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Topic: Complex Text Layout languages

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	Context-dependent and Directional Text - Complex-Text Languages - An Overview
		The term layout, which is equivalent, in this context, to the term format, refers to the shape of the characters and the direction of portions of the text.
		A bidirectional text may consist of a main part that has one directionality (for example, an Arabic text written from right to left), and portions that have an opposite directionality (for example, an English address written from left to right.) The portion of text with a different directionality is called a segment.
		In complex-text languages, it is possible that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the number of characters of text stored for processing and the number of characters of the presented text.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/9638399/overview.htm (6916 words)

	Hindi - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the middle ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit.
		Hindi became one of the official languages of India on January 26, 1965 and it is a minority language in a number of countries, including Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and United Arab Emirates.
		Hindi is the predominant language in the states and territories of Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, as well as the cities of Mumbai and Hyderabad.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /hindi.htm (1802 words)

	Hindi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hindi is the predominant language in the states and territories of Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh as well as the cities of Mumbai and Hyderabad.
		Hindi evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the Middle Ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit.
		Khadiboli is the basis for the language used by the government and taught in schools.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Hindi_language (2006 words)

	Testing layout services for supporting complex text languages
		Arabic language text, for example, uses a cursive right-to-left script with characters which can be rendered in different shapes depending on their placement.
		Layout values are changed by selecting the button corresponding to the layout value, to which a popup window appears showing the possible options available for that property.
		When the user inputs text, using a keyboard mapped to the appropriate locale text, the text is echoed in the "Input:" area 296 in text subwindow 282.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5812122.html (6765 words)

	CJK - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CJK is a collective term for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which comprise the main East Asian languages.
		The term CJKV is used to mean CJK plus Vietnamese, which used Chinese characters prior to adopting a written language solely on Romanization.
		These languages all share the fact that their writing systems are based partly or entirely on Chinese characters — Hanzi in Chinese, Kanji in Japanese, Hanja in Korean, and Chữ nôm in Vietnamese.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/CJK (375 words)

	[No title]
		The rectangle around the text is the text bounding rectangle, the size of which is obtained by measuring the text using these flags.
		There are several factors that affect the way text is rendered, including the font and all of its variations (such as style, size, family, and so on), the device resolution, and system text options (such as text appearance effects).
		Clipped text or layout changes are among the most common cases of breaking changes to watch for when switching text-rendering engines.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/06/03/TextRendering (2773 words)

	Language information and text direction
		attribute specifies the language of element content and attribute values; whether it is relevant for a given attribute depends on the syntax and semantics of the attribute and the operation involved.
		In this example, the primary language of the document is French ("fr").
		Language code hierarchies do not guarantee that all languages with a common prefix will be understood by those fluent in one or more of those languages.
	www.w3.org /TR/REC-html40/struct/dirlang.html (2264 words)

	PX : other languages
		Layout 2 of 6 is identical in every way to layout 1, except that the thumbnails appear on the left side.
		Layout 4 is identical to layout 3, except that the thumbnail bar appears on the left-side of the screen, instead of the right-side.
		The 6th and final layout is identical to layout 5, except that the thumbnails are aligned at the bottom.
	px.sklar.com /section.html?id=13 (5865 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		In other words, for these languages there may be a difference between the way text is stored and the way it is displayed.
		Examples of CTL languages are Arabic language Arabic, Hebrew language Hebrew, Hindi language Hindi, and Thai language Thai.
		The main characteristics of CTL language complexity are: * Bi-directional text, where characters may be written from either right-to-left or left-to-right direction.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Complex_Text_Layout_languages.html (318 words)

	Business Software Review:Category Top/Computers/Software/Educational/Languages/Korean (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Austroasiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia and India.
		It is widely believed that the Austroasiatic languages are the autochthonous languages of Southeast Asia and eastern India, and that the other languages of the region, including the Indo European, Tai-Kadai, and Sino-Tibetan languages, are the result...
		The Sepik-Ramu languages are sometimes referred to as part of the Papuan languages, although this is more of a catch-all title rather than a linguistically proven classification.
	www.business-software-review.org /Category129774.html (639 words)

	Globalization Step-by-Step: Complex Scripts Awareness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All language versions of Windows 2000 and Windows XP are enabled for all supported languages, thereby empowering applications that use Unicode as their encoding model to handle mixed text from any of the supported scripts.
		The Unicode bidirectional algorithm resolves the layout of mixed-direction text in the absence of higher-level protocols.
		Layout and displaying mechanisms should define (at run time) the appropriate glyph to be used from the font tables, depending on the context.
	www.microsoft.com /globaldev/getWR/steps/wrg_cscripts.mspx (3291 words)

	Complex Text Layout languages - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Complex Text Layout languages (frequently referred to as CTL languages) are languages whose writing systems require complex transformations between text input and text display for proper rendering on the screen or the printed page.
		Examples of CTL languages are Arabic, Hebrew, Hindi, and Thai.
		Bi-directional text, where characters may be written from either right-to-left or left-to-right direction.
	psychcentral.com /wiki/Complex_Text_Layout_languages (316 words)

	Complex Text Layout Language Support in the Solaris Operating Environment from Sun Microsystems White Papers at ...
		Complex Text Layout Language Support in the Solaris Operating Environment from Sun Microsystems White Papers at Builder UK Home
		Complex Text Layout languages (referred to as CTL languages in this paper) are languages whose writing systems require complex transformations between text input and text display for proper rendering on the screen or the printed page.
		In other words, for these languages there is no difference between the way text is stored and the way it is displayed.
	uk.builder.com /whitepapers/0,39026692,60011911p-39000926q,00.htm (213 words)

	epoc_does_unicode.html
		Text is always drawn from left to right; any reordering for bidirectional text has already been performed by the text layout system.
		As the text is accumulated it is split into chunks representing runs of text with the same format, bidirectional class, and stretchability for the purpose of justification.
		Although text input is not an essential part of Unicode compliance, and of course the problem of inputting text in complex or large scripts predates Unicode, I'll briefly describe how EPOC handles the task.
	www.unicode.org /iuc/iuc16/c16/paper.html (4943 words)

	[No title]
		Complex Text Layout (CTL) languages require text layout transformations on text input to properly display text output on the screen or printed page.
		The CTL language engines enable the CDE/Motif drawing and measurement API for character shaping, such as ligatures and diacritics, the transformation of static and dynamic text widgets, and right-to-left and left-to-right text alignment and tabbing.
		The language engines are responsible for all aspects of character formation and rendering in the appropriate language.
	docs.sun.com /source/806-5583/806-5583.xml (3901 words)

	Most Convenient Text Editor to Swiftly Edit Text Files
		A large number of file navigation schemes for various programming languages and other file formats are included.
		You'll never have to worry about being unable to open a text file, and you'll always be able to save your files in a format that people with less flexible text editors can read.
		The features such as selecting a block of text, inserting the whole text of an external file at a certain point, appending selected text to the clipboard are simply fantastic and the package has made my life no end easier which really drives me to say that it is worth every cent of its price."
	www.editpadpro.com /convenience.html (1601 words)

	Complex Text Layout (CTL) Announced
		Complex Text Layout enables open system and software vendors to penetrate new, international markets while reducing the costs associated with localizing products for specific regions.
		Complex Text Layout is the result of The Open Groups Pre-Structured Technology (PST) collaborative development process.
		"Complex Text Layout will further the use of modern computing technologies in numerous rapidly growing communities by enabling the display and editing of languages, including Arabic, Devanagari, Farsi, Hebrew, Hangul, Lao, Thai, Urdu, Vietnamese and others," said Paul Dale, senior vice president of Research and Development at The Open Group.
	axion-gw.ee.uec.ac.jp /japanese/link/Resources/software/CTL.html (881 words)

	sw:
		These languages are also referred to as CTL (Complex text layout) languages, although bidirectionality (BiDi) is only one possible aspect of CTL.
		Examples are the already mentioned BiDi languages, languages using clustered characters like Thai or languages with characters, whose visual representation depends on their context (e.g., ligatures).
		Selecting text in logical order can lead to two visually disjoint regions of marked text, whereas selecting text in physical order and applying attributes to the selected area can make it necessary to apply these attributes to two disjoint sections in the representing string.
	sw.openoffice.org /drafts/BiDiLayout.html (1280 words)

	Product Contributions
		text compression system takes messages destined for small text displays (e.g., of cell phones and pagers) and intelligently abbreviates the text to lower the character count without obscuring the meaning.
		English grammar checker analyzes English text, identifies errors in spelling, tense and usage, and suggests alternatives and corrections.
		Multilevel recovery allows the system to bring itself back to a stable state even when very complex operations were only partially completed at the time of the failure.
	www.research.microsoft.com /aboutmsr/pastpresentfuture/contributions.aspx (2051 words)

	GX vs. OpenType layout
		The runs of text are processed, one glyph at a time, and as particular glyphs are encountered, the state machine can enter different states, causing different actions to occur.
		The GX model, by contrast, treats most layout tables as living in ideal, unhinted space; the only exceptions are the optical bounds, baseline, and ligature caret tables, which can use hinted control points.
		By making layout a built-in part of the system, application developers are freed from the tedium of having to know the formats of the various tables and processing them.
	developer.apple.com /textfonts/WhitePapers/GXvsOTLayout.html (3352 words)

	Monotype Imaging: WorldType Layout Engine
		WorldType Layout Engine works with either the iType™ or UFST® font rasterizers and includes intelligence to automatically interpret linguistic traits that are part of the complex writing systems of Hindi, Arabic and other languages.
		The positioning and layout of complex languages and scripts, such as Indic and Arabic languages, must follow rules for character shaping and construction based on the line of text.
		Latin languages such as English, by contrast, are linear-based, without conditions that alter the shape or positioning of text.
	www.monotypeimaging.com /ProductsServices/wtle.aspx (277 words)

	UnifiedTextLayoutEngine - GNOME Live!
		Please note that the Text Layout Summit is not Gnome-specific in any shape or form, although of course the Gnome community is participating and hosting the event.
		In theory, development of a unified text layout engine, independent of any one development toolkit, would allow developers to focus first on rendering text in all modern human scripts correctly, and secondly, on doing so efficiently.
		This occurs mostly with justified text, though might be desirable for ragged text to prevent a word from sticking out past the ends of nearby lines.
	live.gnome.org /UnifiedTextLayoutEngine (1801 words)

	Academic Freeware
		It is available in many different languages, and the program supports right-to-left, left-to-right, and mixed-mode text, so that in addition to supporting European languages, it supports such languages as Hebrew and Arabic as well.
		It is able to identify the language that web documents and websites are written in as well as its character encoding and the other languages that are most similar.
		The program includes a rich text editor for attaching supplementary memos to the questions (explanations why a particular answer is correct, for example) and allows you to save an entire quiz in rich text format (.rtf) for printing.
	www.euskalnet.net /sjf/software.htm (3836 words)

	l10n:
		These functions are implemented by cclass_unicode class, if you need language specific requirements for these functions, you can derive a language specific class cclass_ from cclass_unicode and overwrite the methods for the functions.
		Complex Text Layout Languages — In CTL languages (such as Thai, Hebrew, Arabic and Indian), multiple characters may combine to form a display cell.
		For the languages which could not be covered in first case, like CJK, we use two step table lookup.
	l10n.openoffice.org /i18n_framework/HowToAddLocaleInI18n.html (1561 words)

	Internationalisation best practices for Java and Solaris
		It is simply a concatenation of the iso639 language abbreviation, the iso3166 country abbreviation, and a possible variant string.
		The first subfield refers to an ISO standard language indicator followed by a standard for the country or territory, and the second subfield represents the encoding.
		The logic for changes are all held in the layout engine, so when input goes through it, the engine passes back data to the Layout Library in presentation form, meaning the way it should look on the screen.
	www.simultrans.com /seminars/seminardublin200002.htm (7921 words)

	A New Age of Accessibility - 1/1/2002 - netConnect (Site not responding. Last check: )
		HTML was written to present text, and multimedia applications or professional web layout requires advanced skills, especially when accessibility is imperative.
		Style sheets are the most problematic when used for layout, compared with style elements such as fonts and colors.
		Figures 2 and 3 show an example of a layout that doesn't allow for text to be enlarged.
	www.libraryjournal.com /index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA190389 (2301 words)

	Line layout engine for worldwide text layout, multilanguage, multilingual fonts, and international complex scripts
		A small, fast text composition engine for worldwide text layout, Bitstream Panorama enables developers to draw strings of characters from multilingual, multilanguage fonts and lay out complex international scripts.
		Their products and applications need to support languages in each country they are deployed, or have the ability to be easily upgraded in the future.
		It is object-oriented code written in C and a subset of C++ suitable for small embedded systems and devices.
	www.bitstream.com /font_rendering/products/panorama (483 words)

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