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	Communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following Lenin's democratic centralism, the Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline.
		Despite the activity of the Comintern, the Soviet Communist Party adopted the Stalinist theory of "socialism in one country" and claimed that, due to the "aggravation of class struggle under socialism," it was possible, even necessary, to build socialism in one country alone.
		Communist parties, or their descendent parties, remain politically important in many European countries and throughout the Third World, particularly in India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communism (3019 words)

	MSN Encarta - Communism
		For several generations of communists, the contradiction between theory and reality could be rationalized as the unfortunate result of the poverty of their societies, of the mistakes of individual leaders, or of the malevolence of the capitalist world.
		From the mid-1970s onward, however, the communist countries lost ground, and their leaders began to contemplate unpalatable economic reforms in the interests of achieving technological prowess and a higher standard of living.
		In the first of these countries, the charismatic leader of the communist revolution, Fidel Castro, was still in power; in the second, the man at the helm, Kim Jong Il, was the son of the founder of the North Korean regime.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572241_9/Communism.html (2563 words)

	Communist state - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other communists went even further; anarchist communists and left- / council communists went very far in their critique of marxism-leninism and the communist (pseudo-)parties and they were often a driving part in uprisings against the communist states, for example the Hungarian revolution.
		The broader Indochina conflict also saw Communist states established in Laos and Cambodia in 1975, though the latter government (known as Democratic Kampuchea) was toppled in a Vietnamese invasion and denounced by Vietnam and its Communist allies.
		Communist states have maintained a large secret police apparatus to closely monitor the population and silence those deemed "enemies of the state." Arrest, torture, "reeducation," and summary execution are all methods that have been employed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_state (4506 words)

	Communist state -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Communist governments (in the sense of "governments that were - or claimed to be - in the process of moving towards a communist society") typically arose during times of general international unrest.
		The history of Communist states is often closely related to the history of noncommunist regimes, and to the history of the communist movement in general.
		Communist partisans established Communist governments which were initially pro-Soviet in (A republic in southeastern Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula) Albania and (A mountainous republic in southeastern Europe) Yugoslavia.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/communist_state.htm (4255 words)

	MSN Encarta - Cold War
		Countries that had no formal commitment to either bloc were known as neutrals or, within the Third World, as nonaligned nations (see Nonaligned Movement).
		Meanwhile, in February 1948 Soviet-backed Communists in Czechoslovakia provoked a crisis that led to the formation of a new, Communist-dominated government.
		(The Communist republic of East Germany, comprising the remainder of German territory, was formally proclaimed in October of that year.) And finally, the Berlin confrontation prompted the Western powers to begin thinking seriously about rearming their half of Germany, despite the divisiveness of this issue among West Europeans.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569374/Cold_War.html (2666 words)

	The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: the Communist countries
		The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: the Communist countries
		The word "Communist" is usually associated with the regimes that took that name, such as those that ruled the former Soviet Union and its East European satellites.
		Although capitalism and feudal landlordism were abolished in those countries, those "Communist" regimes represented a grotesque caricature of the genuine ideas of the Communist Manifesto, and were a collection of ruthless dictatorships based on bureaucratically planned economies.
	www.socialistparty.org.uk /manifesto/communist.htm (553 words)

	Communist Psychological Warfare
		Communist psychological warfare is now winning such extensive victories in the United States that the Red bloc will not need to employ direct military force against us in order to win the total war which they are waging, with this country the principal target.
		When the Communist hierarchy in Moscow discovered that it was unable to persuade people willingly to follow communism, when they found that they could not create what they wanted, the “new Soviet man” in which human nature would be changed, they turned to Pavlov and his experiments.
		The Communist interrogators, as the brainwashers called themselves, sought to remove a man’s trust in his own side, and to convince him that he was being let down and even betrayed by his own country and relatives, especially by his wife or girl friend.
	www.crossroad.to /Quotes/globalism/Congress.htm (13704 words)

	Reform of the Welfare Sector in the Post-Communist Countries: A Normative Approach
		Most people had expected that the pledges the communist regimes had enshrined in law, and had in fact kept, albeit at a disappointingly low level, would be redeemed by the new, democratic regimes at a higher level.
		The main problem with the welfare system inherited from the communist regime is that it leaves too wide a sphere of action, and a corresponding range of resources, in the hands of the government, the political process, and the bureaucracy, rather than with the individual.
		The severity of this crisis varies from country to country, with experts predicting that these systems will reach their financing limits at different dates and questioning whether the gap can be bridged by raising taxes.
	www.nap.edu /html/transform/ch10.htm (9096 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The former Communist bloc as well as China with its so-called Communist party structure operating under the capitalist system are no better off than underdeveloped countries economically, and politically much worse off than many Third World nations.
		Structural unemployment and underemployment combined run from 15 to 40 percent in some of the former Communist countries, with the elites enjoying 35-70 percent of their countries' wealth.
		Far from a success story, integration of the former Communist countries into the West has entailed serious structural problems, but above all the most serious problem is that the West has convinced enough people in Asia to accept Western values of materialism and polarization in the name of progress".
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/WAIS/CurrentWork/discontentpostcommunist.htm (493 words)

	communism: The Growth of Modern Communism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of the elite—those approved by the higher members of the party as being reliable, active, and subject completely to party rule.
		Communist parties were formed in countries throughout the world and were particularly active in trying to win control of labor unions and in fomenting labor unrest.
		In the late 1920s and early 30s the Communist parties followed a policy of total hostility to the socialists, and in Germany this was one factor that facilitated the rise of the Nazis.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0857488.html (1162 words)

	The effect of institutions on growth in post-communist countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All communist countries attempted to implement industrialization, collectivization, and mass education policies and institute the state control over the economy in the form of central planning and the state ownership of enterprises (Kornai, 1992).
		Countries with high proportion of Protestants in the population were less corrupt than Catholic countries, but both these groups of countries appeared to be less corrupt than countries with high proportion of people who adhered to other religions.
		The rest of the countries are predominantly Orthodox Christian (Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia), Muslim (Albania, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) or Buddhist (Mongolia).
	mason.gmu.edu /~ikatcha1/GrowthdivergenceJPP2000.html (9320 words)

	Communist countries (from government budget) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In countries having Communist governments, economic activity either is carried on by state enterprises or is subject to central control.
		These are together known as the Benelux countries, from the initial letters of their names.
		The Low Countries are bordered by Germany to the east and France to the south.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-26378?tocId=26378 (1019 words)

	Where are post-communist countries heading to?
		This highly readable report sets out the massive problems that the post communist countries are facing as they struggle to reorientate themselves towards market driven economies and to enter into the world of globalization.
		Many of these countries are still reeling from the effects of internal strife, class division, mistrust, corruption and the more recent emergence of criminal activity.
		The former EU countries are also very wary about the effects that integration of the new member states will have on the rest of the community fearing loss of jobs, unwelcome immigration and instability.
	pdc.ceu.hu /archive/00002162 (203 words)

	Communist Countries
		Compare any two countries with the country comparisons tool.
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	www.aneki.com /communist.html (63 words)

	Modern China: Communist China
		The first non-communist countries to recognize the new state were India, Burma, and Pakistan, who were soon followed by the European countries.
		So the country, at the local level, was a democracy, but the local assemblies owed the higher assemblies complete obedience—this is the centralized part of the government.
		The world now had two separate communist superpowers pursuing radically different courses; the immediate effect, however, of the split was to isolate China internationally, for it now had no friends in the world.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/MODCHINA/COMM2.HTM (2458 words)

	Guyana - Relations with Communist Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The two countries established diplomatic ties in 1972, and Cuba agreed to provide medical supplies, doctors, and medical training to Guyana.
		President Burnham flew with Fidel Castro Ruz in Castro's airplane to the NAM conference in Algiers in 1973.
		Two decades of rule by the Burnham administration had resulted in a profound weakening of the country's democratic process and close ties with socialist countries, punctuated by frequent vocal support for leftist causes around the world.
	countrystudies.us /guyana/92.htm (328 words)

	TFR-13: COLLABORATION WITH COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
		Constructive cooperation with Communist countries in a number of areas of global concern could make a significant contribution to solutions of the substantive problems involved without causing undue risks or intrusion in the internal affairs of participating countries.
		If the U.S.S.R. did not participate, the countries forming the system would have to give first priority in fixing their export policy to other members in times of global shortage.
		Development aid, space, and weather (Chapter IV) are the least promising areas for cooperation with the Communist countries, though such cooperation remains desirable.
	www.trilateral.org /ProjWork/tfrsums/tfr13.htm (1088 words)

	Armenian presidential elections 1998 - Nostalgia Politics Poses A Challenge To Post Communist Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Washington, 11 March 1998 (RFE/RL) -- The lead former Armenian communist party chief Karen Demirchyan appears to enjoy in the presidential polls there is the latest example of the politics of nostalgia in the post-communist countries.
		That is especially true in post-communist countries where former communist leaders routinely describe themselves as born-again capitalists and democrats and thus appear worthy of support on that basis.
		But even if the latter is true -- and often it represents a standard so low that it has little meaning at all -- people in these countries just like those in established democracies are likely to vote in ways that reflect both their current situations and their hopes for the future.
	www.asbarez.com /aol/election98/98031102.htm (687 words)

	Former Communist Countries (from labor movements) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Prior to 1989 unions were regarded as mere extensions of the government in the Soviet Union and other Communist-bloc countries; unions as independent associations of wage earners did not exist as such.
		In the Northern Hemisphere, therefore, the pattern of migration is from south to north.
		Originally known as hillbilly or mountain music, country music grew from the folk music that was brought to North America by Anglo-Celtic settlers in the 1700s and 1800s.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-203571?ct= (963 words)

	ipedia.com: History of computer hardware in communist countries Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The history of computing hardware in former communist countries was a bit different, compared to that in Western countries.
		They were manufactured in Poland and exported to other communist countries.
		They were involved in the ESER development of a standard across Comecon countries.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_computer_hardware_in_communist_countries.html (358 words)

	"The American Children's Guide to Communism" by Sean McBride
		One day he invented something called Communism, which is a Russian word meaning "Armageddon." The idea behind Communism is that everyone shares their stale loaves of crummy bread with each other so that everyone has the same amount of stale loaves of crummy bread no matter how much work they actually did to earn them.
		Men and women are forced to produce more communist offspring to increase their numbers.
		People suspected of opposing the communist regime are punished, often by slave labor, death, or even the sucking out and indefinite imprisonment of the soul.
	www.swingmachine.org /issue6/communism.htm (424 words)

	Communist Manifesto Study Questions
		Nominally communist countries like Vietnam and China are busily building market economies in defiance of everything Marx advocated, and Korea and Cuba are barely surviving, serving as models for no one.
		Engels spent a good deal of energy studying so-called "primitive communist" societies to show that sharing could be as natural and widespread an attitude toward wealth as acquisition.
		The manifesto is meant to achieve two major goals: to convert the proletarians and their allies to Marx's version of socialism (there were many other versions, much more influential than his) and to put the ruling class on notice as to the revolutionaries' intentions.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~brians/hum_303/manifesto.html (3962 words)

	Wasted talents: Women scientists in post-communist Countries
		The report highlights the influence of the specific gender policy implemented in these countries during the communist regime, characteristics of which included the equal right to and the obligation of full- time employment, as well as access to education regardless of gender.
		The transition period has led to the restructuring of the research systems in the Enwise countries and can generally be characterised by the sharp decline in funding allocated to science, the decrease of the research population and the disappearance of the military and associated industries.
		Inadequate funding, poor infrastructure and outdated equipment in the Enwise countries are all factors that impede the development of research communities, especially in areas where the expenditure on R&D is low.
	www.socialrights.org /spip/article649.html (1117 words)

	Colombia - Relations with Communist Countries
		Colombia's relations with the communist nations of Africa and Asia were limited primarily to concern over these nations as economic competitors in the production of such primary commodities as coffee.
		For example, Colombia's relations with Angola during its civil war in late 1975 and early 1976 were influenced by the importance of coffee to both countries.
		Bogotá's relations with China remained cordial in 1988, but trade between the two countries was negligible.
	countrystudies.us /colombia/101.htm (370 words)

	As of 01-01-2004, which countries are still officially communist countries? : Politics and modern events information ...
		In the article "Communism" in the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, A. Brown of the University of Oxford wrote that there were at most five communist countries as of 1995: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam.
		Tadzhikistan may also be Communist, they have a 'hammer and sickle' logo on their flag.
		As of the date, 01-01-2004, there are 3 communist countries.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view.php/2834 (348 words)

	Websites on Women From Developing and Post-Communist Countries
		Their invisibility as international political actors is highlighted by the fact that there exist very few websites that are a compilation of links focused solely on women in developing and/or transitional countries.
		The site is regularly updated with thought- provoking topics/articles that serve as the focal point for discussion in the chat room and the bulletin board (however, these featured articles do not always credit their source, so it is difficult to know how reliable some of the information is).
		After spending a lot of time on the Web looking for good sources about women from developing and transitional countries, I have concluded that more effort is required in promoting the visibility of women in these countries.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/WomensStudies/fc/fcwebdvc.htm (1280 words)

	MarketingProfs - reticence to invest in ex-communist countries?
		If overcoming the reticence is a challenge, perhaps it's a matter of shifting your focus onto those who are willing to support the economies in former communist countries.
		For ex-communist countries, how their laws are enforced (or not enforced, as the case may be) increases the risks significantly, so people will only invest if the rewards are also greatly increased.
		Europe may be more comfortable working with these countries, given they are closer and have some language similarities.
	www.marketingprofs.com /ea/qst_question.asp?qstID=6038 (495 words)

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