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	Competitive exclusion principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gause's Law of competitive exclusion or just Gause's Law, states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist.
		The competitive exclusion principle is a theoretical concept that follows from abstract mathematical modeling.
		The conditions under which competitive exclusion must hold are not very well understood; several natural ecosystems are known in which competitive exclusion seems to be violated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle (285 words)

	FILE: <BC-12
		Opius longicaudatus (Ashmead) and Opius vandenboschi Fulla A corollary of the Competitive Displacement Principle is the Coexistence Principle.
		The exclusion principle is recast in the context of a generalized scheme for interspecific interaction.
		Competitive displacement of Anagyrus antoninae ([Hym.: Encyrtidae] by its ecological homologue Neodusmetia sangwani [Hym.: Encyrtidae].
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/biotact/bc-12.htm (4283 words)

	Lecture 21: Community Interactions
		Competition -- resources such as food, space, water, etc. in limited supply in the environment and play a major role in determining a population's carrying capacity -- competition may be intraspecific (competition between members of population) or interspecific (competition between members of different species populations &emdash; both have impacts on population growth and size.
		Intraspecific competition -- individuals of one population compete with one another for food, space, access to mates, etc. -- such interactions are important in determining carrying capacity of population -- increasing competition may result in lower population growth rates -- as individuals compete, mortality may increase and natality may decrease.
		Like competition, predatory-prey interactions are often important in directing the evolution of the predator and prey species -- recall the story of the pepper moth, Biston betularia -- predation by birds responsible for the rapid change in coloration of moth populations.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect21/lect21.html (1636 words)

	[No title]
		Interspecific Competition The inhibitory effect each of two competing species has on the population growth of the other has been modeled by extending the logistic equation so that each individual of one species is included in the density of the other species.
		The assumptions underlying this competition model are the same as those underlying the logistic model with one addition: the coefficients of competition (a and b) are constants and don't vary with density.
		The competitive exclusion principle (also know as Gause's axiom after the Russian ecologist who tested the model in the lab) can be stated as follows: No two species can indefinitely occupy the same ecological niche because the inevitable result is that one species will eliminate the other.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/br.text (1173 words)

	Ecology: The Competitive Exclusion Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Competitive Exclusion Principle has not met with total acceptance, and it is perhaps the blurred relationship with other biotic and abiotic influences that prevents solid approval.
		They state that competition is an interaction between individuals, brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply, and leading to a reduction in the survivorship, growth and/or the reproduction of a least some of the individuals concerned.
		Whilst the role of competition, and exclusion, was thought to be of paramount importance in the 1970s in shaping community structure, this principal role is now considered to be less dominant (Begon et al 1996).
	www.headwaterstreams.com /ce.html (1967 words)

	Competitive Exclusion Principal
		Competition coefficients quantify the magnitude of the competitive effect of one species on another.
		Competition theory states that perfect competitors cannot coexist and that in order to coexist, species must utilize resources differently and have different competitive abilities.
		According to competition theory, many of the niches that species currently occupy are the result of competition between species that occurred in the past.
	www.tiem.utk.edu /~gross/eeb507/ecobeak/patchyhabitat.html (1150 words)

	Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University - FW481/581: Competition III - The Ecological and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because competition can cause extinction of one of the competing populations, it is, theoretically, a powerful organizing force in nature; its effects can be important at both ecological and evolutionary time scales.
		Interspecific competition has a central role in the concept of the niche; the niche was defined relative to the influence of competition on coexistence of ecologically similar species.
		Competition should restrict the realized niches of two species to a narrower set of conditions than they would otherwise occupy in the absence of competition.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/fw481/fritzell/Lecture6.htm (1052 words)

	Competition
		Conventional wisdom states that, as a result of interspecific competition, the realised niche is "narrower" than the fundamental niche.
		Conclusion - the observed distribution was the result of competitive exclusion and that the outcome of competition was mediated by physiological and behavioural differences between the two species.
		Holway (1999) studied competitive mechanisms underlying the displacement of native ants by the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile).
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/courses/Ecology/BL21B/competition.htm (605 words)

	Project Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A famous theoretical tenet in ecology is “competitive exclusion”, the idea that two similar species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time.
		The primary goal of this research is to investigate the ways in which the tenet of competitive exclusion may be violated as a result of adding survivorship in model (1).
		The competitive exclusion principle, a longstanding concept in population biology, maintains that when two or more similar species are competing with each other for resources, they cannot coexist and one will eventually be driven to extinction (Edelstein-Keshet 1988).
	www.andrews.edu /~chantel/research/proposal.htm (1051 words)

	Biodiversity
		One of the major goals of community ecology is to determine the nature of coexistence in the face the CEP.
		competitive exclusion: the situation in which at least one species is driven to local extinction (that is, excluded from a community) by interspecific competition.
		The Reformulation of the Competitive Exclusion Principle, with its conditions
	www.okstate.edu /artsci/botany/bisc3034/lnotes/biodiver.htm (484 words)

	Lec Notes: Competition
		Competition occurs when animals utilize common resources that are in short supply; or if resources are not in short supply; competition occurs when the animals seeking those resources nevertheless harm one another in the process.
		Interspecific competition occurs when two or more species experience depressed growth rate or equilibrium population level attributed to their mutual presence in an area.
		Multispecies-multiresource competition can be portrayed with phase planes/spaces in which ZNGI (Zero Net Growth Isocline) for each species delineates resource levels at which the species growth rate is positive.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /wlf448/comp.htm (572 words)

	Interspecific Competition and the Ecological Niche (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Competitive exclusion is observed, in fact, most often between two closely related species (two species in the same genus, for example).
		In modeling interspecific competition, Lotka and Volterra assumed that the growth rate of each species would be decreased as the population of its competitors increased.
		The competition coefficients try to model the impact of adding one individual of species i on species j.
	mason.gmu.edu /~lrockwoo/sp02%20Interspecific%20Competition%20and%20the%20Ecological%20Niche.htm (5224 words)

	Lecture 8 Part I - Interspecific competition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When we study interspecific competition, we will be comparing the effect of individuals of one species (species 1) on individuals of another species (species 2) relative to their effects on each other (species 1 - species 1).
		Exclusion from that space is mainly behavioral; although chemicals may be used to mark a space, they are only a warning and must be backed up by active confrontation of the intruder.
		Competitive exclusion = extinction (opposite of coexistence), an observation that led to Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle.
	trc.ucdavis.edu /catoft/EVE101/Lec8c1.htm (2601 words)

	principle of competitive exclusion -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "principle of competitive exclusion" when you join.
		The exclusion principle subsequently has been generalized to include a whole class of particles of which the electron is only one member.
		Oceanographers use the principle to calculate salinity, for example, by measuring the concentration of only one major ion in seawater, usually the chloride ion.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9000695?tocId=9000695 (808 words)

	Competition models and examples
		Competition for space, however, was responsible for the sharp boundary between the two species.
		The outcome of competition is not determined by the intrinsic performance of each species in the absence of the other, but rather, their performance when together.
		Below is a diagram of the relationship of the predatory starfish, Pisaster, with the competitive community of sessile organisms on the rocky intertidal coast of Washington.
	ecology.botany.ufl.edu /ecologyf02/Competition.html (1974 words)

	Tautology
		An example of this is the profound pronouncement by the late Rob Peters of McGill University that Gauss' Competitive Exclusion Principle is tautological, and therefore must be banished from the sacrosanct Halls of Science.
		The Competitive Exclusion Principle states that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche, and Peters pointed out that if you look hard enough you can always find some difference between any two objects, so the Principle is self-fulfilling and thus tautological.
		Thus he was able to use the Principle to discover vertical zonation in the forest environment.
	bill.silvert.org /notions/ecology/tautology.htm (250 words)

	Biology120.Lectures28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Competition may result in reduced growth or reproductive rates of one or both species, exclusion of one species from the area of overlap, or elimination of one species from the habitat entirely.
		To some extent, the competitive exclusion principle is a theoretical baseline; while direct competitors cannot coexist in laboratory experiments under homogeneous conditions,
		Exclusion of sea stars in certain areas led to overgrowth of mussels and elimination of these other species.
	bioweb.wku.edu /Courses/Biol120/McElroy/120lects28.htm (790 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Interspecific competition 2) Competitive Exclusion Principle Describe the principle of competitive exclusion.
		Gause provided evidence of the competitive exclusion principle with his experiments on two species of Paramecia, P. caudatum and P. aurelia.
		You should also be able to design a similar experiment to test the competitive exclusion principle.
	www.hamline.edu /~bjploger/biocon1/biocon1lec/lec07 (667 words)

	WkShPopComKey.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		competitive exclusion principle in a different form from answer #16.
		These species exist at the top of the food chain and their presence in a community suggests that there is sufficient energy present to support them and that environmental contamination is minimal.
		Competition for nectar sources in Africa is intense.
	gecko.gc.maricopa.edu /~rbowker/WkShPopComKey.html (904 words)

	Ecological niche - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		The description of a niche may include descriptions of the organism's life history, habitat, position in the food chain.
		According to the competitive exclusion principle, no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time.
		A niche would be the position occupied by an organism (or group of organisms) within an ecosystem or the conditions making possible a habitat.
	www.indopedia.org /Ecological_niche.html (418 words)

	Niche theory & cultural diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		CEP states that no two species can permanently occupy the same niche: either the niches will differ, or one will be excluded by the other (note: "excluded" here means replaced by differential population growth, not necessarily by fighting or territoriality)
		Both possible responses to niche competition (competitive exclusion, and coexistence via reduction in niche overlap) are commonly observed, and their determinants and features have been studied by three means: lab experiments, field observations, and mathematical models or simulations
		Competitive exclusion is commonly observed when a species colonizes a habitat and out-competes indigenous species (probably due to absence of parasites and predators adapted to exploit the colonizer); (e.g., introduced placentals vs. indigenous marsupials in Australia)
	courses.washington.edu /anth457/nichelec.htm (1169 words)

	CEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The competitive exclusion principle (CEP) is the logical endpoint of competition between species, as described by the Lotka-Voltera equations (see handout).
		The CEP assumes a number of conditions that must be met for it to obtain.
		The corollary is that the greater the degree to which these are violated or modified, the greater the number of species that can coexist.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /dgriffin/110/CEP.html (99 words)

	My Manifesto - Archive - QUESTIONS ANSWERED! #5: What Is Community Ecology?
		One form of interaction is interspecific competition (competition between different species).
		The competitive exclusion principle, formulated by G.F. Gause, states that no two species can sustain coexistence if they occupy the same niche.
		Selection of these characteristics (or characters) reduces competition with individuals in other partitions and leads to a divergence of features, or character displacement.
	www.aphrodigitaliac.com /mm/archive/1999/05/24 (849 words)

	Community Ecology
		Competition: Interspecific competition for resources can occur when resources are in short supply.
		Gause’s competitive exclusion principle states that two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.
		The competitive exclusion principle can be restated: “If two species occupy the same niche (in the same area), one species will begin to dominate and the other will either emigrate, adapt, or die.” How can competitors coexist?
	www3.baylor.edu /~Mark_Taylor/1306Communityecology.htm (1043 words)

	BIOL1051 - Biodiversity 1 - Lecture 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The amount of space (volume of "universe") did not greatly effect the pattern of population growth or the outcome of competition between the two species.
		The outcome of competition could not always be predicted on the basis of the numbers reached by each species alone.
		Therefore "competition" between these species is not solely competition over food, but in addition also a special form of mutual predation.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/courses/Biology/BL14A/BL14AL05.htm (763 words)

	COMPETITION AND EXCLUSION
		I have argued that competition influences the evolution of ethnic relations within human communities in much the same way that it determines the interaction of populations within nonhuman ecological systems.
		In addition, the model I have developed specifies the conditions under which interethnic competition results in either: (1) the complete exclusion of one or more ethnic populations within a community; or (2) the coexistence of two or more potentially competing ethnic populations within the same territory.
		Primary attention is given to the resource competition that arose between immigrant Anglo groups and the existing peoples of the region.
	www.drabruzzi.com /competition_and_exclusion.htm (2588 words)

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