a complete accuse against this state, when we speak with facts and loud voice that the democrat Fadil Balaj, since 1992 could make his business, but the political gangs destroyed it on 1997, when the communists took the guns and usurped the state they still today keep.
		These communist beasts, that kill and terrorize the democrats every day, are still searching these persons and others, to condemn them, just because they are democrats.
		In 1997, when the communist gangs caused the democratic power to fall, with guns, the democrats Arjan Mehmetaj, Mark Lazri, Kujtim Ferhati, Agron Mehmetaj, risked their life to defend the institutions of the state.
	www.shqiperia-etnike.com /she32/she32eng.htm

	Consolidation Loan Military
		The leader of the South Korean Communists, Pak Hon-yong, was blamed for the failure of the southern population to support the DPRK during the war and was executed after a show-trial in 1955.
		Since the Communist regime's hold on power ultimately depended on the loyalty of the army, it was not possible to restrain, let alone reduce, spending on the armed forces - a problem the DPRK shared with the Soviet Union and other Communist states.
		Although there was an indigenous Korean Communist Party, the Soviets preferred to place in power Korean Communists who had spent the war years in the Soviet Union — this was also the policy they followed in eastern Europe.
	www.number1-loan.com /9/consolidation-loan-military.shtml

	The effect of institutions on growth in post-communist countries
		However, communist rule was established in Mongolia and the Soviet Union, with exceptions of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and most of Moldova, about three decades earlier than in other countries.
		Number of years under communist rule, industrial share of GDP, and trade dependency do not have significant effects on growth and are not included in the path analysis.
		All communist countries attempted to implement industrialization, collectivization, and mass education policies and institute the state control over the economy in the form of central planning and the state ownership of enterprises (Kornai, 1992).
	mason.gmu.edu /~ikatcha1/GrowthdivergenceJPP2000.html

	Global E-Government Full Report, Sept., 2002 (HTML File)
		During the course of our study, we looked at a wide variety of political and economic systems, from monarchies, federated systems, and presidential democracies to parliamentary systems, dictatorships, and communist countries.
		The same logic applies in regard to features that allow citizens to post comments or otherwise provide feedback about a government agency.
		Websites using these features allow citizens and department members alike to read and respond to others' comments regarding issues facing the department.
	www.insidepolitics.org /egovt02int.html

	Adherents.com
		"Kosova is situated in the southern territory of former Yugoslavia and borders with Serbia, Albania, Montenegro and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
		They represent about 40% of the total population of Macedonia and live mainly in western Macedonia, which belonged to Albania until 1945.
		"There are 800,000 ethnic Albanians in Macedonia who live mainly in western Macedonia, which belonged to Albania until 1945.
	www.adherents.com /Na/Na_17.html

	CER Book review Post-Communist Party Systems
		Until recently, the study of politics in the Communist and then the post-Communist world was considerably removed from the mainstream of political science.
		The main problem appears to be the continued appeal of the unreformed Communist party and the unwillingness of centrist parties to cooperate with the democratic left.
		The second is the degree to which the Communist regime used co-optation or repression, carrots or sticks, to enforce its rule.
	www.ce-review.org /01/7/books7_roberts.html

	Romania: First, Second and Third waves of post-communist revolutions, IRED
		He was part of the first group of Bulgarian intellectuals that began the opposition movement that finally put an end to the communist regime in the country, and in 1996-1997 participated in the international monitors' teams during the elections in several Balkan countries - Romania, Albania and Bulgaria.
		Unlike the countries from East-Central Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary) that cut gradually but decisively their links with the communist past, the former high-ranking officials from some Balkan region countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania) and from other countries like Slovakia, tried to marry the formal political democracy with their monopoly on political power.
		One day, we hope sooner rather than later, the post-communist history of the region will be regarded not as one wholesale transition from authoritarianism to democracy but rather as several succeeding waves of democratization encompassing large period of several decades with no clear outcome for some countries till the very last moment.
	www.ired.com /news/mkt/romania4.htm

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Topic: Communist and post-Communist Albania

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In the News (Sat 26 Dec 09)